فهرست مطالب zahra babaie

The purpose of this study was to investigate the main characteristics of the Lesson Study process in order to improve the teachers' capabilities in the implementation of curricula in the elementary school. The approach of qualitative research was inductive content analysis with an emphasis on self-understanding. The participants were female student-teachers of Farhangian University of Shahid Motahari in Khoi city in the academic year of 1400-1401, 18 of them who had the experience of working in the research and professional development curriculum 3 (Lesson Study) and internship 4 (Lesson Study in the classroom) They were selected with the purposeful sampling method of the index sampling type. In the data analysis stage, 296 primary themes were extracted from the total interviews and in the next stages, the number of components was reduced by removing similar and close themes and finally 9 main themes, 25 secondary themes and 177 primary themes were obtained. To ensure the accuracy and validity of the obtained findings, the text of the interviews was simultaneously examined and described more deeply during the implementation of data collection to obtain more real concepts and meaning. Also, the interviews of individuals were reviewed and analyzed and created themes by the researcher himself on several occasions. In order to determine the stability and reliability of the obtained data, two people worked simultaneously and in parallel in the process of coding and analyzing the data, and the results of the coding work were compared and the most appropriate concepts were selected.The findings of the research show that the indicators of synergistic, synthesis, research, self-education, teaching discourse, metacognition, problem-oriented, teaching feasibility and bio-education provide a framework for the Lesson Study activities of teachers, with which it is possible to better implement the content of curricula. will be In fact, framing in Lesson Study specifies the process of teaching implementation in different situations And creates the awareness that teaching is influenced by the planned activities of teachers and their background factors, and the implementation of curriculums should consider the realization of the educational goals of the developed content as dependent on the skills that provide the platform for their growth and development. In other words, Lesson Study as a process activity of the teacher-researcher tries to develop the curriculum and its related elements through a systematic approach. In other words, each of the elements of the curriculum is affected by the activities related to Lesson Study, in such a way that considering Lesson Study as a research activity in teaching, all the things before, during and after teaching are affected by the quality of the implementation of these activities. Also, on the other hand, Lesson Study by analyzing each of the curriculum elements and evaluating how they are implemented in educational practice or learning situations, emphasizes their compliance with the three sources of the curriculum (subject matter, learner and society). This type of research, by determining the nature of educational concepts based on three sources of the curriculum, predicts and provides the type of content presentation that is appropriate to the level of students' activity and how to learn it, so that in line with the implementation of the curriculum, by evaluating the teacher's qualifications, subject matter, Learner capabilities and implementation conditions determine the responsibility for how students learn course material. In this situation, it becomes important to choose a teaching method that can advance the goals of the curriculum in accordance with the structure of courses, the needs of the society, or the interests and abilities of the learners. The capacity of Lesson Study in improving curricula is based on the structuring of teaching as a whole for its better preparation in the direction of creating opportunities for learning, which aims to get out of the monotony of the implementation of programs and seeks the sustainability of lessons learned. In connection with the primary school curricula, it should be said that the optimal implementation of Lesson Study  and coordination with the objectives of this course is to emphasize the achievement of the type of implementation of programs that will be the motivation and stimulus for more involvement of students in cognitive, attitudinal, and skill areas, and this way of thinking is also It is related to the optimal balance between the macro level and the micro level of the curricula, in the sense that by This means that by specifying the source of the curriculum, the teaching researcher should guide the implementation process of each of the components of the programs in line with the defined goal to the compatibility of the curriculum elements with the goal derived from that source.In general, Lesson Study  specifies the approach to the implementation of curriculum according to the nature of the thoughts that it acquires in the way of teaching, and by using the original understanding of the educational realities of students, it emphasizes how and the quality of teachers' adaptation to these conditions. Quality that curriculum improvement is done by organizing the micro level with the macro level and leads to the creation of a balanced curriculum that can meet the needs of stakeholders and educational audiences. It can be said that Lesson Study as a tool for implementing curricula seeks the quality of the implementation process in the framework of engineering teacher activities, in other words, the indicators obtained show that by drawing such elements in Lesson Study, the conditions can be prepared for the implementation of programs. Therefore, by analyzing the situations before the implementation of the curricula, the teaching researchers standardize these situations with what is intended by the teachers and try to provide the platforms for the implementation of the curricula through Lesson Study. In this situation, what is observed is that Lesson Study is not only about how to teach, but it is about harmonizing this process with the content of the curricula and their mutual compatibility with each other in order to help implement the goals through the programs through the construction of a suitable combination. In other words, Lesson Study is proposed as a catalyst (accelerator) in the teaching of curricula by teachers, which realizes the sustainability of learning by accelerating the process of exploration in lesson conceptualizations.Therefore, this research process instills a mindset to teachers in which teachers view teaching and curriculum in an integrated framework and transform the theoretical foundations of the content (curriculum) into its practical foundations (teaching), in the sense that Functionalization of theoretical ideas is provided through implementation in classrooms, depending on the process of studying and examining how to present curricula and the nature of assignments. As a result by drawing the framework of Lesson Study components, it is necessary to provide the ground for the purposeful connection of this process with the elements of the curricula in order to create a suitable balance in the estimation of the design of the curriculum levels and the conditions to achieve the desired implementation of the programs and achieve the expected results.

The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of teachers' ethical behavior and explain it according to the multiple dimensions of teacher knowledge in the process of education students. The qualitative research approach was a conventional content analysis method with a self-conceptual nature. The study participants were teachers in Khoy and Chaipareh counties in the academic year 1399-1400, of which 23 were selected through purposive sampling of index type. In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted and the sampling process continued until complete data saturation. To validate the findings, the researcher's self-review method and Checking participants were used, and to determine the reliability of the data, a parallel survey of coders was used. The findings showed that the 7 main themes of teachers' ethical behavior in the educational process include self-identity, educational purposefulness, typical coexistence, moral realism, cognitive belonging, contingency activism and educational well-being with 24 sub-themes and 171 The basic code is to implement a variety of teacher knowledge in the classroom. The results showed that the seven components, as aspects of teachers' knowledge in the teaching and learning process, reflect the ethical nature of their behavior in educational situations that can meet the expectations of the stakeholder community regarding the characteristics of an effective teacher and put them into practice.

Both public procurement and competition law represent two of the basic components of market regulation and affect highly on the efficiency and development of economics. Economics has always played a more significant role in competition law while public procurement regulations and practices are a source of market failure. By their inflexible price policies, they generate a big negative impact on market dynamics and impose an efficiency loss on society. The government as the main buyer can cause monopsony and their action in the market can detract from perfect competition. The public procurement regulation may remove a number of suppliers from public market. Whilst government may benefit in the short term from cost-saving and low prices, by these reductions of opportunities and imposing prices on suppliers, the long term effects can be destructive and worse market conditions for fringe buyers—both in terms of reduced variety and (in the long run) in higher prices. In order to justify the view that public procurement is a source of potential distortion in market competition, this research has criticized the monopsony of government and its effects on suppliers and other smaller buyers.

Nightmares can cause general distress and sleep disturbances in the general population and negatively affect their subjective well-being. Knowing the predictors and etiology of recurring and distressing nightmares such as personality and demographic factors can help to understand and treat this disorder. The study population was undergraduate and graduate students of the Islamic Azad University, 300 of whom entered the study using a convenient sampling method. Participants responded to two items of the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire (Schredl, et. al., 2014) on the nightmare frequency and the nightmare distress, the Demographic Questionnaire, and the Neo Five-Factor Inventory (Costa, & McCrae, 1992). The Chi-square test and Kendall rank correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that the nightmare frequency has a significant positive correlation with neuroticism and a significant negative correlation with openness to experience. Undergraduate students reported more nightmares than graduate students. Age and gender were not associated with the frequency and distress of nightmares. We explained the findings of this study in the light of the threat simulation theory and Nielsen and Levin’s neurocognitive model. It is suggested that future researchers use clinical interviews to explore further into common features in the life history of people diagnosed with nightmare disorders.

Stuttering is a communication disorder in the smooth and continuous flow of speech that occurs at different intensities. These disorders can have a negative impact on one's mental health. The purpose in this study is to determine the effectiveness of group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on stress and depression in adolescents with stuttering aged 14 to 18 years.

The study was performed in a randomized controlled clinical trial design and the subjects were randomly divided into the two experimental and control groups after the pre-test. The intervention was performed in 8 sessions. In the two groups, stress and depression were measured by the Depression, and Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21) before and after the intervention. ANCOVA was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that ACT significantly affected stress (P = 0.011) and depression (P = 0.014).

The results of this study showed that ACT treatment is effective in reducing stress and depression. 

Public procurement is purchasing a wide variety of goods, services and public works from the private sector by a public authority. Public procurement is a key activity of governments with 10-15% of GDP across the world. An effective Public Procurement system plays a strategic role in preventing fraud, waste, corruption and avoids mismanagement and waste of public funds. Several key principles emerge from discussion about the ways of promoting integrity and having more efficient and healthier public procurement procedures. These principles include transparency, competition, control, equal treatment, using an independent body for complaints settlements, preventing Collusion and Cartel formation, avoiding participation of public entities in winner benefits, avoiding unduly leverage, preventing of dominant abuse, and cancelling the complicated and Non-effective regulations. These principles are discussed in Iran Tenders Regulations and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD (guidelines. The current paper is analyzing the principles to help the public authority to achieve integrity and efficiency in public procurement system and reduce corruption.

For children and teens, the acquisition of language has a profound effect on their growth. Effective verbal ability is needed for playing, communication with peers, academic achievement, general knowledge and behavioral and emotional development. Conversely, if the child's communicative function is not fully developed, there is a harmful social impact and an increased risk of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, stress, depression, low self-esteem, and etc. The onset of stuttering is in the age range of 6 to 7, simultaneously with the development of emotional and social adaptability when children are most susceptible to this disorder. Self-esteem is a sense of worthiness. This sense comes from the sum of our thoughts, feelings, emotions and experiences throughout life. Stuttering teens have a negative opinion about their speech impairment, and they consider themselves incompetent since their childhood. These teenagers are reticent and lonely, and do not attend the crowd because of their fear of being mocked, especially among peers. They are not comfortable in their communications with family and friends. Acceptance and commitment therapy ACT is one of the traditional cognitive behavioral therapies. Its underlying principles include: 1) Adoption, or the desire to experience pain or other turbulent events without resorting to them. 2) Value-based action or commitment with desire to act as meaningful personal goals rather than eliminating undesirable experiences. Anxiety and self-esteem are thought to be factors that can affect quality of life. A treatment option is to reduce anxiety and increase self-esteem of these adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety and self-esteem among stuttering adolescents aged 14-16 years old.
This is a two-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. The population consisted of all stuttering adolescents at the age range of 14 to 18 years’ old who were referred to Rehabilitation clinics in Mobarakeh-Iran. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 20 participants. The participants were assigned to the experimental and control groups in equal numbers. The experimental group received 8 sessions of Acceptance and Commitment therapy. Anxiety level was measured by Depression and Anxiety Inventory (DASS-21) and self-esteem with Eysenck Self-Esteem Questionnaire (before and after the intervention). Validity and Reliability of the Anxiety Scale (DASS-21) in Iran were studied by Samani Jokar (2007). The results of calculating the correlation between the factors, the questionnaire in Anthony et al.'s study showed a correlation coefficient of 0.63. Each subscale of anxiety consists of seven statements. The Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire has 30 statements with scores ranging from 0 to 30, the higher the score, the higher the self-esteem. Hermazi Nezhad (1380) reported a validity of 74.7 for female students and 0/79 for male students. The coefficient of reliability was reported using Cronbach's alpha method to be 0/88 using the standard method to be 0/87. Single-variable and multi-variable variance were used to examine the research hypotheses.
Data analysis showed that group therapy based on admission and commitment had a significant effect on anxiety scores (F=17.127, p Group therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment among stuttering adolescents decreased anxiety and increased self-esteem.

The aim of this study was to compare the preventive effects of corticosteroids and curcumin on subglottic stenosis in an animal model.
Twenty-one male German Shepherd dogs were used for this study. After standardized trauma to the subglottic area, the dogs were divided into three groups. Group A received curcumin (450 mg/ day) for 15 days; Group B received beclomethasone (2 puffs/day, 50 µg/dose) for 15 days; Group C received saline spray only. At 6 weeks after the injury, the larynx specimens were examined histopathologically to assess epithelialization, inflammation, and fibrosis.
Complete epithelial covering of the steroid-treated group was significantly less than that of the control group. Despite inflammation and fibrosis, there was no significant difference between the steroid and control groups. In the curcumin-treated group, there was no significant difference between the groups.
Topically applied steroid decreases epithelialization after induced subglottic injury. It is recommended that further studies be conducted in order to investigate the effects of the two drugs on airway stenosis prevention.

The law of prohibition of unfair competition prohibits any deed or action which is against the normal competition in the market. Before emergence of special laws for protection of intellectual property rights, including trademarks, such right could be protected either by tort law claims or law of unfair competition. However, the law of prohibition of unfair competition covers a wider area than trademarks and intellectual property rights. Nonetheless, the emergence of special rules and laws for protection of intellectual property rights has not made the use of laws of unfair competition obsolete. The law of prohibition of unfair competition functions as a supplementary mechanism for protection of intellectual property rights such as trademarks. The reason for this is that the special rules on protection of intellectual property rights are not always available as they offer protection when certain conditions are met. In those cases where the special rules are not available, then the law of prohibition of unfair competition could be relied on to protect trademarks.