reza mir drikvand

On a global scale, the demand for agricultural products is increasing at the same time as the human population is growing. Low and middle income countries are struggling to deal with their food security challenges. from one side, Modern agriculture is being done with the aim of producing maximum crops to meet the needs of the world's growing population and without ensuring its effects on the environment. Conventional agricultural practices around the world depend on the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. nowadays, in all cropping systems, reducing dependence on subsidized energy (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) is one of the main goals. Therefore, it is very important to use the best management practices of nutrients in diverse ecosystems and different production systems to increase food production and improve farm profitability along with improving the efficiency of natural resources. Sustainable cropping systems ensure the long-term performance of the products produced for the developing population now and in the future without compromising the biological and physical components of the environment in which the production is taking place. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal is the use of organic fertilizers of natural origin and effective microorganisms during the production of crops. As a result, it will be possible to maintain crop productivity and increase soil health in the long term only by increasing the share of organic resources and biological fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems. In several field researches, the beneficial role and efficiency of using mycorrhizal and rhizobium biofertilizers and biochar and vermicompost organic fertilizers in the production of legumes, especially Red beans, have been reported.

 This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2021 at the experimental field of beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 29' E, 33° 40' N and 1657m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of tow factors were studied: different cropping systems included (ecological, integrated, low input, medium input and high input) and different variety of red beans (Ofogh, Dadfar, Goli and Yaghot). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was used at the rate of 250 kg. ha-1. Inoculation with rhizobium inoculum in the shade. Rhizobium inoculum was added at the rate of 50 ml for each kilogram of seeds. Biochar was used at the rate of 10 tons per hectare and vermicompost at the rate of 15 tons per hectare. Seed yield (with 10-14% moisture) was measured. The number of stem diameter, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and number of pods per plant were determined by randomly selecting 10 plants (60 cm long) from each experimental unit and Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta.

The results showed that the main effect of cropping systems on the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased. The main effect of variety the number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, pod number, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased too. and the interaction effects of cropping systems and variety, the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index of red bean variety were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was obtained in Yaghot variety in high inpout cropping system (3054.30 kg/ha-1) and Yaghot variety in integrated cropping system (3007.33 kg/ha-1), both in the same statistical class. The grain yield in Yaqut cultivar increased by 27.56, 18.14 and 40.09 percent, respectively, compared to Ofogh, Dadfar and Goli cultivars in the high-input cropping system. And in the integrated cropping system, it showed an increase of 26.02, 13.25 and 16.50 percent, respectively.

Obtained results of this experiment showed that the integrated cropping system was able to bring the agricultural characteristics of red bean variety to the highest level in comparison with the ecological, low-input and medium-input cropping systems, in order to increase economic production, on par with the high-input cropping system. As a result, it is predicted that the results of this study can be useful for shaping new management methods to improve red bean crop production.

The Real-time PCR is a very powerful technique for the analysis of gene expression in various organisms. However, normalizing gene expression data and obtaining reliable results largely depends on the selection of stable reference genes. In this study, the expression stability of six general reference genes (EF-1α, 18S rRNA, ACTIN, β-Tubulin, HSP and GAPDH) was investigated in green and red cultivars of sweet basil under five abiotic stresses (cold, drought, heat, salt and light). The stability of these reference genes was analyzed using BestKeeper and NormFinder softwares. Results showed that all reference genes had different expression levels in both green and red cultivars of sweet basil. There was no significant difference in expression between green and red cultivars. The highest and lowest expression levels were calculated for β-Tubulin and 18S rRNA reference genes, respectively. The results of BestKeeper software identified HSP and ACTIN genes as stable reference genes, respectively. The NormFinder software identified β-Tubulin genes as stable reference gene. Final ranking of the results of BestKeeper and NormFinder softwares identified ACTIN gene as the most stable reference gene for the gene expression studies in green and red cultivars of sweet basil using real-time PCR.

Estimation of genetic diversity and evaluation of plant germplasm is the most important step in collection and management of plant genetic resources. Also, comparison of different DNA-based genetic markers in diversity evaluation and then advising the most efficient markers is very important. In order to investigate genetic variation among Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindi.) populations of Lorestan province (Iran), 20 genotypes were collected from different geographical and climatic regions. After DNA extraction, polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were used for study of polymorphism using three markers including ISJ, ISSR and SCoT. Genotyping was performed using the polymorphic bands obtained from all three markers separately, and also by combining the data of three markers. PCR results of the primers showed 91 polymorphic bands with an average of 71% per locus. The ISSR marker with 44 bands had the most polymorphic bands. Genotypes were discriminated by ISJ, ISSR and SCoT markers in 5, 6 and 5 groups, respectively, and using the combined data of three markers, genotypes were classified in 5 groups (each group included more than one genotype) and 3 group (each group included one genotype).  The results showed that the obtained clustering by different markers were nearly consistent with clustering of genotypes based on the climatic origin of genotypes. The most similarity between the groupings was between ISJ and ISSR markers with 89%. Overall, the results indicated the usefulness of markers used to estimate genetic distances between different oak communities.

The Oat (Avena sativa L.), is a plant of the Poaceae family and is one of the important crops in the world. Despite the high nutritional value, there is no annotated reference genome and there is no report of microRNA identification for this plant. In the present study, 733 million short reads was used to identify the conserved miRNAs and to investigate the expression of their target genes in the drought and salt-stressed leaf transcriptome of oat. Out of a total of 73419 assembled unigenes, 1419 non-coding unigenes were identified and considered as miRNA precursor. Finally, among non-coding unigenes, eight miRNAs named asa-miR5181b, asa-miR5049a-3p, asa-miR169d-5p, asa-miR5181a, asa-miR2118b-5p, asa-miR5049-3p, asa-miR5049b-3p and asa-miR1130-5p with Minimal Free Energy Index (MFEI) of -1.29 kcal/mol belonging to five conserved families were identified. Identified miRNAs down-regulated under the drought stress compared to control and salt stress conditions. Although the response to different types of abiotic stresses in plants is very similar, however, the expression of identified miRNAs was different between drought and salinity stresses. This is probably related to differences in the type of tissue, the sensing mechanism, and the initial response of plants to various stresses. In general, considering the regulatory role of conserved miRNAs in the control of the gene regulatory network, the identified miRNAs in this study, especially asa-miR1130-5p, can be used to regulate the expression of stress-responsive genes, including members of MYB, bHLH, and ERF transcription factors gene families in oat.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small and noncoding RNAs with length of 18-24 nucleotides that control the expression of target genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in plants. The miRNAs play an important role in different processes such as growth and development, cell proliferation and response to stresses in plants. Coriander or Coriandrum sativum L. is a plant of Apiaceae family with different nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. Up to now, the genome of this plant has not been sequenced and there is no report of miRNAs identification has been recorded for it. The present study was performed to identify the conserved miRNAs and their target genes in transcriptome of coriander plant. Firstly, Transcriptome of seed and leaf tissues was assembled and non-coding transcripts were identified and considered as miRNA precursor. Finally, among candidate sequences, three miRNAs named csa-miR162, csa-miR169 and csa-miR399 belong to three conserved families were identified after strict filtering. Identified miRNAs showed differential expression between seed and leaf tissues and also role of their target genes in different biological processes was confirmed. In general, given the regulatory roles of identified miRNAs on broad spectrum of gene networks and biological processes of coriander plant in the present study, these miRNAs can be used as candidate genes to improve qualitative and quantitative yield and resistance to different stresses in this plant.

Quality characteristics including grain protein content, gluten, falling number, and SDS sedimentation volume are important contributors to the grain yield and quality of the wheat. To identify the markers associated with such traits, this study run in two separated experiments: under-field and in laboratory. One hundred wheat genotypes were evaluated in an alpha lattice design with two replications. Association mapping using Structure and Tassel software was carried out using 102 SSR markers: 66 unlinked and 36 quantitative trait loci (QTL)-linked SSR markers. Correction for population structure was performed using genome-wide SSR markers so that genotypes were divided into six subpopulations. Thoroughly, 34 SSR markers linked with the above-mentioned traits were identified, twelve of them being QTL-linked markers. These markers were already mapped on the wheat chromosomes in previous studies containing known QTLs controlling kernel traits of the wheat. Our results confirmed 5, 3, 2, and 2 QTLs respectively for the grain protein, gluten, falling number, and SDS sedimentation volume which were previously tagged on the wheat chromosomes. Additionally, 3 QTLs were identified for the grain protein on the chromosomes 2A, 5A, 5D, and 7B. Whereas, 6 QTLs for gluten were detected on chromosomes 1A, 2D, 5A, 5B, 6B, and 7B; four QTLs were located on the chromosomes 2D, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7D for falling number; and finally nine QTLs were found for SDS sedimentation volume on the chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4B, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The results of this study indicated that association mapping is a useful method for detecting and complementing QTL information; thus, this information can be used for further wheat improvement based on a molecular marker.

IntroductionUtilization of genetic diversity in crop plants is very important for breeding objectives. Chickpea is the third most important grain legume and its seeds contain protein that is an important energy source for human. It ranks third worldwide among grain legumes. In Iran this crop cultivated at about 473000 hectares with an average annual production of 195000 tons. Genetic diversity of chickpea genotypes using SSR markers were examined in several studies.The objective of this study was investigation of genetic diversity among some chickpea genotypes using molecular data obtained from SSR primers.
Materials & MethodsGenetic diversity of 35 chickpea genotypes (Including cultivated, local variety and promising line) were assessed using 15 SSR primers. These primers were selected from previous study. DNA was extracted from two-week old plants of each genotype following the protocol of CTAB-method. After DNA extraction, the quantity of DNA was measured under 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA concentration was estimated using Picodrop. The final DNA concentration of each template stock was adjusted to 50 ng/µl. The PCR was performed in a Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad Model thermal cycler) in a volume of 15 µL. The amplification step was as follows: 1 cycle at 94°C for 1 min, then 40 cycles comprising 94°C for 5 min, annealing of primer at 50-65°C (depending on the primer) for 1 min. The final extension was carried out at 72°C for 10 min. The amplification products were electrophoresed on 3.5% agarose gels (combination of 50% Metaphor and 50% LE Agarose), and for staining, 3 µL Gel Red and dye (the 1.5:1.5 ratio) was added to each sample. Photographed was performed using the Bio-Rad Gel Doc. Molecular data was analyzed using the NTSYS-pc software version 2.02.
Results & DiscussionAll of fifteen SSR primers were generated scorable bands. Totally 49 alleles (ranged between 2 to 5 alleles per each locus) with an average 3.26 allele per locus was distinguished. These results are agreement with the results of some study and did not match to other. One of the reasons may be due to the use of different genetic material and SSR markers.
Majority of primers identified high level of polymorphism. Jaccard similarity coefficient values among genotypes, ranged from 0.10 to 0.80, average value of similarity coefficient was 0.40. The highest similarity was found between Hashem and Arman genotypes. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.20 to 0.88 (average 0.50). The highest (0.88) and the lowest (0.20) value of PIC was pertained to SSR21 and SSR62 Primers, respectively. A high mean PIC value can be attributed to the use of more informative markers. Unweighted pair group method of the arithmetic average (UPGMA), based on Jaccard similarity clustering form a dendrogram with eight genotypes group. Eight groups can be distinguished by truncating the dendrogram at mean similarity coefficient value of 0.40. Clustering somewhat was distinguished chickpea genotypes, as cultivated genotypes and local were put together. In the present study SSR markers almost succeed in separation of genotypes but this marker could not separate promising chickpea completely. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) was carried out on the mean pairwise genetic distances to display the genetic relationship of genotypes in the PCoA 2D and 3D plot. 2 and 3D plot were confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Cophenetic correlation showed that molecular data and cluster was corresponded.
ConclusionSSR primers that used in this study are more informative in chickpea genotypes. The genotypes almost showed diverse and distinct SSR patterns. It was concluded that SSR marker was suitable for evaluation of genetic diversity in chickpea genotypes and this genetic diversity can be used in chickpea breeding programs. To achieve better results in crossing programs, we recommended also these genotypes get evaluated using morphological and agronomic traits.

Identification and application of genetic diversity are essential to breeding programs success. In this study, genetic diversity of 20 rainfed barley genotypes were assessed using morphological traits as well RAPD and intron-exon splice junction (ISJ), semi-random markers. Results of this study showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits, indicating high genetic variation among them. The highest and lowest broad sense heritability was related to spike length and grain yield, respectively The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were high for number of grain per spike, and low for 1000-kernel weight, respectively. Mean of polymorphic percentage in ISJ marker was higher than RAPD marker. Cluster analysis showed that the distinctions based on morphological traits did not correspond with the distinction based on molecular data.The results showed that RAPD and ISJ markers were able to distinct two and six-rowed and also hulless and hulled barley genotypes. Distinction of three clusters did not follow the same pattern.There was significant and negative correlation between similarity matrices of molecular data and morphological traits, but similarity matrices of two molecular markers was significantly and positively correlated.

In this study, genetic diversity of 25 rainfed bread and durum wheat genotypes were assessed using 20 SSR primers that all of them were generated scorable bands. Totally 69 alleles (ranged between 2 allele for Xcfd40 and Xgwm369, and 5 allele for Xbarc54 primers per each locus), were distinguished. Polymorphic information content (PIC) for all SSR primers was calculated. The highest (0.98) and the lowest (0.64) amount of PIC was pertained to Xcfd40 and Xgwm30 primers, respectively. Based on similarity matrix, the highest and lowest genetic similarity was belonged to Seri82 and Seri (0.86) and Sita/chil and Baviacora (0.14), respectively. Cluster analysis could distinct spring and winter wheat genotypes and as well as bread and durum wheat genotypes. It was concluded that SSR marker was suitable for evaluation of genetic diversity in rainfed wheat genotypes. This genetic diversity can be used in wheat breeding programs.

This study was conducted to identify markers associated with some kernel traits in bread wheat in two separate experiments under field and laboratory. One hundred wheat genotypes were evaluated in an alpha lattice experimental design with two replications. Grain hardness¡ seed length¡ seed width and thousand kernel weights were measured. Association mapping was performed based on 96 unlinked and 22 SSR QTL linked markers¡ using structure and Tassel software. Correction for population structure was performed using genome wide SSR markers so that genotypes were divided into six sub-populations. Totally¡ 35 SSR markers linked to traits were detected; eight of them being QTL linked markers and other markers that were linked to traits¡ were used to investigate population structure. The QTLs linked markers were as follows: Chromosomes 5B¡ 5D and 6D had three QTL for grain hardness. Nine QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1A¡ 1B¡ 2A¡ 2B¡ 2D¡ 5B¡ 5D¡ 6D and 7B for kernel length¡ kernel width and thousand kernel weights. The results of this study demonstrate that association mapping is a useful approach to complement and enhance previous QTL information for marker-assisted selection in wheat.