discourse analysis

Tafsir Nasafi by Najm al-Din Nasafi is one of the most important works of the fifth and sixth centuries AH, in which the author presents a comprehensive translation of the Quran, and Tafsir Kashf al-Asrar and Ad-Dah al-Abrar by Abul-Fadl Meybodi, in which the author interprets the Quran with a mystical perspective. The discourse stylistics of these two books can well show the structure of the text, the principles of belief, and the ideology of the authors; because discourse stylistics seeks to extract the beauties of the text, the thoughts, and beliefs of the author from the underlying layers of the text and convey them to the audience. One of the theories that examines texts in this field is the discourse stylistics of the text based on Michel Foucault's theory. In this theory, Foucault analyzes and examines speech in terms of the syntactic style of sentences and speech acts.

In this article, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical and library method, seek to analyze and examine the discursive stylistics of these two interpretations based on Michel Foucault's theory.

Finally, based on the findings, the syntactic style of sentences in terms of being discrete and consistent, in the interpretation of Kashf al-Asrar and Nasafi's interpretation, has a direct relationship with the semantic continuum and situational context of the Quran. In examining the speech acts in the verses that were examined, since God seeks to awaken and guide the audience; Nasafi and Maybodi have acted according to the Quranic action; that is, the verses that are in the form of command or persuasion action, etc., have translated the verses according to the Quranic action and only in cases have they used expressions beyond the literal translation to convey the emphasis, persuasion, or command in the verse so that they can convey the speech acts in the verses to the audience with greater intensity.

The discourse stylistics of the two translations of Tafsir Kashf al- Asrar and Tafsir Nasafi in the verses under study are directly influenced by the Quran, and only in some cases are the content of the verses emphasized.

This article aims to indicate how Akhavān-Sāles- the greatest defender of Nimāei poetry- introduced Nimāei poetry as the superior poetry and norm against the rival and sometimes contradictory poetic currents of his period. Our approach is based on the theory of discourse analysis by Laclau and Mouffe. By analyzing how discourses are articulated in literary works, we examine the influence of broader social, political, and cultural elements on the creation and reception of literature. This approach will enrich our understanding of critical literary works and demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary research to provide a deeper understanding of the social and political contexts that influence literary texts. The results show that Akhavān, with his mastery and sufficient knowledge of Persian poetry and a tendency towards socially committed literature, deconstructed and rejected other poetic discourses by expressing their structural (aesthetics) and content flaws. By introducing Nimā’s method as a mythical approach, free from other poetic discourses’ defects and shortcomings, Akhavān endeavored to convince Nimā’s opponents and revealed the superiority of his poetic style and its distinction from other poetic currents. Akhavān’s embracing of classical poetry and thought and his attempt to adapt the intellectual and formal themes and roots of Nimā’s innovations with classical poetry’s style is the secret of his success in reconciling the traditional and modern thought in the world of poetry.

Critical discourse analysis defines the concept of the context of language use as the social action of language. By introducing the concept of ideology into discourse analysis, critical discourse analysts try to show how the ideological functions of a language provide tools for discourse analysis in achieving productive power. One of these tools that play the necessary role in macro-socio-cultural analysis are dialectical systems. With the help of dialectical systems such as emphasis in contrast to marginalization, narrative versus metanarrative can be used to make macro-social analyzes embedded in literary texts. Therefore, by adapting these analyzes to micro-linguistic analyzes in epic mystical theology, it is possible to arrive at the mechanisms that lead today's questioning man to a bright future. In line with such an analysis, the words of Rumi and Sanai from the poems of these two poets can be discussed with an approach to the analysis of critical discourse in Fairclough's view and mechanisms can be proposed to which the realization of dialectical systems in Rumi and Sanai's poems depends.

In this study, the biographies of two mystics from the first section (Junayd of Baghdad and Bayazid Bastami) and two mystics from the second section (Abu al-Hasan Kharaqani and Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr) of the book Tazkirat al-Awliya are examined from a modal perspective. First, modality is analyzed in two categories: indicative and non-indicative. The total frequency of non-indicative moods in all four sections shows no significant difference. This difference can be analyzed in terms of the prose style of Sufism and the intentions of the speaker and author. In the next section, among the non-indicative moods, the frequencies of imperative, interrogative, and conditional moods are examined and compared. From this perspective, there are significant differences between the two mystics in the first section and the two mystics in the second section. Additionally, the two mystics in the first section show complete similarity in their use of different moods, while the two mystics in the second section, besides differing from the first section, also differ from each other, which can be analyzed from discourse and stylistic perspectives. From the viewpoint of power discourse, Abu Sa'id's section most prominently displays the power of the mystic, followed by the sections of Abu al-Hasan, Junayd, and Bayazid. From a stylistic perspective, the differences in modality and other examined elements indicate a distinct style between the first and second sections of the "Tazkirat", supporting the hypothesis that the second section might be a later addition.

Divan Shams-al-Din Mohammad Hafez Shirazi is a valuable document in ethics, social behavior and civilization teachings of Iran. The Purpose of this research is to analyze, interpret, and explain the dimensions and manifestations of Tolerance and Compromise in Hafez Shirazi’s Poetry Divan.

Method and Research: 

we have used Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional discourse analysis method as well as Theon Van Dijk's theories about ideology and cognition. In this method, we have structured the textual data in three levels: language usage, recognition of conceptual and ideological propositions, and discourse ethics.

Linguistic usage shows that Hafez has always used respectful and clean and sometimes humorous language, which is a rhetorical manifestation of tolerance. The centrality of love in ideology and worldview, the philosophical relativity of truth, pluralism, specifying the hiddenness of truth and inclusiveness, belief in the general mercy of God, tolerance and hope for the grace of God and universe, advice for forgiveness and tolerance from the conceptual set of the discourse of tolerance in Hafiz's Divan. Also, the behavioral analysis of the discourse shows that the poet's emphasis on good morals, peaceful coexistence, covering the faults and mistakes of others, condemning blatant exposing of defects and abuse, the image of Pir Moghan's ideal character and the creation of Rand's mysterious character are also among the manifestations of tolerance and tolerance.

Shams Sojasi wrote Faraed Al-Soluk in the description of moral values with technical prose in the late 6th and early 7th century. Faraed Al-Soluk offers a distinctive methodology of interpreting moral concepts among different moral writing texts. Intentional description of this text such as a purposeful narration of morality to influence the awareness of the audience turns its discourse analysis into a necessity. Laclau and Mouffe theory is a good way to analyze this book due to its emphasis on the social and political context of the work and its meta-sentence components and as well as the belief in the text as a construction of hidden reality. The result of the research shows that Faraed-o- al-Soluk in sense gives legitimacy to a government that has made moral values as the basis of its laws and rituals, but in another sense, it delegitimizes the slave-born rule due to lack of moral virtues. The Nodal point of Shah- Ulil-Amr as the node religious discourse and Sufi & Fati styles revealed the hidden point of neo-Muslim hypocrisy by being born as a slave and not having Iranian origin of the shah, and it warns to king's his inadequacy despite of his religious and social responsibility. The author uses the power of Sufism to confront the oppressors and penetrates among the people with the discourse of Fotovvat. The purpose of combining religion, Sufism, and Fotovvat has been to subjectification people around and including the king for to build a peaceful world and healthy society by reminding them of their responsibilities.

One of the fields that scholars and experts in literary studies pay attention to today is the semiotics-semantics of ancient literary texts based on discourse analysis. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a precious work whose greatness and scope, analysis and interpretation of its texts from various dimensions make it necessary for the richness of Persian literature. Considering the importance of Ferdowsi Shahnameh and new approaches to the analysis of literary texts, the purpose of this article is to analyze the sign-semantics of discourse in Ferdowsi Shahnameh. According to the requirements of an article and in order to study in depth in this field, two epic tragic stories from this book, namely "The Story of Rostam and Sohrab" and "The Story of Rostam and Esfandiar" have been selected as the study sample. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on Norman Fairclough critical discourse analysis. The results show that in the discourse of both stories, Rostam is at the center of thought as an invincible Iranian hero; And what is of irreplaceable value for Rostam is the preservation of Iran's privacy and individual freedom. In both narrations, despite the predominance of negative results, the narration is such that Rostam's authority is maintained in two dimensions of homeland freedom and individual freedom. Therefore, the signs indicate Rostam's heroism and the discourse is based on the pillar of freedom (individual, social).

Mirza Ali Khan Zahir al-Doulah, with the support of his political position in the Qajar court and his belief base in the Safi Alishahi Tariqat, and by creating intellectual and freedom-loving organizations, is considered one of the influential figures in the course of constitutionalism. The current research, using Farklaf's discourse analysis approach, seeks to answer the following questions: How is the discourse order of Qajar era Iran reproduced in Zahir al-Doulah's poems? Discourse actions of his poems reflect which of the social actions? And what is Zahir al-Doulah's solution to get out of the ruling discourses? The results showed that the social structure of the Qajar period was reflected in the discourse functions of Zahir al-Dawlah by choosing names based on expressive values, and the participants were categorized into two groups: 1- "Positive" group including God, religious and mystic elders, and positive personalities; 2- "Negative" group including oppressive rulers, tyrannical powerful, ignorant and oppressive classes of society. Zahir al-Douleh, by empathizing with the people, from the position of a critic, has created a discourse confrontation and believes that the way to get rid of the ruling discourse is everyone's movement towards anti-oppression and awareness.

Discourse analysis often employs the theory of speech acts, a cornerstone of pragmatics that explores language's role in social interaction and offers a potent method for dissecting literary texts. John Searle, building upon the philosophical foundations laid by his mentor Austin, concentrated on language's philosophical dimensions and classified speech acts into five categories: assertives, expressives, directives, commissives, and declarations. This study scrutinizes Imam Ali's letter to Malik al-Ashtar using Searle's speech act theory. Findings suggest that directive acts are most prevalent in Imam Ali's political discourse, with commands and persuasions being used to engage Malik al-Ashtar's attention and to steer him toward the letter's content and Imam Ali's viewpoints. Imam Ali adeptly employed these directive acts to maintain his audience's engagement. Assertive acts, used for clarification and exposition, are also prominent in his letters. Imam Ali relied on these to recount past events or to issue warnings, as his primary objective in writing was to enlighten and inform Malik al-Ashtar. Expressive acts, which convey the writer's sentiments, perspectives, and reflections on occurrences, are less frequent in Imam Ali's correspondence and are fitting given the letters' context. Commissive acts are similarly scarce, as Imam Ali did not outline future actions for Malik, and the letters lack a commissive character. Furthermore, Imam Ali utilized declarative acts to proclaim new conditions for Malik, employing verbs such as appointing, announcing, and revoking, which are characteristic of declarative speech acts that announce changes in the world.

Zinde Bagor Sadegh Hedayat is one of the realist stories in which the narrator not only portrays himself but also others as black and ugly. The narrator then justifies his negative characteristics through the social and psychological context and in this way uses psychological defense mechanisms. has been introduced and the narrator has portrayed the main character as hateful and ugly in order to show his anger towards the existing situation at the same time as representing social realities.In this research, the authors will examine and analyze the two stories of Zinda Bagor and Haji Murad with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Van Dyck's ideological square theory. Among the results of this research in the story of Zind Begour is the narrator's discriminating view of the foreign culture and finding out the personality disorders of the people in the story, as well as confronting the hypocrisy and patriarchal society among the achievements of this research in the story of Haji Murad river.

Investigating fake news has a long history, almost as old as the history of media. This issue has recently returned to the attention of researchers. Since the raw material of all types of news is linguistic content, the characteristics of fake news from the linguistic point of view have recently been the focus of linguists. In this research, which is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and library-type in terms of data collection, based on the framework proposed by Grieve and Woodfield (2023), we investigate the linguistic features of fake news, in a corpus of 100 advertising text messages. Data have been selected from the Persian language pages of Telegram and Instagram social messengers in the fall and winter of 1402. The purpose of this research is to investigate the linguistic components of fake news in social messengers. The analyzed corpus includes messages that are specifically classified as cases of disinformation against misinformation. The 7330- word corpus of this research, includes messages that are apparently intended to inform and advertise, but actually to deceive the audience on popular social media pages and channels. The results showed that these types of messages are instances of low-density messages in terms of information density, but high-conviction texts in terms of conviction. The findings of this research can lead to the deepening of linguists' insight into the linguistic mechanisms of fake news (especially misinformation) and ultimately lead to an increase in the awareness of the audience of such media and messengers.

Fereidon Tavallalli was one of the early enthusiasts of Nima Yooshij's innovations in Persian poetry. Tavallali was known as a semi-traditional Romantic poet in contemporary Persian poetry. In addition to his continuous political and social activities, he, as a poet and critic, sought to elaborate and explain his preferred type of poetry. Moreover, some of his poetry collections were accompanied by his introductions and notes. Tavallali's extended introduction to his Raha poetry collection was kind of the Romantic poets’ manifesto in which he acknowledged and defended new poetry and criticized old-fashioned poets and literary associations of that period. In his Raha collection, one can observe political and social poems besides the romantic verses. In the same collection, the poem: Fardaye Enghelab (The Tomorrow of Revolution) is the most famous. The present study's main goal is to examine Fardaye Enghelab according to the ideological square method and analyze the measures taken by the Tudeh-Party-affiliated poet to advance his party goals. The findings of the current study indicated that the poet mostly focused on reinforcing his strength and undermining others’ strong points. Also, he paid scant attention to his weak points and those of others. Moreover, according to this study’s findings, one can extend the four sides of the ideological square method by adding another two sides, that is, the political and social behavior of the poet in describing self and non-self forces under the six sides, thereby improving the ideological square method.

Critical discourse analysis is a systematic theory developed by Norman Fairclough that is highly effective for analyzing works closely linked with the social and political conditions of society. This type of analysis is also crucial for accurately portraying what is happening in society. The theory investigates the work on three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. In the first level, the theory examines the vocabulary used in the work, while in the interpretation level, it focuses on the discourse conduct and effects of common or hegemonic discourses. In the explanation level, the theory reflects on social behaviors and how social issues are represented in the work. Shahad al-Rawi, a young and novice Iraqi author, wrote two significant works in the second decade of the 21st century. His primary work, "The Baghdad Clock," received praise from critics and readers alike. This study utilizes descriptive-analytical methods to connect the novel with present-day social and political issues in Iraq, particularly focusing on war and occupation stories from past decades. The study aims to provide a critical discourse analysis of the novel to explore how social conditions and socially-produced discourses influence agency. The paper seeks to investigate how war and occupation are portrayed in relation to emigration as a perceived opportunity for educated Iraqi citizens despite their love for their homeland. Exploring discourses within a work is socially and literally critical, thus this paper delves into analyzing "The Baghdad Clock." Findings suggest that the author incorporates formal elements reflecting social conditions impacted by war, occupation, embargoes, etc. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate and normalize emigration discourse as a preferred narrative shaped by societal agents.

Discourse analysis allows for a new and comprehensive understanding of the text by analyzing multiple aspects of the text, and the relationships of language with social-intellectual structures are also identified. The current study uses the descriptive-analytical approach and the American school of comparative literature to examine and analyses the discourse systems of two well-known patriotic poets in Arabic and Persian literature. Two contemporary poets from the Arab and Iranian nations, Aref Qazvini (1882-1933) and Ali Mahmoud Taha (1901-1949) respectively, have a distinct role in expressing and projecting national sentiments and issues relating to the homeland. The primary question of the study is how successful discourse analysis is in Ali Mahmoud Taha's and Aref Qazvini's poetry. The results of the study demonstrate that certain words and sentences are employed in both writers' poems to emphasize the national identity, all of which are consistent with highlighting patriotism, long for the country, and national pride. This outcome demonstrates the intellectual affinity between the two poets and their shared perspective on the usefulness of patriotism as a strategy for resistance and standing.

This study delves into a comprehensive analysis of John Bunyan's masterpiece, The Pilgrim's Progress, utilizing the conceptual framework provided by Greimas's actantial model. The core objective is to critically examine the work through the lenses of binary oppositions and the foundational elements of its chain-syntactic structure. By meticulously dissecting these chains and elucidating the intricate concepts of covenant, test, and judgment embedded within the narrative, a nuanced and profound comprehension of the structural dynamics of the text emerges. The research further extends its purview by evaluating the broader applicability of Greimas's actantial theory to this specific literary work. Through the generalization of results, it aspires to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the inherent structural complexities present in similar literary works. Positioned within the realm of applied research, the study employs a descriptive-analytical implementation methodology to unravel the layers of meaning within The Pilgrim's Progress. The chosen content analysis technique, anchored in Greimas's actantial model, serves as a robust tool for dissecting and interpreting the results. In addressing the research questions, the primary aim is to elucidate Christian actantial models. The research anticipates that the identification, explication, and analysis of these patterns will not only yield a deeper insight into John Bunyan's profound thoughts but also foster a richer understanding of his artistic prowess. Ultimately, the study aspires to formulate a model that transcends its application to The Pilgrim's Progress and can be extrapolated to other texts sharing similar characteristics.

One of the theories proposed in the field of applied language science, which is used in discourse analysis and can provide grounds for further understanding of the meaning and interpretation of texts, is the speech act theory. This theory was developed for the first time by Austin and then with the help of his student Searle according to the teachings he learned from linguists. Searle divided speech acts into 5 groups: assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative, and explained the characteristics of each of these acts. Quranic stories are one of the rich sources of linguistic studies, and by analyzing their linguistic structures and textual contexts, it is possible to examine various types of speech acts. This research tries to analyze the speech act in the field of linguistics using the descriptive method and content analysis, and then, considering the context of the speech, to analyze the types of Searle's classification of speech acts in the verses of Noah's story. Among the important functions of these acts is the detailed explanation of linguistic forms in order to discover the implicit meanings of religious propositions. The findings of the research show that the dominant context of the verses of the story is the type of assertive and expressive acts, these acts mostly seek to express the call to obey God and the divine prophets (peace be upon them), introduce God, describe the world of creation, and the description of Noah's views and states. expression of situations is type (A). One of the implicit meanings of the declaration act is the announcement of the beginning of the mission of Noah (pbuh) and the end of his mission with divine force and the announcement of disbelief in God on the part of unrighteous generations. And one of the indirect meanings of directive act is asking for destruction for the unbelievers.

Rumi and Shams Discourse Analysis in the Expression of Love Based on Halliday's TheoryIn the current research, a romantic discourse of Rumi and Shams has been analyzed based on the order of Halliday's role orientation. Examining the text (speech and writing) in discourse analysis takes place beyond the formal structures of the language. In romantic words and texts, according to the speaker's abstract expression, mental images are coded in a special way. The main goal of this research is to find out how emotions are represented in this romantic discourse, as well as to find similarities and possible differences in the expression of their internal feelings. This research answers the question of how the characteristics of Rumi and Shams' romantic speech are determined based on Halliday's role-oriented order. The hypothesis of the research is that Halliday's role-oriented order is efficient in analyzing the discourse of romantic texts. Based on this, a sonnet by Rumi and a romantic expression by Shams Tabrizi have been selected as a case in point so that we can obtain broader dimensions of this discussion. the context of the text in a descriptive-analytical way has been investigated with the help of all three ideological, interpersonal and textual trans-roles. The findings of the research show that the high frequency of the behavioral process in Moulana's sonnet shows his visual experience of his lover and his special attention to the description of his beloved's behavioral states. The high frequency of the existential process in the words of Shams reveals the concept of the existence of this love.

Esmaeel Shahroudi (Ayandeh/Future) and Nosrat Rahmani are two unique poets in Persian poetry, composing their poems in Nima’s style from the 1950s until the 1970s.  These poets are exceptional in contemporary Persian poetry because Nima Yooshij wrote an introduction to one of their collected verses. Accordingly, Nima’s introduction to Esmaeel Shahroudi’s Akharin Nabard (The Last Fight) and Nosrat Rahmati’s Kooch (Migration) merits attention. Nima’s introduction to Akharin Nabard is more comprehensive than his introduction to Kooch thereby deserving to be analyzed and scrutinized. The current study concentrates on Nima’s introduction to Akharin Nabard to answer the question: Which feature in Shahroudi’s poetry influenced Nima and prompted him to write an introduction to it? The analysis of Shahroudi’s introduction and its comparison with his introduction to Kooch illustrate that Shahroudi’s attention to people’s social lives and Argo (hidden and folk language) were highlighted in Nima’s introduction. From the angle of discursive analysis, Nima’s instruction is like a practical discourse that establishes Argo in contemporary [Persian] poetry.