mohammadreza ansari

Monitoring and controlling the level and sources of dust are crucial in the face of climate change and the development of suitable predictive approaches that directly impact the environment and human health. This study aims to estimate the concentration of PM10 in the city of Ahvaz using various machine learning models. Climate variables and the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) index, derived from the MODIS sensor at a wavelength of 476 nanometers, were used as influential variables in estimating PM10 concentration in three scenarios: combining AOD with PM10 (scenario 1), combining climate variables with PM10 (scenario 2), and combining climate variables and AOD with PM10 (scenario 3) .Using six machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest Regression (RFR), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), AdaBoostR with DTR, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Decision Tree Regression (DTR), the PM10 concentration was estimated in different scenarios, considering accuracy and precision coefficients. The most influential variables in estimating PM10 concentration were determined to be sunshine hours, minimum visibility, maximum wind speed, and the AOD index. The GBR linear regression model, with R2, MAE, RMSE, and IOA coefficients of 0.76, 0.31, 0.49 and 0.93 respectively, was found to be the most suitable model for estimating PM10 concentration in scenario 3. the results showed that incorporating the AOD index alongside climate variables improved the model's performance in estimating PM10 concentration. The proposed final model can be used for daily estimation of PM10 particles.

During the past few decades, only a quarter of the increase in food production in the world was related to the expansion of the area under cultivation and the rest was achieved by improving the production per unit area. In today's era, due to the limited resources and the increasing population has resulted the increasing demand for food products. Thus, it is necessary to use the limited resources available in an optimal way. Agroecological zoning is considered as a necessary tool in agricultural planning. By combining the main and effective components of agriculture, it is possible to comprehensively examine the conditions of production and the environmental potentials and limitations are better investigated. Therefore, decision-makers in the agriculture sector have a comprehensive and complete road-map instead of single and scattered one, for making the right decisions (Ghaffari et al., 2012). Considering the special position of wheat in the production systems of the country, it is necessary to implement crop-specific research projects to enhance sustainable crop production and proper utilization of resources and to protect the environment.

This research is based on the application of geographic information system (GIS) to depict the suitable crops for wheat production in Khuzestan province, Iran. For this purpose, different layers of effective information on the growth and production of wheat including; topographical information (elevation above sea level, slope and slope direction), soil data (salinity, organic carbon, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents) and climatic parameters (minimum temperature, mean temperature and maximum temperature and rainfall) were determined using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), weighted and overlapped, and the cultivation areas were estimated. Temperature layers were prepared using regression equations and nearest neighbor interpolation methods, and rainfall layer after examining different interpolation methods and choosing the appropriate method. Then, the suitable areas for wheat production were determined by matching the needs of this plant with the characteristics of the studied area by using the principles of analyitical hierarchy process and the overlap of the studied layers.

In this research, different climatic, soil parameters and topography factors and the opinion of agriculture experts of Khuzestan province in the form of AHP questionnaires were used to determine suitable and unsuitable areas for wheat production and four categories were identified.

Aaccording to the results of this research, it can be concluded that in the relatively poor and poor lands in the south, southwest and west of the Khuzestan province, it is possible to improve the quality of the soil by carrying out a series of research and measures. Considering the restrictions in these areas, some measures such as increasing soil organic carbon and improving soil fertility, leaching and draining saline soils, setting appropriate crop rotations, using adapted cultivars tolerant to prevailed environmental stresses, increasing water productivity by modern irrigation methods can be recommended to improve the environmental conditions for production of wheat in these areas.

Accurate quantification of environmental trends must consider variation at different temporal scales when ignoring variation at one scale could lead to incorrect conclusions about variation at another scale. Many environmental monitoring programs collect temporally resolved but irregular time series data to quantify trends for regulatory, management, or research purposes. Conducting a study to understand the trends and predict future conditions in hydrological aspects such as river water quality is essential. During the last decades, river water quality monitoring has increased by measuring several water quality parameters. Therefore, the analysis of water quality trends is important in providing information about changes or variations in water quality through time series data .Furthermore, determining the quality status of water resources is necessary to adopt proper policies to prevent and enhance the reduction of water quality. Additionally, based on this information, it is possible to identify the quality of river water and implement protective measures to improve and manage rivers and drainage basins in a more integrated way. In recent years, the water quality of the Karun River has been affected by various pollutants, including agricultural runoff and industrial wastewater; Therefore, it seems necessary to monitor the quality of the river and the process of its changes over time and place to know the current situation and provide the necessary measures in the future. Therefore, this research analyzed the Karun River's water quality trend over 20 years at four water quality monitoring stations.

To check the quality of river water in hydrometric stations, the obtained data were assessed from physical and chemical parameters, including Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Na, and Cl in 20 years from 1998 to 2017 in four hydrometric stations including Gotvand, Shushtar, Mollasani, and Ahvaz of Karun river in the wet season (first six months of the water year) and dry season (the second half of the water year). The process of river water quality and inspecting the changes were conducted using the Mann-Kendall test and a geographic information system, respectively. Wilcox's classification was used to check the water quality from an agricultural point of view, as there are relevant standards. By putting the sodium absorption ratio against salinity, Wilcox presents a chart for the water quality assessment for agricultural purposes and can classify water into different classes based on EC and SAR values.

According to the results, the river water salinity in the wet season in three hydrometric stations significantly increased. The increment was at the level of 10% at the Shushtar and Mollasani stations. However, at the Ahvaz station, it rose to the level of five percent. Due to the different annual rainfall amounts during the study period, the river water’s electrical conductivity had relatively large fluctuations in all the investigated stations. The range of electrical conductivity (EC) alterations in the wet season was between 490 and 2800 µS/cm and in the dry season between 397 and 2806 µS/cm. TDS increased in the wet and dry seasons. Moreover, the p-value showed that the value of this statistic was significant at the level of 10% in the Shushtar and Mollasani stations and at the level of five percent in the Ahvaz station. The range of changes in the wet period was between 250 and 1750 mg/liter and in the dry period between 220 and 1700 mg/liter. The alterations in total dissolved solids were more in the wet than in the dry season and did not have a uniform trend. In fact, the decrease or increase in the amount of precipitation affected the intensity and weakness of the TDS amount during the year.

The results of the Mann-Kendall test showed that the parameters of TDS, SAR, Na, Cl, and EC increased during the last twenty years, indicating the expansion of the entry of sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents. According to the Wilcox index, water quality for agricultural purposes was in the average category in all the studied stations. Meanwhile, Na, Cl, and TDS parameters were in the average and inappropriate range in some years, being an alarm regarding the low water quality. Additionally, there is a risk of water quality decline in the investigated stations. In general, the watershed of the Karun River is noteworthy due to the presence of a large population, cities, and centers. Specifically, the city of Ahvaz and the heavy steel industries located in this watershed are important fundamental in terms of water consumption and producing pollutants affecting the quality of water resources, which faces many quantitative and qualitative challenges in water. The study of the changes in the water quality parameters of the stations located in the Karun River during the study period demonstrated that the amount of dissolved salts in these rivers increased and caused the reduction of water quality due to incorrect utilization and failure to comply with the principles of river exploitation.

Solar thermal (ST) collectors could only generate thermal power, while photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems could provide both electricity and thermal power. However, the PVTs outlet temperature is usually not high enough for use in many applications such as space heating. Therefore, a new system called PVT system and ST collector in series (PVT-ST) is inducted to generate thermal power with higher outlet temperature and electricity. This paper explores the potential and feasibility of using PVT-ST under relatively hot and dry weather conditions in four cities of Tehran, Abadan, Baghdad, and Basra. To this end, the yearly performance of the system in terms of the first and second laws of thermodynamics is numerically evaluated. Moreover, the effects of the working fluid mass flow rate, in both laminar and turbulent regimes, on the module performance are investigated. Additionally, a comparative study is made between the PVT-ST, single PVT, and single ST systems. The working fluid regime analysis reveals that optimal thermal and electrical efficiency can be obtained in a turbulent regime. While the turbulent regime reflects better electrical exergy, the thermal exergy is dramatically decreased by raising the mass flow rate. Considering the mass flow rate of 0.0304 kg/s (turbulent regime) in July, the thermal efficiencies of the single ST, PVT-ST, and single PVT systems are 85.7%, 78%, and 72.9%, respectively. However, regardless of the mass flow rate, the PVT-ST system has the highest thermal exergy, peaking at 14.56 W/m2 at the lowest mass flow rate (laminar regime), which is double the thermal exergy of the single PVT. Finally, the annual study of the system performance in different cities illustrates that the maximum thermal power and exergy can be produced in Basra, averaging 375.72 and 1.46 W/m2. However, the maximum electricity production, with  an average of 77 W/m2 belongs to Baghdad.

The prevalence of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is rising in Iran. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and demographic characteristics of ROP infants who need treatment, the type of treatment, and the complications in the years 2018 to 2022.
This is a cross-sectional study. We evaluated the patient’s electronic medical records from 2018 to 2022. The required data was extracted from the registry dataset, including demographics, clinical characteristics of infants who required treatment, and the type and severity of treatment-related complications.
From 10,159 infants referred to the retinopathy of prematurity clinic from the beginning of 2018 to 2022, 5008 subjects (49.29%) were suffering from ROP, among whom 416 (8.3%) patients needed treatment for ROP. The mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of birth age and birth weight were 28.66 ± 2.24 weeks and 1227.24 ± 375.97 grams. While most of our patients (742 eyes, 96.4%) underwent Intravitreal Bevacizumab (IVB) injection as the treatment modality, laser photocoagulation was performed for 25 eyes. Four eyes received pars plana vitrectomy treatment. The recurrent disease occurred in 23 patients (44 eyes). Birth age, birth weight, and the time of oxygen therapy were significantly different between the treatment responders and the neonates who experienced the recurrent disease.
In this study, we showed that the birth age and weight of neonates who experienced a relapse were significantly lower. Besides, the results of treatment with IVB injection were satisfactory, with a relatively low recurrence rate and minimal complications.

Urban heat islands could have destructive effects on the environment and increase energy consumption. The present study aimed to investigate the spatial autocorrelation of land surface temperature and its relationship with land use in Ahvaz city. Daily and Night Land surface temperature maps were extracted from the split window method for the Landsat 8 satellite image and MOD11A1 product, respectively. Land use maps of the study were extracted into five classes: Built-up area, vegetation, bare land, water, and Karun River. Based on the results, Global Moran's index on day and night was equal to 0.94 and 0.9, respectively, according to which Land Surface temperature is distributed in a cluster form. Results of Getis-ord GI statistics showed that the largest area of daily and nightly hot spots in the east of Ahvaz was obtained with 5050.53 and 8055.69 ha, respectively. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the average temperature of land uses (p-value<0.05), so industrial areas and bare land had the highest temperature and the water bodies and vegetation had the lowest temperature. The results also showed that LST has a negative relationship with NDVI (r = -0.47); however, the average NDVI index in the study area was equal to 0.17 which indicated the poor quality of vegetation in Ahvaz. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to improve the quality of vegetation and expand the urban green space and preserve water resources to adjust the land surface temperature in Ahvaz.

Use of Gas Insulated Substations (GISs) at high voltage power systems is expanding due to their advantages such as: less required space, resistance to environmental pollutions, high reliability and no need for continuous maintenance. One of the phenomena that threatens the insulation distances inside the closed enclosure in these substations is the occurrence of Very Fast Transient Overvoltages2 (VFTOs). These overvoltages that are resulted from switching3 operation in the GIS are dangerous for the equipment connected to or inside the GIS and can damage the internal insulation of the equipment. Moreover, these transient overvoltages can cause serious damage to the expensive substation equipment in special cases such as extremely high voltages. In this paper, while reviewing the existing methods to limit VFTO in different sensitive points of the GIS, a new hybrid method is proposed based on the simultaneous use of Nanocrystalline rings in busbars and parallel XLPE4 cable path to connect power transformer to the GIS. The simulation results for Shiraz University 230 kV GIS show that in the case of switching operation, the proposed method has the lowest amplitude of overvoltages compared to other methods at different places in this substation. Using the proposed hybrid method, the amplitude of VFTO in the terminal of power transformer of the under-study network is reduced by 59.7% and this reduction can be seen in other points of the substation, as well.

In the current era, inequality, deprivation, and exclusion have become one of the most important issues among emerging urban problems and challenges, and the gap between rich and poor in most countries has reached its highest level in the last thirty years. On the other hand, development plans as one of the most important tools for urban management and planning can be prepared using the most comprehensive and efficient approaches such as social sustainability to address these problems and challenges. In recent years, Zanjan city has witnessed an increase in various inequalities and deprivation. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the tendency of Zanjan urban and regional development plans to urban social sustainability. In this research, the Plans Quality Evaluation method and Content Analysis technique have been utilized to evaluate Zanjan urban and regional development plans with regards to 14 dimensions and 47 variables of social sustainability. The results showed that in the past decades these plans have not been able to adequately reflect the strategies and policies of social sustainability in their content. Also, in the evaluation of these plans, it was determined that the issue of social sustainability is reflected more in urban plans rather than regional plans. In the review of the dimensions of social sustainability and their prioritization, it was found that the fundamental dimensions and novel issues of social sustainability, including vitality, social cohesion, social capital, governance and participation, and equality were reflected less than other items in various plans.

When a shock wave propagates through a flow field that has nonlinear thermodynamic properties, different processes occur simultaneously. Wave compression, wave refraction, and vortex generation are examples of these processes that cause the waveform and thermodynamic properties of the fluid to change. The interaction of a shock wave with a cylindrical bubble is an example of a wave-bubble collision problem in which all of the above processes are observed. Due to the high computational cost of density-based algorithms in solving compressible interfacial flow problems such as shock wave interaction with the two-phase flow, using a fully coupled pressure-based algorithm is a good solution that will solve the problem with proper accuracy while reducing computation time. In this paper, using this algorithm, the interaction of the shock wave with the bubble is investigated; while validating the results, the effect of the computational grid size and the method of discretization of the governing equations are determined. It was observed that by increasing the number of computational grids according to the first-order upwind method, the simulation results become more accurate, and the numerical diffusion amount decreases. Also, by changing the discretization method to second-order upwind, the instabilities on the interface of the two phases increase due to spurious fluctuations, and the shape of the interface obtained from the numerical solution moves away from the experimental results.

This paper proposed a new flexible approach to optimization of hybrid transmission Operating companies (HTOC) in which the maximization of the revenue of combined company as well as maximizing social welfare from the perspective of the independent system operator (ISO) is considered. The company's strategy is to maximize its revenue both through the transmission and through the sale and buying of energy in the day-ahead energy market using storage resources. The use of a bi-level model to optimize the objective functions of the problem along with the proposed strategy to maximize the company's revenue has been proposed, which has been transformed into a single-level model using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT). In order to achieve a guaranteed income, the uncertainty of competitors' behavior is modeled by a modified scenario based method(MSBM). The proposed model is first simulated on a IEEE 9-Bus Standard System and then on a IEEE 57-Bus Standard System using GAMS software. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy to maximize the revenue of the combined company.

In many atomizers, the breakup of the annular liquid sheet exiting from the atomizer is responsible for the formation of the spray and the determination of the spray characteristics. This paper studies the instability of the annular liquid sheet exiting from the effervescent atomizer at high gas to liquid mass flow ratios, in order to better understand the primary breakup process in this type of atomizer. Therefore, the dispersion equation obtained from the 3D linear stability analysis has been solved for the flow conditions of the annular liquid sheet exiting from the effervescent atomizer at 0.38 L/min liquid flow rate and high aeration ratios of 1.24% and 1.84%. The results showed that in the aerated ratios studied, the axisymmetric para-sinusoidal perturbation modes are the predominant in the breakup of the annular liquid sheet. In addition, it was observed that with increasing aeration ratio, the liquid sheet will breakup at shorter wave lengths. Also, the results of the study of the effect of viscosity on the instability of the annular liquid sheet showed that the viscosity of the liquid has some stabilizing effects and non-viscose assumption of the liquid at high aeration ratios can cause errors in calculations of the stability of the annular sheet breakup and the breakup length.

Policy-making is very important and decisive for achieving organizational, sectoral, cross-sectoral and national goals. So that this issue is more important in the Islamic Azad University, because the category of culture and cultural policy has many hidden and obvious dimensions and angles, which without proper policy, the realization of these goals is not possible. The present study tries to study the policy-making process of Islamic Azad University using a data-based strategy with a qualitative approach. The research categories have been extracted and coded from theoretical foundations and available texts and have been approved by 10 cultural experts, including administrators, experts and university professors. And Analysis of this data in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding shows that cultural policy-making in the direction of cultural transformation in higher education as a central category in the research model, along with contextual categories, interventionist, strategies and the consequences explain the policy model of the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran. The results of the present study, in addition to drawing a policy model in the organization, also analyzes and explains the policy-making process in Iranian higher education.

Nowadays, the issue of power quality is an important parameter for electricity consumers. Nonlinear elements (such as electronic power equipment, electric arc furnaces, high frequency devices, etc.) are the main reason for the problems related to power quality and the creation of harmonics in the network. In this paper, a new method to improve the power quality in a steel plant is presented. A shunt active power filter is used to eliminate current and voltage harmonics of electric arc furnaces in a steel plant in this method. To improve the performance of the shunt active power filter, a new controller based on PID controller and P-Q theory has been proposed. Also, an optimization method based on the modified gray wolf optimization (MGWO) has been used to adjust the control parameters in order to improve the proper performance of the filter and the power quality indices. A 10-bus steel plant, including 6 electric induction furnaces and a shunt active power filter is simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. The analysis of harmonic indices shows the efficiency of the proposed structure to increase the power quality of the power system.

Dust storms are known as one of the most important environmental hazards that affects various parts of the world. Following the intensification of dust storms in Khuzestan province, the internal sources of dust storms in Khuzestan province have been introduced in form of seven areas that southeast of Ahwaz was identified as the No.4 internal dust sources with the first priority of control and rehabilitation practices and the necessary executive measures for land reclamation in this region, including: management practices, biological operation and water distribution were on the agenda. The aim of this study was to investigate the land surface temperature (LST) changes and its relationship with land use changes as effective factors in creating a dust sources in south east Ahwaz. For this purpose, the Landsat 8 satellite data during the (2016-2020) were used and the land use maps of the study area were extracted using support vector machine (SVM) method and Split-Window method was used to extract the land surface temperature (LST) of the study area. The results showed that the area of barren land has been increased from 98.97% in 2016 to 99.81% in 2017 and has been reduced to 76.68% in 2020. The lowest areas of moderate vegetation, good vegetation and water bodies were corresponded to year 2017 which were equal to 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.03%, respectively. The highest areas of moderate vegetation and good vegetation were corresponded to year 2020 which were equal to 13.29% and 3.26%, respectively. The highest area of water body was corresponded to year 2019 which was equal to 7.73%. The results of mean LST estimation during 2016-2017 period showed 3.85℃ increase (from 32.62℃ to 36.47℃) and during 2017-2020 period showed 10.31℃ decrease, which reached to 26.16 ℃ in 2020. This trend has been affected by the land use changes, improved rainfall and the positive effects of modified measures taken to restore the vegetation of the study area.

The purpose of this study is to generate two-phase flow patterns and to obtain a flow pattern map for two phases as water and air in a vertical pipe which is made of transparent Plexiglas. The pipe specification is 50 mm diameter and 390 cm length. In this attempt the average velocity of the Taylor bubble will be calculate. In order to facilitate this research work, a two phase flow was designed, built and adjusted at Tarbiat Modares University Two-phase flow laboratory. Three flow patterns as bubbly, slug and churn flow are generated and examined for 320 runs of different superficial velocities of air and water. A seven-layer distributor with the ability to change the number of bubbles produced is used to create a bubbly flow pattern at the air inlet. The effect of the superficial velocities of each phase on the flow pattern was evaluated and a flow pattern map was presented for 320 different data. By processing the images obtained from the high-speed camera, the average Taylor bubble velocity was calculated for different flow conditions with uncertainty in calculating the velocity. Also, for 5 different velocities of the liquid phase, a diagram of the average velocity of Taylor velocity with increasing gas velocity was drawn and compared with the Nicklin correlation which can be found in the literature

In this article, considering the field of study and gender, we seek to answer the question of how much identity is influenced by these two variables and what tendency is strengthened by strengthening each of the religious and modern identities? Based on the aspects related to the changes and implicit complexities in the status of identity, especially among students, the present study seeks to answer the main question of what is the relationship between the tendency towards modern values and religious identity among students.

The method of this research is correlation and its statistical population is all students enrolled in the second semester of 1397 in the faculties of technology, art and social sciences of the University of Tehran as three disciplines from three different fields in the mother university and the symbol of higher education in Iran. According to the size of the statistical population in different fields, 380 samples were selected by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was considered by the professors of social sciences and also the validity of the questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha test.

The results show that there is an inverse relationship between modern and religious identity, boys are more inclined to modern identity than girls. In further study, the difference between the means showed that there is a significant difference between the disciplines of the Faculty of Engineering and the disciplines of the Faculty of Arts in the tendency towards modern values. There is a significant difference between technical and art disciplines in the tendency towards religious values, so that technical students are more inclined towards the values ​​of religious identity. This result is fully confirmed by the significance coefficient of 0.000. However, there is no significant difference between technical and social sciences students due to the fact that the significance coefficient is greater than 0.050. There is also a significant difference between art students and social science students, and social science students are more inclined to the values ​​of religious identity. This result is reliable and generalizable to the statistical population due to the reliability coefficient of 0.001 which is less than 0.05. Interestingly, among students, technical tendencies compared to other students, tendency to modern values ​​and religious values ​​are more than other tendencies. The identity of students in these orientations is a combination and construction of the two mentioned values.

The quality of fluidity and interaction between the two categories of values has been internalized in students and can disrupt predictions of student behavior in future situations and also promise constructive interaction between two categories of resources within them. This article examines the formulation of identity as a fluid state under the influence of various sources that different people, especially student youths, who are in the most important stages of socialization. Numerous sources are very influential in shaping the identity of student youth. Although this article does not seek to create a dichotomy between modern identity and religious identity, it seeks to identify different formulations influenced by sources that have different weights among different groups of students. For this reason, in order to identify the elements and components affecting identity, these components can be distinguished from modern, national, religious, etc., but lived in practice and experience and based on the findings in the present study, it can be said that in general, these elements and components constitute the identity of students, so it cannot be reduced to one or two dimensions.

Heavy metals have received much attention in recent years due to their stability in the environment and pollution potential in the soil. In sediments, a significant proportion of toxic metals are absorbed by clays and remain for a long time, so they can increase the severity of air pollution due to dust which is rising by wind. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination level of heavy metals in Hooralazim wetland sediments which known as dust zone. For this purpose, 65 samples were collected from 0-15 cm depth of Hooralazim Wetland sediments and the concentration of heavy metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. In order to evalute the contamination level, Molar geochemical index, enrichment factor, contamination coefficient and contamination load index were calculated. Based on the molar geochemical index, the results showed Cd, Ni and Cr were in the non-contaminated range to moderate contamination and Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn were in the non-contaminated range. Also, based on the enrichment factor, Cd had the highest enrichement, Ni and Cr had moderately enrichement and Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn had low enrichment. Contamination coefficients were also found to be low for Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn, moderate for Ni and Cr and high for Cd. The contamination load index showed no pollution for the sediments. Therefore, based on the calculated indices, the amount of Cd, and then Ni and Cr were above the standard level. Since, the effluents of industerial, oil fasilitiess and chemical fertilizers are entering into Hoorolazim wetland.

Two-phase flow field upstream of the discharge orifice of effervescent atomizer has been numerically studied at 0.38 L/min liquid flow rate and different gas to liquid mass ratios of 0.32%, 0.62%, and 1.24%. The internal flow of the atomizer has been three-dimensionally simulated using the volume of fluid method. Aeration gas is considered as an ideal gas at all aeration levels due to the high velocity of it at the exits of the aerating tube. At any aeration level, the simulation results have been represented by the contours of nitrogen volume fraction at different times and the contours of velocity. At all considered aeration levels, according to experimental results, the contours of nitrogen volume fraction show the annular flow regime is dominant in the discharge passage of the simulated atomizer. Also, by increasing the aeration level, both the liquid film thickness in the discharge passage and changes of it along the passage will be decreased. Therefore, it can be expected the spray of the effervescent atomizer at high aeration levels be finer due to a reduction of the liquid film thickness in the discharge passage and more uniform due to fewer changes in the liquid film thickness in this passage.

Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation jeopardizing food security worldwide. In Iran, gully erosion is important because about 90% of the country has arid and semi-arid climates and rainfall is not adequately distributed. In such conditions, the absence or lack of vegetation cover with increasing runoff causes more than 2 billion tons of soil losses annually. Therefore, conducting basic and applied researches on soil erosion via different methods for comprehensive management of natural resources is emphasized. The prerequisite for all kinds of erosion, such as gully erosion, is the prediction of the risk of gully formation in different areas susceptible to erosion. The study area is located in Ghaleh Gorg watershed which sub-basin of Shahid Modarres that large part of these farmlands has been destroyed by gully erosion. The purpose of this study was to apply fuzzy logic operators for gully erosion zoning. In this research, six effective parameters on soil erosion including mean weight diameter of aggregate, sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, percent of fine sand, silt and clay were determined according to standard laboratory methods. After re-classification, standardization of prepared layers was carried out by the Fuzzy method. Hence, Fuzzy-based layers were integrated using operators of Fuzzy algebraic sum, Fuzzy algebraic production and Fuzzy gamma with 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 values and the obtained results were evaluated. The validation of prepared maps was done based on two methods of map matching percentage of areas with very high and high sensitivity with gullies map of the study area and quality sum index (Qs). The Fuzzy results of raster layers showed the relative accumulation of silt, clay and fine sand grains in the middle to western parts of the region due to leaching and soil aggregation of Aghajari formation with a high slope of >20%. The deposition of this sediments was with 0-5% slope in the middle and western part of the basin. Results of layer integration indicated the fact that the fuzzy summation and multiplication method are not suitable approaches for final mapping because of their high increasing and decreasing effects, respectively. About Fuzzy Gamma operator 0.2, the results revealed that about 17.07% of the area was in the high and very high-risk zone and 67.07% of the area was in the low risk zone. In Fuzzy Gamma 0.5, about 31.16% of the area was in high risk and 55.38% in low risk zone. And only 60.38 percent of the gullies was in the high-risk area. Thus, these both operators 0.2 and 0.5 cannot be an acceptable method for preparing the final fuzzy map. The results of gamma operator 0.8 showed that about 43.21% of the area was in high and very high risk classes and 42.45% of the area was in low and very low risk classes. In the gamma operator 0.9, about 60.92% of the area was in high and very high risk zone and 17.1% of the area was in low and very low-risk zone. Also, regarding the distribution range of gullies, 94.93% of gullies was in high and very high risk classes, which is more acceptable and better than gamma 0.8. According to the obtained results, Fuzzy gamma 0.9 with 94.93 matching percentage of areas containing very high and high sensitivity and maximum quality sum index (0.73) among different operators was selected as the best method for preparing Fuzzy map in the study area. According to the results of this study and its comparison with field observations, effective factors contributing to the initiation and development of gully erosion were sensitivity of the geological formations, soil texture type, salinity and alkalinity and non-implementation of biological and biomechanical operations to the soil and vegetation cover restoration. Around 3855 hectares (60.38%) out of 6327.5 hectares of the total studied area were at high and very high erosion risk. Furthermore, 2056 hectares (94.93%) out of the 2166 hectares of the gullies area were at high and very high risk of erosion, denoting the high accuracy of the final map. Among the available methods, Fuzzy Gamma 0.9 with the highest overlap between the area of high and very high-risk classes of the gully map (94.93%), and the highest qualitative sum index (0.73), was selected as the best fuzzy method for zoning in the study area.

In this study, a new and simple column-mode separation method has been proposed for the pre-concentration and removal of trace amounts of thallium(III) (Tl) from water samples. The procedure was based on sorption of Tl(III) ions by a solid phase extraction column filled with 4-[(2-hydroxy, 3-methoxy benzylidine)4-amino]1,2,4-treeazol-5-thione on microcrystalline naphthalene. The determination was performed directly using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) method. The main factors affecting the extraction recovery were investigated and optimized. The interference effect of various ions on the determination of Tl(III) was also studied. In optimum conditions, the precision of the proposed method for sample solutions containing 0.2 μg/mL of Tl(III) was 2.0%, and the enrichment factor was found to be 35. The proposed method was evaluated and employed for pre-concentration and removal of Tl(III) from spiked natural (Tap and well) and industrial water samples.

From prospective of morphology, At first glance costal geomorphology is chaotic, intricate and complex. Geometrically fractal, estuaries have an internal order, and this order is so precise that the slightest irregularity can be obtained at any scale. In this study, fractal dimension in north of Persian Gulf shore for marine estuaries (Mouse’s estuary within the borders of Iran and Abd Allah’s estuary common border Kuwait and Iraq) and River meandering (Arvand roud River and Dalaki River in Iran North of Persian gulf) calculated by box-counting method. We used Arc GIS software and Landsat 8 of satellite image May 2016. In following, we make 10 partition scales from 100 KM to 100 M in each estuary and river of images. Our goal in this research is to investigate the pattern of order in the geometric geomorphological form of costal estuaries and Rivers meandering in the north of the Persian Gulf from a fractal point of view and its relationship to processes (geology, climate, hydraulic, etc.). Results show irregularity and disarrays in Mouse’s estuary by unit dimension fractal 1.5 to compare with Abd Allah’s estuary in Kuwait and Iraq by unit dimension fractal 0.67. Dimension fractal Arvand Roud River and Dalaki River are 0.53 and 0.46 respectively. In general, in this study, it can be concluded that geomorphological phenomena of fractal, the marine estuaries in the north of the Persian Gulf (especially Musa estuary) have entered the stage of turbulent edge. Also, on the 100-meter scale, fractal dimension of the Arvand Roud River is more turbulence than the Dalaki River. Geomorphological phenomena of estuaries and meanders at a scale of 100 meters are turbulent which shows the effectiveness of coastal and marine processes such as: tidal, marine waves, water erosion and loose sediments in estuaries and meanders in North of Persian gulf costal.

The knowledge of geomorphology, which is based on the knowledge of forms (phenomena) and processes (forces), is quite complex, altering and difficult to predict. Costal and rivers are controlled by hydraulics, wind, tectonic, physical, chemical, geological, etc. Also Due to the large role of parameters in them, they usually show unknown and chaotic behavior processes. Fractal geometry provides a mathematical model for some of the more complex shapes and components in nature, such as beaches, hills, tree bark, clouds, and so on. The fractal dimension is a useful feature for examining the texture of components, classified shapes, and graphical analysis in some disciplines. Every phenomenon in the world has order. Although there may be irregularities, there is an order at the heart of each irregularity that can be accessed with special tools and methods and find the pattern and order in it. Self-similarity is one of the essential attributes of fractal in nature that may be quantified by fractal dimension. Our goal in this research is to investigate the pattern of order in the geometric geomorphological form of costal estuaries and Rivers meandering in the north of the Persian Gulf from a fractal point of view and its relationship to processes (geology, marine, geomorphology, etc.).

In this study, in order to achieve the fractal dimension of coastal and River tributaries in the northern part of the Persian Gulf, the Landsat satellite image of May 8, 2016 was used. Arc GIS software was used to create Husdoroff networks. Also the Fishnet option was used to create square networks or houses on the area. The following relationship was used to obtain the fractal dimension of the geomorphological phenomena of River and sea estuaries in the Persian Gulf: Nn=C/(R_n^D ) Nn= is the number of variables available for a phenomenon, C= is the constant coefficient, Rn= is the dimension of a special linear coefficient, and D= is the fractal dimension.

Khowr Mousa These results indicate the presence of three stages of foreground, threshold and threshold stage. The threshold and anomaly stages start from scales of 20 and 1.5 * 1, respectively, with a fractional fraction of 0.65 and 0.46. The total fractal regression for all three comprehensive backgrounds, thresholds, and anomalies is about 1.5. Also Khowr Mousa is 24% bigger than Khowr Abdullah. Khowr Abdullah Khor Abdullah is located in Kuwait and Iraq. According to Abdullah, the threshold and anomaly communities on scales 5 and 1.5 * 1 begin with a fractional fraction of 0.76 and 0.43, respectively. The total fractal for the whole population includes, foreground, threshold and anomaly of about 0.677. Dalaki River At the Dalaki River, the Astana and Anomaly communities begin at scales of 5 and 1.5 * 1 with a fractional fraction of 0.41 and 0.6, respectively. The overall fractal dimension of the Dalaki River is 0.46. Arvand Roud River The Arvand River has three main communities or stages, the anomaly of which is very small, and the background community and its threshold are endurance. The overall fractal dimension of the Arvand River is 0.5305.

The study's findings show that Mousa's marine estuary with a total fractal size of 1.5 is more disturbing than Abdullah's marine estuary with a fractal size of 0.67, which could indicate that Abdullah's marine estuary is younger than Musa's estuary. Conclusion this study shows that the estuaries north of the Persian Gulf are controlled by the operation of water power processes such as tidal, waves and sediment erosion and Tectonic forces have no role in creating and controlling estuaries directly. In general, Khor Mousa tends to be more chaotic than Khor Abdullah and Arvand roud River meanders desire to be more chaotic than Dalaki River from point of wives fractal dimension. Geometrically fractal, rivers controlled by costal and marine process and erosion sediment.

This paper presents an AC Optimal Power flow (AC-OPF) problem of a powersystem, considering wind energy. Wind energy is an environmental-friendly energy source to produce electrical power and it includes lessoperating costs compared with other sources of electrical power production. Wind generatorsalso affect the operation costof a power system as well as transmission losses,based on generators locations and speedof wind. In addition, wind speed is a parameter with uncertainty and considering this uncertainty is an important issue in operation of wind generators in the AC-OPF problem. The proposed AC-OPF formulation includes the integer variables in addition to continuous variables and studiesthe effects of wind energy, transformer tap settings, and shunt capacitors on fuel cost, transmission lossesas well asup and down spinning reserves. To solve the AC-OPF model, an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) is presented. The IPSO algorithm in this work includes velocity mirror effect that causes improvement in the quality of the results. The proposed method is appliedon modified IEEE 30 bus test system, and obtained results approve the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Frequency analysis is one of the most important methods to estimate parameters of bubble formation in vertical column. In the present article, the sound noises estimation model due to bubble generation in the vertical liquid column is upgraded by applying turbulence modeling. The combined model of RANS/LES to increase the CFD in bubble initiation is also applied. The frequency of bubble formation was studied and the model of frequency prediction is modified by adding the compressibility effect and proper extracting of acoustic data. The numerical simulation conducted in three dimensional space where the VOF method is used. Due to the importance of interface tracking in sound sources recognition and the problems which occur during adding LES model in the simulation, different interface reconstruction methods has been compared. High Resolution Interface Capturing scheme (HRIC) is selected as the best method. The results are verified by theoretical and empirical data. Furthermore it is shown natural frequency of bubble reduced due to bubbles size increased. By considering the compressibility effect, the obtained results are more accurate and the model behavior is more physical.

The textile industry wastewater causes serious environmental problems due to its high toxicity and color. Therefore, it is necessary to find an effective treatment technology for removing organic dyes from wastewater. Cavitation is one such modern technique which has been considered for the treatment of complex pollutants because of its ability to generate highly reactive free radicals. Up to now, researchers have mostly focused on qualitative interpretations and related scientific techniques, and there has been no quantitative cost analysis for pollutant control in textile industries for decision making purposes. Future studies need to focus on the cost analysis of more processes in textile wastewater treatment, such as advanced oxidation and combined and biological processes. Thus, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing various single and combined processes using the hydrodynamic cavitation (in a single system and with a specific contaminant) to remove reactive black 5 dye. Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was applied by using an orifice plate with a 7 mm hole diameter at the inlet pressure of 4 bars. Single processes, photocatalysis, photolysis, adsorption and combined processes, cavitation + photolysis, cavitation + photocatalyst and cavitation + photocatalysis were investigated in dye elimination and each of them was optimized by changing the various parameters (pH, TiO2 nanophotocatalyst concentration, irradiation power and dye concentration) and their best efficiency was obtained. In addition, considering the cost of energy and the nanophotocatalyst consumed by the processes, along with the process efficiency, processes were ranked by defining the index of efficiency to cost ratio. In the studied processes, efficiency increased as pH reduced, however, in the case of the photolysis process, efficiency increase at the highest level of the basic pH was significantly higher than acidic pH. Increasing the nanophotocatalyst concentration up to an optimum level resulted in efficiency increase. The decolorization rate increased as the irradiation power increased. The processes efficiency decreased with an increase in the initial concentration of the dye. In terms of efficiency, cavitation + photocatalysis, photocatalysis, cavitation + photolysis, photolysis, cavitation + photocatalyst, cavitation and adsorption processes, with the dye removal efficiencies of 83, 60, 52, 49, 43, 38 and 13% were placed first to seventh. This is while, considering both efficiency and cost consumption, photolysis process and then processes of cavitation + photolysis, cavitation and photocatalysis were ranked first to fourth, respectively with the best ratios. Hydrodynamic cavitation is a promising approach for dealing with industrial pollutants and the combination of this process with other advanced oxidation processes yields desirable results. Considering the parameters of energy and the cost of consumed nanophotocatalyst in the comparison of processes is very important and the output efficiency of the process should not be the only criterion. Paying attention to the substantial costs of nanophotocatalysts such as nanotitanium dioxide, combined techniques (e.g., the combination of cavitation with other advanced oxidation processes) lead to less consumption of nanomaterial and lower operational costs and are therefore cost-effective.

Construction of proper foundation for water structures such as canals increases their long life. One of the effective factors in this issue is soil strength condition. Chemical compounds of the soil affect its strength and change its bearing capacity. Sodium and Calcium are the most important cations in the soil and water resources. In recent years, because of its environmental compatibility and economic advantages, fine sand has been used widely as an additive amendment for soil remediation. In this research, the effect of calcium chloride and sodium chloride as well as fine sand, as additive material, on the strength characteristics of clay soil have been investigated. In this regard, the additive materials (salt and sand) were added to the clay soil at four different levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 0, 5, 10, 15 percent of the soil dry weight, respectively) and specimens were provided by static compaction method. The specimens were subjected to an unconfined compressive strength test after two curing times of 7 and 28 days.  The results showed increasing sodium chloride decreases the strength characteristics of the soil and adding fine sand does not have any significant effect on this trend. Also, adding 5 percent sand and calcium chloride to the clay soil caused to obtain maximum unconfined compressive strength and elasticity module of it. On the base of the results, adding calcium chloride improve soil strength relatively but not as much as other common additives, such as lime. Moreover, for increasing the strength of soils with large amounts of sodium chloride, soil leaching is suggested as a proper solution before foundation construction of the structures.