practice theory

After the Second World War, many thinkers and politicians, due to the heavy costs caused by the war, sought to provide a solution with the aim of preventing the recurrence of such incidents, as a result of which many experts shifted from national loyalties to transnational loyalties and formed efficient transnational institutions. suggested as a solution. However, the OPEC organization has faced many challenges in achieving its goals during more than six decades of activity and has stopped in the early stages of convergence.Using the qualitative method and the application of the theory of action, this research tries to address the basic question of what are the most important obstacles in the path of convergence in the OPEC organization and what solutions are envisioned in order to remove the said obstacles? The findings of the research confirm the fact that challenges such as heterogeneity in the political, legal and ideological structure of the member countries, heterogeneity in the oil reserves and population of the members, arbitrary actions outside the rules of OPEC and so on.Among the causes of OPEC's failure, assuming the desire to strengthen convergence among OPEC members, there are things such as creating structural changes in the OPEC organization's statutes, removing tension and political and ideological differences among members, and establishing academic centers focusing on the expansion of the oil industry among members. OPEC, increasing economic cooperation and moving towards the establishment of an OPEC bank with a currency unit independent of the dollar, increasing the cooperation of the members of the organization in important matters such as insurance, transportation and security of oil transmission lines by establishing organizations such as the OPEC Insurance Organization, the transnational oil tanker company And. It is recommended to remove the existing obstacles

Regional integration is considered one of the most important international phenomena in the world, which has always had special theoretical literature in international relations and regional studies. Theories such as federalism, functionalism, neo-functionalism, communication theory, etc. are among the most important theories that specifically seek to explain how regional integration occurs in a specific region. "Practice turn" or "practice theory" is considered one of the latest theoretical achievements in international relations, which many researchers have tried to apply in regional integration studies. According to the main principles of this theoretical approach, international phenomena are analyzed in terms of international "actions". The specific and pluralistic ontology, epistemology, and methodology of this theoretical approach have made many researchers of European studies use it to analyze and investigate the integration in Europe. For this purpose, in the present article, we intend to describe this theoretical approach and apply it to European integration studies and its development. Therefore, the main question of this article is, how has practice theory influenced the development of integration studies in Europe? The findings of this paper show that studies based on practice theory have challenged the more traditional understanding and previous theoretical literature on the dynamics of European integration. In fact, practice theory has forced the new generation of European studies researchers to reconsider the main assumptions of the European Union and go beyond the ontology and methods related to the existing theories in international relations.

Practice theory (PT) is one of the latest theories of International Relations (IR). This theory is the outcome of the practice turn in social theory in the first decade of the 21st century. There are controversies among scholars on the nature and identity of this theory. Some consider it as a new and developed version of constructivism or neo-constructivism. Others, on the contrary, regard it as a separate theory from constructivism. Likewise, this article, argues that PT is different from constructivism in such a way that it considers international practices as the unit of analysis and independent variable to empirically and practically explain “ir”. In fact, “ir” are defined and analyzed according to regular practices of international activists on a daily basis. The aim of this study is to articulate, explain, and critique PT in the Iranian IR community. To obtain this goal, first, the practice turn in IR is explained. Then different approaches and typologies of PT are clarified. The third section examines the principles, hypotheses, and theoretical commitments of PT. The fourth part deals with how ir are analyzed via PT referring to some case studies. Next, PT is critically evaluated. Finally, the findings of the study are presented.Keywords: Action, Practice, Practice Turn, Praxiography, Habitus, Relationalism, Practice Communities, Practice Theory.