semantic structure

Holistic structure studies is a new approach in examining and analyzing works that have a macro-organizational structure. Texts such as Rumi"s Mathnawi al-Masnavi, which on the surface have an irregular arrangement and structure, but if you pay attention to its components with a holistic view, the meaningful relationship between its parts can be interpreted. Safavi (1386) during his studies on the structure of the Mathnawi, shows that Rumi used two methods of "parallelism" and "cross-reflection" to establish a meaningful connection between the stories and concepts presented in the Mathnawi"s six notebooks. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the fourth book of the Mathnawi from the perspective of the holistic structure with the semantic and semantic method to answer the question, what is the semantic structure and parallels used in this book?

The current research was conducted with an analytical method and a structuralist approach based on a holistic and semantic perspective.

The results of the investigation show that the fourth book has seventeen main discourses and the central core of the fourth book is also presented in the "9" discourse. Each discourse has sub-sections and sub-stories, and based on the topic of the discourses, it is the central topic of the fourth book of science, which is divided into three categories: "partial science, total science, and enlightened science".

Rumi"s emphasis is on the necessity of partial and general knowledge scholars to follow Ishraqi scholars. He described the first two groups as needing guidance and learning and considered only enlightened scholars to be omniscient by reaching divine knowledge and the light of truth.

 Sohrab Sepehari"s poetry represents the obvious and hidden aspects of his thought and personality, and his intellectual trajectory and ontology can be followed in eight books. In such a way that by following the historical course of formation and recognizing the semantic structure of each of the octagonal books of this work, it is possible to draw a picture of Sohrab"s transition and personal journey. On the other hand, the words and expressions in his poetry are the carriers of the poet"s thought, philosophy and mystical experience, and based on this characteristic, he can be considered one of the poets in the field of conceptual poetry.

METODOLOGY: 

The present research has explained the compatibility of Sohrab Sepehri"s soul journey with the semantic structure and time sequence of Hasht katab notebooks with a descriptive-analytical method and a holistic and semantic approach.

 The notebooks of Hasht ketab, with special titles given by the poet himself, contain a lot of information about the poet"s thought and worldview, and their analysis opens clear windows to the better understanding and explanation of Sepehri"s intellectual and epistemological system. As not only by examining the sequence of formation of the books, one can draw and follow the poet"s inner evolution line, but also to identify and describe the semantic center of each of these books as parts of a coherent whole, it helps to understand the semantic structure of this work and the poet"s thought system.

 In addition to having the components of a conceptual poem, Sepehri"s poem is a description of a personal journey that narrates the evolution of the poet in the form of a coherent and continuous collection. As the first book of this collection with the theme of absolute darkness and emptiness, portrays the hell of the poet"s thought, the second to fourth books, with the essence of sleep, consciousness and sad sorrow, the narrator of the purgatory of Sohrab"s thought, and the fifth, sixth and seventh books with the central meanings of insight, no thought and enlightenment. , they express the paradise of the poet"s thought, which finally reaches a redemptive end in the eighth book, and the poet is placed in the position of observation and presence.

There will be always a connection between artistic creativity in a poem on one hand and the meanings and concepts conceived by the poet on the other hand, created either consciously or unconsciously. Viewing versed texts from a poetics standpoint will help us discover this connection and may deepen our understanding and pleasure from the text. This treatise seeks to clarify the various dimensions of the music of poetry in the long story of Sheikh San'an, and shows the existence of a connection between musical manifestations and what the poet intends to reveal to us. At the beginning the aesthetic capabilities of the four types of music discernible in poetry (external, internal, lateral and spiritual) which can affect and change the tone of speech, are studied and taken into account. Then manifestation of each type is detected and analyzed in the story of Sheikh San’an. From this study we can arrive at the following conclusions Firstly, the connection between music of poetry and its meaning and content is much more significant than what may be expected when texts are skimmed. Secondly, there are some capabilities in those four musical element of poetry that make contribution to meaning, which are not much considered and  are not studied yet. This research has shown how changing the semantic position in different parts of Sheikh San'an's story has caused musical changes in each section and how through a  fixed meter of prosody, musical adjustments have come to the aid of meaning.

The Argot language is one of the standard varieties of language that forms among young people or group of delinquents. Each social group has its own terms and expressions that must be learned in order to enter that group. Argot language is not separate from the language. Rather, it is one of its various varieties. This language represents a heterogeneous society, with each group having an impact in language. One can argue beyond this, claiming that the difference between each Argot language and the language commonly depends on the group attribute that uses this Argot language. The more different these groups are, the more they use different language forms to establish and maintain a relationship with the linguistic community. Young people form a large part of the active population of our community, and the tendency towards peers and differences with adults is an important feature of this group. They have a particular language system that consists of the norms, values, behaviors and the core of their subculture. It is a secret code and a special communication symbol that transmits messages and creates certain rules and behaviors. Therefore, young people have their own subculture and use special vocabulary. The use of these vocabulary by young people and their influence on the youth subculture has created a certain verbal and non-verbal communication among young people that requires a scientific review. Groups of friends and circles are friends, SMS, social networking messages, television movies, virtual social media, print media such as fictional characters, borrowing from other languages, and other forms of creativity and dissemination of these words. The purpose of this paper is to identify semantic relations in the language of the secret language within the framework of the theory of constructivism. Constructive semantics is one of the most important methods of achieving analysis using structuralism theory. In this view, the network language is one of the systematic relationships. Structural meanings mean that what is the equivalent of a semantic unit? And how are they connected? The constructive semantic label is usually limited to lexical semantics. One of the most fundamental and general principles of constructivist linguistics is that languages, systems, and sub-systems or their constituent levels-grammatical, lexical, and phoneme levels are interdependent. An important aspect of lexical semantics is how semantic relations of vocabulary are with each other; in particular, the discovery of the four classes of semantic relations, Opposition hyponymy, synonymy, and member-collection is important. Semantic Relationship is the relationship between a lexical categories with other vocabulary, which confronts the speaker with the choice of different lexical categories. This term has different types. In other words, the meaning of the semantic relation means that the language has a semantic structure and the words are related in groups. Of course, these groups are formed on the basis of the semantic relations between the words. According to the tradition of studying meaning, these relations are in the semantic system of language between concepts that at first glance may seem independent, but have a close connection with each other, which is sometimes impossible to distinguish one another. Conceptual relationships have two types. Some of them are substitutions, and the other are synthetic, or, according to the famous statement, according to the Saussure's attitude, is a function of substitution and conjunction. The substitution relationships between concepts arise between members of a grammatical category and with their replacement. This category of conceptual relationships, typically and not necessarily, consists of words from various grammatical categories that together create well fromedness. In order to achieve the purpose of the article, we first discuss the categories of semantic, synonymy, polysemy, Opposition, hyponymy, meronymy, collocation, portion-mass, member-collection, homophony and Homography. After processing and identifying these relationships in the Argot language vocabulary derived from an interview of the 15-30 year old young people of Tehran subway, as well as the Persian Dictionary of Argot of Samai's work the frequency of each semantic relationship was determined. The sample size is 1507 words; it has been extracted by two methods of documenting the Persian Dictionary of Argot and a researcher-made interview with a Snowball Sampling method. After collecting and deletion, the words were classified according to their nature and meaning in fourteen semantic areas. These classes include tools and objects, automobiles, moods, ethics and behavior, secret communication, the condition of organs, numbers, organs, eating and drink, people, actions, opiates, clothing and places. The information of each word includes the semantic domain, the concept, the lexical entry and the Encyclopedia meaning. In addition to identifying semantic domains, the concept of each lexical category was also identified. Because the creators of the Argot language vocabulary use these words to create these words in an attempt to keep secrets hidden within a group of their inherent knowledge, while the words reference may be different from these concepts. Then, the semantic relations of lexical data in each area were determined by qualitative content analysis method. The question of this research is that if semantic relations exist in the secret language, what is the relationship between the highest and lowest frequencies of semantic relations? The results of the derivation of semantic analysis show that the highest and lowest lexical frequencies belong to the domains of people and clothing, respectively. Also, synonymy with the frequency of 63.05% has the highest semantic and homography with the frequency of 0.11% with the least semantic relation. The high frequency of synonymy relation in the vocabulary of this language represents the main reason for the use of Argot language; that is, to hide the meaning of these words. If its meanings are revealed to others, a new term replaces the previous word.

Light verb constructions (LVCs) are so pervasive in Persian that a heavy verb may act in various constructions as a light verb (LV). This makes the heavy verb lose some parts of its main meaning in such constructions and get away from its prototype meaning. However, this does not imply that no systematic relationship can be found between the heavy verb and its light counterpart. The purpose of this paper is to explore these relationships among the heavy verb, dâdӕn (to give), and the resulting LVCs. The framework adopted in this study is cognitive semantics in general and cognitive lexical semantics and force-dynamics in particular. Cognitive lexical semantics consists of various theories including prototype categorization, image schemas, conceptual metaphor and foregrounding. According to this approach, different meanings of a word form a semantic category whose semantic similarities and commonalities are greater in more central meanings than in more peripheral ones. Moreover, the relationships among these meanings may be explained in terms of conceptual metaphor, image schemas and foregrounding. LVs also form a network of related meanings that could be explained in this way. Another concept is force-dynamics which deals with interaction of entities in relation to force. Regarding the LVCs, it is assumed that the characteristics of the interactions of the forces of heavy verbs would be preserved in LVCs. These may include the source of energy, its direction and the recipient of the energy. For example, if a heavy verb denotes a self-oriented action, light uses also refer to a self-oriented event. This paper is a descriptive-analytical study. The data included LVCs using the verb dâdӕn and were collected from various library resources and previous studies. To analyze the data, first the semantic structure of the heavy verb, dâdӕn, was examined based on the Newman (1996)’s model and various aspects of this structure was identified. Then, drawing on the principles of cognitive lexical semantics, the light uses of dâdӕn and their relations to the components of the semantic structure of the heavy verb were established. Furthermore, the force-dynamics of the heavy verb dâdӕn and its traces in the light uses were examined. As a result, the ways dâdӕn could be lightened were discussed and characterized in different categories. LVCs maintain one or more semantic aspects of the heavy verb dâdӕn. The concept of “interpersonal communication” can be accounted for by the metaphoric mapping between elements of communication and the conduit metaphor. “Causality” is directly related to literal transfer of objects into the receiver’s control domain and the control aspect is associated with the concepts of “permission” or “strength” in LVCs. Moreover, control domain may be related to the concepts such as “emergence” of a phenomenon. Concerning the force-dynamic properties, light uses of dâdӕn mostly tend to keep these properties as other-oriented outward actions. At first it seems that the heavy verb, dâdӕn, has a simple structure and its main parts consist of a sender, an object, and a receiver. However, there are more to this structure such as control domain, force-dynamics, and transfer. The light uses of dâdӕn are systematically related to various aspects of the semantic structure of the heavy dâdӕn. In other words, these literal aspects are mapped onto more metaphorical concepts such as causality which is one of the most common concepts expressed by the light dâdӕn. This means that the light dâdӕn has turned into a causal verb in the process of losing the meaning of its prototype as a heavy verb. This may be directly a function of the force-dynamics of heavy dâdӕn which similar to a causative verb, expresses actions towards other entities. In other words, transfer or imposition of a state on an entity is perceived as transfer of an object to a receiver.

Repetition is a stylistic phenomenon in literary texts and plays a prominent role in the phonological and semantic structure. Abraham Almoqademe is a resistance poet who uses repetition as a stylistic device in his poems. In this study, we survey his employment of the repetition of letters and words and sentences in the court "don’t steal the sun" as strategies to convey meaning and rhythm. We also describe the most important aspects of repetitions in this poem, relying on statistics and stylistic analysis. Repetition is worth researching because it is one of the most important characteristics which Palestinian resistance poems are recognized by. By surveying repetition, we intend to understand the technical and aesthetic aspects this poetic text. The findings of this study show that repetitions in this poem are both simple and compound repetitions. Simple repetitions are the repetition of sounds and words while compound repetitions are the repetition of sentences. in the Moqademe’s poem, repetitions are not random and accidental but they are is purposely and systematically harmonized with the music and meanings in the poem in order to demonstrate his love of Palestine, express his sorrow for tragedies and the loss of relatives and friends, and blow invigorate the spirit of resistance and revolt against the occupation.

The language of holy Qur’an, from its dissension up to now, attracted the attention of the theologians. The language of holy Qur’an goes beyond the rhetorical and traditional level as explored in the past. To this end, the present research aims at exploring the semantic structure of some collected verses of the manuscript within a theoretical framework of conceptual blending. To do this, required data provided and collected from multiple sources in the library. Then they were analyzed descriptively. The main research question demanding answer is that: is the conceptual blending notion applicable in studying the semantic structure of holy Qur’an? The implicit answer to this question is: The given notion can be applied in studying the semantic structure of holy Qur’an. The results made in this study also indicates that the Lord encoded unlimited sciences inspired by the revelation in accordance with the human thought via the Arabic language. Thus, it was evidentially demonstrated that the theoretical framework of the research seems to be applicable to achieve the related objectives of the study. Finally, the results show that multi-dimensional aspects of space related to the given notion can be also used to conceptualize the Qur’anic verses in on one hand, as well as to disclose the meaning beyond the surface level of the verses in other hand.

The present study introduces what is called grammatical semantics. In grammatical semantics, linguistic meaning is represented in two levels, one consisting of those meanings which interact with the grammatical system, the other expressing the additional meaning contrast between linguistic forms. The distinct levels are tried to be shown in lexical meaning as well as sentence meaning. It seems that grammatical semantics can play an important role in providing a more comprehensive linguistic analysis.