mohammad shahbadizadeh

Nature has a wide place in Persian poetry. As a representative of nature-oriented poets, Manochehri Damghani has taken the lead in all periods of Persian poetry with a realistic perspective in describing the elements of nature. Like Rudaki and more than him, he has been the flag bearer of the philosophy of happiness and seizing the moment. His descriptions are usually borrowed from all parts of nature with sensory analogies. Saadi, like Manochehri, has an uplifting nature, with this difference, these descriptions are in the service of belief and advice. Saadi is a free faller who sometimes calls out with a sharp and rude tongue, but with politeness: stop turning and turning, the world will not be closed to the world. The results show that Manochehri and Saadi are inclined towards emotional similes. Khorasani poets are more interested in bringing similes is multiple and compound, and Saadi welcomes singular similes. Poet Damghani's goal in every element is to describe beauty and vitality, and poet Shirazi's goal is the exaltation and growth of man in the course of spiritual perfection, influenced by society. Both wise and intelligent poets try to understand the moment; one is the pleasure of the transitory world, the other is a lesson from the transitory world. This research is by inductive method, except for the whole, in the library and fiche method

The sun, this fiery sphere, this life-giving and existential element, this eraser of darkness and a refuge to overcome internal and external fears, was so valued, respected and sanctified by the ancient people that it was called a deity. The purpose of writing these lines is to understand the thoughts and beliefs of those people in the field of this great celestial phenomenon and a comparative study of those beliefs in Sohrab's poetry; Hence, the author first opens a window beyond ancient ideas and then deals with the meaning of some of those thoughts in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri.Sohrab, as a naturalist poet who sees the divine manifestation in the phenomena of creation, connects the sun with the religions of the Orient on the basis of his resurrection. ; Especially seal and lotus. The use of the name Gardoneh, the discoverer of the morning mine, and the chicken of the sun is a sign of his attention to the rituals of Mehr and Mazdisna. In this article, the position of the sun in the religions of ancient Iran and the reflection of those beliefs in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri have been analyzed in a comparative-analytical way.

The category of time, as one of the intellectual concerns of man, has always occupied the human mind in various periods. Time is considered one of the important philosophical topics, although many sages and theologians have thought and talked about it, but due to the complexities, differences and contradictions of experts' opinions about it, as well as its wide scope, the need for profound research is felt in this field. Literature is one of the most important sources of time. Poets and writers in different periods have used the element of time to suit the prevailing atmosphere. Akhavan-Sales is one of the contemporary poets whose poems have a broad reflection of time; Therefore, the purpose of the current research, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical way, is time and thinking about time in the thought and poetry of the Akhavan. The results of the research show that, in general, the time in the poetry of the Akhavan-Sales is chronological, moment-by-moment and linear. In the context of mythical or cyclical time, the poet adheres to several categories: the brilliant past, lateness, everyday life, hope for the future, desire for immortality and immortality. He has considered three categories: order, continuity and frequency in composing this type of poems. In general, in the poems of Akhavan. we see a person who is subject to time and is more inclined to escape from the present and the future to the past, which reminds him of the happy days that he hopes to return.

Myth describes the events of the early days of human life, a particular way of interpreting and perceiving the creation of the world and man, and answers many of our questions about existence. What effort has man always made to know himself and the world in which he lives. Thus, one of the most fundamental human explorations from the beginning is to reach the secret and unsolved mysteries of creation. In other words, myth is the story of reaching the truth and guiding us to the deepest religious and spiritual capabilities. From this point of view, myth is a long-standing link with religious beliefs. Most of the mythical beliefs are full of deep philosophical, moral and mystical themes. Mysticism is also a way of achieving the truth, based on austerity, chastity and piety. This study intends to study and analyze the story of creation in the myths of nations, ancient Iran, Shahnameh and religious and mystical texts, considering the position and importance of ontology in mythological, religious and mystical beliefs. The results of this research show that the story of creation is reflected in various forms and wonders in mythological, religious and mystical beliefs. There is also a major narration about the process of creation of the first man from dust and the blowing of the divine spirit in his body, which is common to almost all the mentioned sources. The method of work in this research is library and based on adaptation, comparison and analysis.

In contemporary literature, "female language and writing" and "modernism" have related meanings. Rule-avoidance, basic mentality, internal monologues and the psychological state of the language are presented as the characteristics of women's writing, which are also the elements and provisions of modern stories. Modernism in literature can be seen as the result of the tendency towards democracy and polyphony, which in the 20th century, the time of breaking with traditions and collapsing contracts, had turned into serious human issues. The theory of women's writing was also the model proposed by those who were trying to disrupt the formed structures that reinforce patriarchy with grammar avoidance and discontinuity in language. Therefore, both allow the existence of polyphony, pluralism and democracy. The effort of this research is to cast a new opinion on Shazadeh Ehtejab's novel and find new story details in it. So that first by explaining the elements of the mentioned novel, its modernist nature is justified and then by analyzing the characterization of the women in the story, their verbs should be explored in order to examine the extent of their independence or dominance, traditional or modern, in relation to the modern structure of the story. The result of the research showed that in this novel, Golshiri has created coherence in accordance with the modern characteristics of the active and indomitable female character of his story by using modern storytelling methods. His narrative arrangements introduce the reader to the characteristics of women's writing in which patriarchy is reduced in the text and a suitable platform is provided for a female character like Fakhr al-Nasa to challenge the rule of discrimination and guardianship with her authentic identity and her unconventional and libertarian actions.

In order to create his poetry, every poet inevitably deviates from some grammar principles and rules, and he always tries to express the meaning in a clear way; Because otherwise, he has taken a step in the insignificance of poetry and poets. One of the ways to know the poetry of any poet is to pay attention to the syntactic and grammatical rules used in that poem, to examine how the relationships between the parts and elements of a sentence are considered, considering the rules that are considered within the structure of a sentence with a specific language. It determines the syntactic and grammatical structure of each poem.In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the use of syntactic and grammatical rules with a formalist approach in the poems of the Third Brotherhood and Adonis with a comparative and analytical method. In this regard, the shifting of sentence elements, deletion, use of verbs, etc. in the poems of the two poets in question were investigated. The results of the research show that Adonis is more advanced in the components of departure from syntactic rules, moving sentence elements, introducing and delaying, and deleting sentence elements compared to Akhwan, and Akhwan has been able to avoid more syntactic norms in the field of using old Persian and archaic words. Get from Adonis.

Storytelling and narration are ways to better understand the environment around us and the world in general. That is, the human mind, with its literary power and narrative processing, regulates irrelevant and meaningless data. The study of a story based on its construction is a linguistic study and is both descriptive and an explanation of the literary construction and narrative sham. The purpose of this collection is to study the construction of the story - especially its theme-based on its linguistic features, i.e., narrative opening. From the mysterious world of One Thousand and One Nights, the most impressive themes were selected, and then the opening was described in the selected themes. Needless to say, choosing these themes does not mean that there is no other theme; But also, the choice of themes under the headings of love, crime, sightseeing, story Illusions, and wisdom are evident in most of the stories of One Thousand and One Nights. Rather, a story can have several different themes. In the author's view, the theme was more colorful, selected, and elaborate.

Critical discourse is a theoretical linguistics and critiques whose principles and components are issues of power and are characterized by different discourses with specific characteristics that address and examine the two aspects of the form and meaning of the text. Descriptive-analytical We have evaluated and analyzed critical discourse in independent poetic images of Ebtehaj based on the view of Norman Fairclough. The results of this researcher are at the level of description, use of language, use of rhetorical aspects and secondary meanings of call and interrogation and dominance of vocabulary which indicates protest, conflict, sorrow and compassion. It is prominent in Ebtehaj's poems. At the level of interpretation and from the perspective of intertextuality, Ebtehaj's poems in the form of explicit and implicit intertextuality are influenced by classical poets (especially Hafez and Rumi). At the level of explanation, one can also achieve the hegemony of the idea of ​​protest and emphasis on change and otherness in Ebtehaj's poems.

Exploring the depths of ancient Iranian literature, as an important historical document, leads us to become more familiar with our social past; Work and effort to continue living and meeting the needs of self and fellow human beings has been a necessity from the past to the present. The existence of many proverbs about work and effort shows its importance to the elders and the accuracy of the people in spreading the culture of work. As a culture of popular literature and sociological view, referring to Sanai, Anvari and Khaghani Divan, as the leaders of social criticism, we see that Sanai, after the transformation period, criticized society, especially jobs, and he doesn't have fear of criticizing king to beggar with a unique courage and he is strongly opposed to unemployment. Anwari considers the multiplicity and variety of jobs as a necessity of social work, and according to his simple language and expression which is close to his speech, many proverbs and rulings about work have been left from him.

Getting acquainted with pub culture seems essential to understand literary texts and their complications. Therefore, it is vital to state the process of how the poets are affected by their past pub culture and how they affect the pub culture of the generations to come. It paves the way for better and more correct understanding of literary texts. The present study, whose aim is to extract and classify social occupations and pub culture in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s works comparatively reviews pub culture proverbs concerning occupations and social classes in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s works. This research employed library based method to collect data, analyzed the content, and then presented them descriptively and analytically. The findings show that pub culture is revealed in many occupations and social classes of which some are rooted in religion, some in myths and legends, and some in superstitions. Both poets used many proverbs for various occupations and social classes, and it is anthropologically and socio- psychologically significant.