mohammadali javaheri

Lack of fodder for feeding livestock is one of the main problems of dry areas, especially in the southern regions of Iran. In this situation, the climate changes and the decrease of rainfall in the southeast of the country in recent years, have doubled the important of compatible plants with the potential to produce fodder in water shortage conditions. Fodder cactus is a drought-resistant plant that adapts to dry and low-water conditions as a source for fodder production in dry areas. This research was conducted to explore the effect of drought stress on yield, water productivity, and some agronomic characteristics of cactus as a new crop in the climatic conditions of Shahmaran region of Kerman, Iran.

The experiment was carried out in the form of randomized complete block design with four replications. Three treatments of normal irrigation, moderate and severe drought stress were considered based on 160, 210 and 260 mm cumulative pan evaporation. The cladodes (Opuntia ficus-indica) used for planting, originating from Tunisia. In each plot, 32 cladodes were planted at a distance of 2 meters between rows and 1.5 meter between cladodes on a row. At the time of irrigation of each treatment, volumetric soil moisture was measured at the active depth of root development using a calibrated Time-Domain Reflectometry device (Trime-FM, IMKO, Ettlingen, Germany). To calculate the fodder yield of cactus, the cladodes produced on plants in each plot were harvested and weighed. For measuring the length, width, and thickness of the cladode in each plot, 10 cladodes were randomly selected, and the average of each trait was finally determined.

The number of pads produced under the influence of drought stress was significant. The highest number of pads per plant was observed in the normal irrigation treatment (27.7 pads per plant) and the lowest in the severe drought stress treatment (15 pads per plant). The maximum thickness of the pad under normal irrigation condition was 2.4 cm and the minimum thickness was observed under severe drought stress condition. The main reason in reducing the thickness of the pad in water stress condition was the decreasing of the pad moisture content.The effect of drought stress on the length and width of the pad, was significant. Minimum length and width of the pad was observed with 29.5 and 18 cm in severe drought stress treatment and the maximum with 37.7 and 24.7 cm in normal irrigation treatment.The percentage of pad dry matter at the time of sampling was significantly affected by water stress treatments. The dry matter percentage was the lowest in the normal irrigation treatment with 8% and the highest in the severe water stress treatment with 12.7%.The weight of the each pad and the yield of wet and dry fodder per hectare were significant under the influence of different water stress treatments. The wet weight of the pad per plant was the highest in the normal irrigation treatment with 1245 g and the lowest in the severe water stress treatment with 870 g. Normal irrigation treatment produced the highest yield by producing 112 and 8.97 t.ha-1 of fresh and dry fodder, respectively. The lowest wet and dry yield belonged to severe water stress treatment with production of 46.77 and 6.05 t.ha-1.The highest water productivity for wet and dry cactus fodder was 41.02 and 3.29 kg m-3 respectively, which belonged to the normal irrigation regime. There was no significant difference between moderate and severe water stress treatments for dry fodder in terms of water productivity.

Overall, the research results showed that drought stress has a significant effect on fodder yield, water productivity, cladode thickness, cladode length and width, cladode weight, and crude protein of cactus fodder. Despite the physiology of the cactus and its resistance to water stress, with the increase of drought stress, the wet and dry yield, water productivity, and fodder protein content showed a significant decline. According to the results, reduction of 58.2% in wet fodder yield and of 32.5% in dry fodder yield were seen in severe drought stress treatment compared to normal irrigation. The average water consumption was 2507.6 m3.ha-1. According to the results, in order to benefit from the potential of the cactus to produce fodder, it is necessary to avoid long-term and severe drought stress. The vegetative growth period of cactus was mainly found in spring and early summer. With the cooling of the air from late fall to early March, the plant is going to be entered the stage of growth stagnation. Due to the evergreen nature of the plant, the fodder of this plant can be used for feeding livestock in the fall and winter seasons, when there is a lack of fresh fodder. This research determined that there is a possibility of growing and developing cactus plant as a new plant in Shahmaran region with a subtropical climate. Also, through cultivation of this plant with low water consumption, part of the fodder shortage for livestock in Kerman province can be resolved.

Arsenic is toxic to plants and accumulates in minute quantities within the majority of species. The amount of arsenic absorbed by a plant is contingent upon its source and solubility (Gonzalez et al., 2021). Arsenic mobility and availability are strongly influenced by soil type, pH, and the use of chemical fertilizers such as phosphorus and potassium. Arsenic and phosphorus share chemical similarities and compete for carrier and membrane carrier absorption (Taati et al., 2021). Basil was chosen for this study due to its rapid growth and ability to absorb contaminants such as heavy metals.This study's objective was to use phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to reduce the toxicity of arsenic and optimize basil growth in arsenic-contaminated soils. The effects of varying concentrations of arsenic, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as their interactions, on arsenic toxicity, crop growth, phosphorus and potassium uptake, and arsenic accumulation in two basil cultivars were investigated.

This study was conducted in the greenhouse of the University of Zabol during the winter of 2013 and the spring of 2014. Two seed cultivars, Keshkeni Luvelou and landrace of Zabol, constituted the first factor, while types of fertilizers, including 50, 150, and 250 mg of phosphorus and potassium per kg of soil for triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, constituted the second factor. Arsenic sulfate was added to all containers at a constant rate of 15 mg per kilogram of soil. Plant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoots, and arsenic concentration in plant shoots were measured. The number of leaves per plant, the number of lateral branches per plant, the height of the plant, the diameter of the main stem, the length of the roots, and the fresh weight of the plant were also measured. After harvesting the plants, they were separated into shoots and roots, dried, and weighed. To measure the heavy metal arsenic, plant samples were dried and ground using the dry digestion method. The arsenic concentration in the extract was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results indicated a 1 percent level of significance for cultivar effects on plant height, number of leaves per plant, number and length of lateral branches, fresh weight, and leaf area. In all growth-related characteristics, the local cultivar differed significantly from the modified cultivar. The addition of arsenic decreased plant growth and increased arsenic concentration in plant organs. The study of the relationship between phosphorus and arsenic revealed that in both cultivars studied, the concentration of arsenic in the shoot decreased as the amount of phosphorus increased. In the interaction between arsenic and potassium, the most arsenic was found in the aerial portion at the lowest potassium concentration. The landrace of Zabol grew better than the modified cultivar due to its adaptation to the local environment. The results of the control treatment on both cultivars revealed that only the addition of arsenic at a concentration of 15 mg/kg soil can inhibit plant growth in comparison to other fertilizer applications. This could be due to the absence of heavy metal contamination in the region, as studies have shown that arsenic can cause stress in plants and inhibit their growth. It can be said that the interaction of phosphorus and potassium with arsenic in other treatments mitigates the negative effect of arsenic on the landrace, whereas the modified cultivar exhibited a type of growth stimulation.

By acting on arsenic absorption, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can reduce the concentration of this substance in plant food, thereby reducing the risk of toxicity. In the interaction between phosphorus and arsenic, as the amount of phosphorus used increased, the concentration of arsenic in the plant's shoots decreased, indicating competition for absorption. At low phosphorus and potassium levels, soil arsenic uptake increased. Landrace of Zabol was superior to breeding cultivar in the majority of vegetative traits, which can be explained by the greater compatibility of breeding cultivar with regional conditions. Landrace of Zabol absorbed less arsenic in the control treatment; however, arsenic had a significantly negative effect on the growth of this cultivar compared to other treatments. In contrast to the landrace, in the control treatment of Keshkeni Luvelou, low concentrations of arsenic stimulated plant vegetative growth.

Planting date is one of the most influential factors in determining sugar beet yield and quality. Due to its effect on the length of plant growth period, i.e. the number of growth days received by the plant, planting date has a significant impact on crop yield and is one of the most influential and decisive factors in agricultural production. The selection of the harvest date is one of the pillars of vintage quality and sugar yield in sugar beets. However, it is difficult to define the harvest date and, more precisely, the maturity date of beet roots in a precise and absolute manner. Indeed, there are various stages and degrees of maturity based on environmental and climatic conditions such as temperature, precipitation, latitude, and others. Because sugar beet lacks a distinct physiological ripening stage, similar to cereals. Due to the effect of farm management, particularly the application of planting and harvesting dates, on the yield and quality of sugar beet, it is necessary to plan carefully in order to determine the optimal planting and harvesting dates for this crop in each region. Due to the risk of autumn frost and the necessity of transport planning to the sugar factory, farm management is crucial. On the basis of this information, the first harvest date should be determined, which has a suitable and acceptable yield of white sugar, and the product should be harvested and transported to the sugar factory as soon as possible.

To determine the effect of planting and harvesting dates on root yield and certain quality characteristics of sugar beet in the Bardsir region of Kerman province, a split -plot randomized complete block experiment with four replications was conducted. The main factor was the sowing date, which was applied at two levels: The first sowing date was April 21 and the second was June 5. The sub-factor was the harvesting date, which began on August 23 and occurred in nine stages with a 15-day interval in the relevant plots.

The results revealed that the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth harvesting dates in the first sowing date produced the highest root yield, and only in these four treatments the root yield reached more than 50 tons per hectare. The treatments of three first, second, and third harvest dates on the first sowing date and three fifth, sixth, and seventh harvest dates on the second sowing date produced the most nitrogen in the roots. The greatest amount of root molasses sugar was found in the first and second harvest dates on the second sowing date; in these treatments, the amount of root molasses sugar exceeded 5.8%. Also, the greatest amount of gross sugar was assigned to the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth harvests on the date of first sowing, and the amount of gross sugar in these five treatments exceeded 18%. In addition, the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth harvest dates had the highest white sugar yield on the first planting date. Due to the risk of autumn frosts and, on the other hand, transport planning to the sugar factory and farm management, it is necessary to harvest immediately if the desired white sugar yield is achieved.

According to the findings of this study, delay in planting sugar beet increased root impurities and decreased root sugar yield and percentage. Also, with the delay in harvesting for both planting dates, root impurities decreased and the proportion of crude sugar increased, resulting in a greater disparity between molasses and crude sugar and an increase in pure sugar. Due to the risk of autumn frosts and the need to transport the crop to the sugar factory, it is recommended that beet growers in this region plant on May 1 and harvest on November 15.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L) is an expensive and highly valuable plant recognized globally for its many medicinal properties and low water demand. Hence, the development of saffron farms in semiarid regions has received much attention as it increases water use efficiency (WUE) in such water-deficient areas. Considering the different factors involved in saffron growth and yield, the geographical information system (GIS) is the best and most cost-effective method to identify areas potentially favorable to saffron cultivation. The current study aimed at zoning the land area favorable to saffron cultivation in Kerman Province was conducted over the period 2017-2019. The required daily data were collected from 13 synoptic stations recorded during the years 1998 to 2016, which were subjected to the homogeneity test before the relevant GIS information layers including altitude, slope, frost, rainfall, absolute maximum and minimum temperatures, and probability of temperatures below 5º Celsius in November were prepared. Subsequently, the relevant variograms were drawn. Also, the slope map was extracted using the digital elevation model. Finally, weights were assigned to the above layers using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, and the final zoning map was prepared in ArcMap. The map thus prepared revealed that the southern and eastern stretches of the province were not suitable for saffron cultivation while the more favorable areas were located at the foothills in Baft, Bardsir, Zarand, and Shahrbabak towns. Moreover, Kahnuj, Manojan, southern parts of Jiroft, eastern stretches of Bam, and southern stretches of Baft, accounting for around 59% of the total provincial land area, were recognized as unfavorable to saffron cultivation. The remaining lands of the total provincial area were classified as follows: 15% relatively suitable, 16% suitable, and about 10% highly suitable for saffron cultivation.

Orzuiyeh city (one of Kerman province's warm regions) is known as the center of wheat production in Kerman province. Wheat is one of the main crops in the region, which plays an important role in providing food for the people and the economy of the region. The high area under wheat cultivation in this city is the most important source of income for farmers. Wheat is primarily sown in Orzuiyeh for bread production using the Chamran cultivar and durum wheat production using the Yavaros cultivar. Due to the introduction of new cultivars, additional cultivars must be introduced to farmers if they outperform conventional cultivars.

The yield of 11 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. Durum) cultivars (Chamran, Shoosh, Parsi, Sivand, Sirvan, Chamran-2, Shabrang, Aflak, Behrang, Baharan, and Mehregan) was evaluated in the hot zone Orzuiyeh in this experiment. The cultivars were compared on yield and performance components over a two-year period using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each cultivar was planted in six 6-meter lines with a line spacing of 20 cm and the distance between replicates was considered one meter. The amount of fertilizer used was done according to the experiments and according to the needs of the farm soil based on the recommendations of the soil and water department. The first irrigation was done immediately after planting by sprinkling method and according to the custom of the field. Operations and weed control were performed manually (weeding) in the same way on all plots. After physiological maturation of cultivars, harvest was performed in each plot from four middle lines and after removing half a meter from both sides of each line. Grain yield for each treatment was calculated based on the total area of plot harvest and after threshing. Then, based on the obtained data, the analysis of variance of the data was performed in the year. After Bartlett test results, composite analysis of variance was performed by SAS software and mean comparison was performed by LSD method and the results were interpreted.

There was a positive correlation between grain yield, 1000- Grain weight, and Grain per spike. Shabrang, for example, had a higher Grain density per spike and 1000- Grain weight. Additionally, the 1000- Grain weight correlated negatively and statistically significantly with the number of Grains per spike and spike length. At the 1% level, there was also a positive and significant correlation between the number of Grains per spike and the spike length. Additionally, Shabrang cultivar produced the most grain per hectare (8.04 tons), while Chamran cultivar produced the least grain per hectare (6.32 tons). A thousand Behrang cultivar Grains weighed 46 g. Shabrang cultivars typically had 57 se Grains per spike, while Behrang cultivars typically had 39 Grains per spike. Parsi, Shoosh, and Sirvan cultivars, on the other hand, had the longest spikes at 10.7 and 10.4 cm, respectively, while Behrang cultivar had the shortest spikes at an average of 8.1 cm. The Parsi and Aflak cultivars grew to the greatest heights of 101.3 and 99.3 cm, respectively, while the Behrang and Baharan cultivars grew to the smallest heights of 92 and 91.6 cm, respectively.

The Durum Shabrang cultivar should be used in place of the conventional Durum (Yavaros) cultivars, according to the findings of this study. Additionally, Mehregan and Parsi bread wheat cultivars are recommended for use in the Orzuiyeh region in place of Chamran bread wheat cultivars.

13 bread wheat cultivars, including Alvand, Back Cross Roshan, Pishtaz, Arg, Tiger, Sirvan, Flamenco, Omid, Orum, Heydari, Mihan, Chamran 2 and Natasha varieties, were evaluated for two years in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the research center of Kerman agricultural education. After running the Bartlett test, composite analysis of variance was performed by SAS software and Duncan's mean comparison was performed at the 5% level, and then the results were interpreted. The results showed that Heidari, Alvand, Orum and Arg cultivars had the highest grain yield with average yields of 6300, 6263, 5546 and 5257 kg / ha, respectively. Also, Chamran 2, Sirvan and Tiger cultivars with average yields of 4488, 4566 and 4668 kg / ha had the lowest grain yields. On the other hand, Omid and Pishtaz cultivars with a weight of 44.24 and 44.04 gr per thousand seeds had the highest, while Flamenco and Tiger cultivars with a weight of 37.49 and 36.73 gr had the lowest weight of a thousand seeds, respectively. Chamran 2 cultivar with 39.83 had the lowest number of seeds per spike. Omid cultivar with 107 cm had the highest plant height and Mihan and Tiger cultivars had the lowest plant height with 81.00 and 79.83 cm, respectively. According to the results of this study (especially in terms of yield and dwarfness), Heydari and Mihan cultivars should be used to replace conventional and old cultivars in Kerman province's cold areas.

Water scarcity is of most important limiting factor of sugar beet production in arid and semi-arid world, like Iran. Due to the lack of autumn cultivation of sugar beet in Kerman province, using Agro-climate zoning, concerning various affecting factors on the growth of sugar beets is of the best and lowest-cost method for identification of prone areas for this crop species. In this study, using long-term weather data, occurrence probability of threshold temperatures and developmental stage were calculated. Due to influence of altitude on temperature variables, three-dimensional gradient equations were used for mapping of these factors in geographical information system. The results showed that in the South and east parts of Kerman province, the optimum planting date is the late of October and first days of November. But for the southern of Baft city, first half of October is suitable for planting. For a large parts of the cities of Rafsanjan, Sirjan, Zarand and Bardsir, appropriate planting date was obtained on second half of September. For southern of Kerman province, mid-May is determined of harvest date. Due to temperature limitations, length of growth seasons in these regions are less than central parts. However, these regions have more GDD and appropriate growth days than central parts. It seems that the southern regions of the province, including the cities of Manoujan, Jiroft, Arzuiyeh and Anbarabad with less than 30% probability of vernalisation risk and stemming are quite perfect for sugar beet autumn cultivation.

To determine resistance of four species forage crops to drought stress an experiment was conducted for two years (2016-2017) in Kerman – Iran. In this study a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was used. Drought stress treatments consisted of normal, moderate and severes drought levels (80, 130 and 180 mm cumulative pan evaporation respectively) were assigned to main plots and four forage plant types (maize, kochia, millet and sorghum) to subplots. Results indicated that with increasing of drought stress, leaf relative water content decreased but MDA (malondialdehyde) content increased. Among the four forage plants under study, kochia had the lowest MDA content. Chlorophyll a under moderate and severe drought stresses decreased by 16.3% and 20.7% respectively, as compared to normal drought. Kochia, in both years and under all levels of drought stresses, had the highest sodium percent in shoots. Sorghum had the highest amount of potassium content in shoot, as compared to other plants under severe and moderate levels of drought stresses. Sorghum produced the highest the forage yield at all levels of drought stresses and it produced highest fresh and dry (101241 kg.ha-1 and 30181 kg.ha-1) respectively under normal irrigation. Increasing drought stress resulted in the reduction of forage yield of all plant under study but yield reduction in kochia was lower than the yield of other plants. Millet and kochia with %11.9 and %9.82 crude protein contents respectively produced higher crude protein contents in this respect. Based on the results of this study, sorghum produced highest forage yield, millet good quality forage and kochia was the most tolerant plant to drought stress condition.

To evaluate forage yield and quality as well as water productivity of kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit stress conditions, a field experiment was carried-out as split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with four replications in two years (2016-2017) in Kerman, Iran. Three irrigation regimes including; optimal irrigation, mild and severe stress levels based on 80, 130 and 180 mm cumulative pan evaporation, respectively, were assigned to main plots and four plant species; kochia, millet, sorghum and maize were randomized in subplots. Sorghum had the highest forage yield in all irrigation regimes. Sorghum in optimal irrigation had 101241 kg ha-1 of fresh forage and 30181 kg ha-1 dry forage. With increasing drought stress severity, yield reduction was lower in kochia than other plant species. The highest water productivity obtained under mild drought stress. The highest water productivity in optimal, mild and severe drought stress levels belonged to sorghum with 3.17, 2.97 and 2.8 kg m-3, respectively. Millet had the highest (11.8%) and sorghum the lowest (8.9%) crude protein in dry forage. Based on the results of this research, sorghum had the highest forage yield and water productivity, and kochia was the most tolerant plant for drought stress conditions. Considering the importance of quantity and quality of forage for livestocks, it is suggested that intercropping of sorghum and millet will be considered as a research priority in future.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a key molecule that alleviates abiotic stress in many plant species. In this study, the role of SA was examined to moderate lead (Pb) toxicity in the basil (Ocimum basilicum). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 levels of PbNO3; 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1 of soil as the first factor, and the foliar application of SA at 3 levels of 0, 50 and 100 mL L-1 comprised second factor that were applied with four repetitions. The experiment was conducted during 2013 at research greenhouse of the Zabol University. Addition of Pb at a rate of 300 mg.kg-1 significantly reduced the carotenoids by 45.5 percent and organic acids by 49.3 percent, while it caused an increase in anthocyanins, flavonoids, electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzymes, including lipoxygenase and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, SA spraying had a significant influence on all traits. In this study, the interaction effects between SA and Pb was significant on carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, electrolyte leakage, organic acid, and lipoxygenase and glutathione peroxidase, and play a moderating role and reduce the harmful effects of Pbtoxicity. The results of this experiment suggested that the application of SA in basil caused a reduction in oxidative damage originated by Pb toxicity and induce the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, such as carotenoids.

Today, application of anti-oxidant and plant growth regulators has been proposed to reducing the negative impacts of drought stress. Ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside are the substances that make plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of drought stress, ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar sprays were examined on the qualitative characteristics in summer squash plants. The experimental design was a split plot factorial with two irrigation regimes; irrigation at 75% FC and irrigation at 25% FC, as the main treatments, and combination of sodium nitroprusside at three levels of 0, 50 and M and ascorbic acid at three levels of 0, 10 and 20 mM at flowering stage as subplot that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2011 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran. Deficit irrigation reduced seed oil content and chlorophyll a. Also delay irrigation decreased relative water content of leaves. Ascorbic acid spraying increased, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents of leaves, but leaf relative water content decreased with the use of ascorbic acid. The concomitant use of 20 mM of ascorbic acid and 100 M of sodium nitroprusside achieved the greatest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents and relative water content of leaves.

Sugar beet planting under autumn season has significant importance owing to higher water use efficiency especially in semiarid regions. In Kerman, sugar beet is only sown in spring, therefore it is important to evaluate the feasibility of autumn-sown sugar beet planting. Using geographic information system (GIS) combined with various factors influencing sugar beet growth is the best and economic method for identification of prone areas for autumn-sown sugar beet planting. The aim of this study was climatic zoning of Kerman region for autumn-sown sugar beet planting. Meteorological data including temperature and rainfall were collected. Then, cumulative thermal units, biomass productivity index, vernalization times, freezing, rainfall, and day length of each meteorological station were determined and their map was drawn. After weighting maps using hierarchical method, the final map was developed with ARC-GIS software. Results showed that sugar beet plants are susceptible to bolting in Baft, Bardsir and Shahr Babak cities; however in southern parts of the province, sugar beet plants could not receive required vernalization temperature. Less than 50 mm precipitation during the growing season may decrease the feasibility of sugar beet planting in these areas. Although, most of the lands with more than 200 mm precipitation are endanger of freezing, inadequate GDD reception, and vernalization occurrence. Based on final zoning map, 19.42% of the lands including Kahnooj, Manoujan, Anbar Abad, southern part of Jiroft, East of Bam, and south of Baft are classified as prone areas. Remained areas were regarded as proper (22.67%), medium (21.76%), and improper (36.15%) for autumn-sown sugar beet planting. In conclusion, autumn-sown sugar beet planting can be performed in most parts of the province.

In Orzoiyeh region, water deficit is the most important environmental stress limiting plant growth and production. A field experiment was conducted over two years 2010-2011 in Orzoiyeh Research Station to determine the most suitable of planting date and hybrid for winter cultivation of corn . This study was conducted as a split- plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were planting date with four levels ( 3 February, 17 February, 2 March, 18 March) and sub plots were four different corn hybrids (TWC 600, TWC 647, SC 704, SC 720). Results showed that there weren’t any significant difference between planting dates for grain yield and yield components, but planting in 18 March had the highest plant height and ear diameter. Between corn hybrids, SC 720 produced highest grain yield (10.48 t ha-1). Grain yield in SC720 hybrid was 2.02 t ha-1 higher than control (SC 704). SC720 hybrid had the highest amounts of ear diameter and number row per ear than others. Based on these results, can be concluded that in Orzoiyeh region, cultivation of corn in the range of 3 February to 18 March is possible, but 18 march is the best planting date. As well as SC 720 as a new hybrid can be introduced in this region.

In order to evaluate the effects of planting date, genotype and Azetobacter on wheat, the experiment was conducted in Bardsir Agricultural Research station in 1358. Planting date was mentioned as main factor in three levels (15th of Mehr, 5th of Aban and 25th of Aban), Azetobacter in three levels and three different genotype of wheat including, C80-2, C80-4 and Alvand (control) were treated as Split factoriel in RCBD with three replication. The measured traits at harvesting time was, mean on spikelet per spike, plant height, Spike length, Number of tiller, straw weight, 1000 grain weight, grain protein, and grain yield. There is significant difference among different planting dates, also the interaction of Genotype× azetobactor was significant for yield, the highest yield was belonged to Alvand with inoculation with Azetobacter white C80-4 had showed the lowest yield without inculation. The interaetion of planting date × Genotype C80-2 was the best the in the 5th Aban white this line had the lowest yield on 25th Aban. At the whole experiment Alvand showed the highest yield with inoculation, at 5th Aban as planting date, while C80-4 had the lowest in 25 of Abab and without inoculation. According to the result of this research, Azetobacter as an useful biological fertilizer would be advisable, due to facilating the Application and Economic benefit, For the farmers. Also it is advised to the farmers for planting Alvand as a good variety, and also planting in 5th of Aban because of escape of temperature stress.