semantics

The present research has focused on main goal which is the semantic understanding of Sahwa Islamic movement in its early and later periods. Whereas complicated events and frequent changes are always happening in the Middle East, theoretical thinking is always lagging behind objective changes. Hereupon, this article attempts to understand the dynamics of the Sahwa Islamic Movement, which is less known to Iranians, using the Semantics as a theoretical framework according to Toshihiko Izutsu's thinking. In Semantics, the meaning is grasped through causal and inter-connection between words that ultimately leads to forming the semantic network. Using this, the transformation from the early Sahwa semantic network based on Political Islam during the 80th and 90th to the late Sahwa semantic network based on Civil Islam in the early 21st century is followable. This semantic transformation is causing of the transformation of the semantic worldview -according to Izutsu- of Sahwa from violence to tolerance. Research ahead follows this transformation in the interaction, which is occasionally complicated, between Sahwa scholars, official Wahhabi muftis, the Saudi royal family, and also Jihadi forces in the late three decades.

Organizations, centers and scientific and research institutions of different countries have provided various definitions for cyberspace and its main elements; The existence of relatively diverse definitions in our country has caused ambiguity, weak common language, complexity and inconsistencies in policy-making, planning and development of cyberspace and cyberspace security.The present study was conducted with the aim of typology of the concept and main elements of cyberspace in the strategic documents of cyber security of countries. First, the evolution of different definitions of cyberspace from the perspective of global thinkers is reviewed, and then in this article, 39 national strategy (cyber security) documents from 34 countries, published during the last ten years from 2009 to 2019, are examined. Is. And with a qualitative approach and based on the method of content analysis, the main concepts and elements of cyberspace in these documents have been studied and extracted. As a result, 5 different types of concepts and four main elements of cyberspace have been extracted from these documents. Different are grouped according to this typology.Based on the findings of this study, the four main elements of cyberspace include equipment, data, maps and operations, and 5 types of concepts extracted from these 39 documents are: cyberspace as an information and communication infrastructure, space Cyber as an information, communication and data infrastructure, cyberspace as a set of equipment, data and people, cyberspace as a set of equipment, data and operations, space Cyber as a comprehensive set of equipment, data, people and operations.

In the policy-making of the Islamic city, the principles of religion, rules and hadiths should influence the decisions and decisions of the city. In various subjects of urban planning, by extracting semantic components, the (form) of the city can be studied and also the essence of existence (meaning) in the Islamic city can be achieved based on the urban form.In this regard, the present study has explained the semantic components of the Islamic city in line with urban policy-making. The method used in this research is a qualitative method that is descriptive and analytical and information collection is done in the form of libraries and documents. Studies were carried out according to the explanation of the concept of meaning and semantics and its origin in architectural works, as well as criteria for semantic analysis of urban space to elements such as signs and semiotics, as well as art.Then, the significant relationship between meaning and signs and aesthetics in the physics of the Islamic city was investigated and in addition to expressing the nature of the Islamic city, its principles, pillars, elements and expressing the shape of the Islamic city from the perspective of theorists, an analysis was expressed in terms of semantic components. The originality of existence, the originality of nature, the knowledge of phenomena, the unity of object and mind, the two-way relationship of meaning and form. Finally, the order of existence of the object was achieved in the Islamic city. It can be said that considering the important role of the form in today's societies and the lack of attention to semantic dimensions in urban bodies, the politics of the presence and relationship of semantic components in the Islamic city can lead the space to the main Islamic ideals.Extended Abstract

      One of the problems of urban planning in today's cities is the lack of the necessary platform for the implementation and realization of new urban development plans and programs. But now most attention has been paid to the form and physic of cities and regardless of the main meanings in Islam and only the physical foundations of the Islamic city has spread everywhere. Therefore, based on this important matter, this study examines the main components of meaning in the Islamic city and what and why it is, as well as the manner and cause of meaning in the Islamic city and also its application in urban policy-making. In order to reach the components of meaning in the Islamic city, first the meaning and semantics from the perspective of Islam and what and its origin in architectural works are discussed. Then, the pillars, elements and components of the Islamic city in the direction of urban policy-making have been studied. In order to index it, semantic components in the Islamic city have been explained.

     The method used in this research is qualitative according to the elements of the Islamic city and has been done descriptively-analytically. The method of collecting information is in the form of libraries and documents, which has been done in the Islamic city due to the question-oriented nature of this research and addressing the main questions such as what and why and the main components of meaning. In the studies section, according to the explanation of the concept of meaning and semantics and its origin in architectural works, as well as criteria for semantic analysis of urban space, elements such as signs and semiotics as well as art studies are discussed. Then, the significant relationship between meaning and signs and aesthetics in the body of the Islamic city is investigated and an analysis is given in terms of the semantic components of the Islamic city in addition to expressing the nature of the Islamic city, its principles, pillars, elements and expressing the shape of the Islamic city from the perspective of theorists.

      According to the mentioned cases, it can be concluded that without the semantic components in the Islamic city (which was mentioned in different parts of this study), the atmosphere of good life, which is the main goal of Islam, can not be achieved. Therefore, based on the mentioned cases, it is possible to explain the semantic components in line with the policy-making of the Islamic city.

      In this study, the semantic perspective and attention to it, in order to find the facts in urban policy-making has been considered. The significance of semantics in the policy-making of the Islamic city and its form and determining criteria for urban space to create an environment based on the presence of the pillars of Islamic religion in the daily life of society is one of the most basic factors in shaping the Islamic utopia. The policy-making of the main factors in the city, both meaningfully and inherently, and in form and appearance, is based on Islam and its principles. In this regard, paying attention to semiotics and understanding it is very important. Urban policy-making considers signs and semiotics from two perspectives of form and meaning, which can include artistic and aesthetic analyzes. Given the important role of the physic and form in today's societies and the lack of attention to semantic dimensions in urban physics, the politics of the presence and relationship of semantic components in the Islamic city can lead the space to the main Islamic ideals. Thus, when paying attention to physical factors (for example, the construction of mosques and its relationship with other urban areas), the issue of meaning and concept in the nature of phenomena should be considered to be able to use appropriate urban policy to the utopia of Islam acquired. An index is an objective or conceptual tool with or based on which the Islamicity of existing and proposed urban plans can be tested and based on them, executive solutions can be proposed to improve the current situation and planning in line with urban policy-making and design of modern Islamic cities. Also, proper policy-making for designing cities can solve the basic problem of the body in Islamic cities.

Meaning is one of the essential aspects of a city's identity, and the loss of meaning or incompatibility of meaning with Islamic identity is one of the main cultural concerns in modern cities. The city image and its landmarks present cultural values to its audiences. According to these facts, cognition of the principles and components affecting the perception of meaning in city images and landmarks based on Islamic wisdom seem necessary. Since the achievement of semantic components in an Islamic city's image is considered, the Islamic Ideology will be significant. Thus, responding to the crisis of meaning in the environment and recognizing the process and components affecting the perception of Islamic meaning has presented a conceptual model of the Islamic definition of the city's image. This research was qualitative and descriptive-analytical. The relationship between concepts and components has been examined in a logical reasoning method using various sources. Based on the Islamic ideology values, the semantic components of the Islamic city's image have been concluded and finalized by the Delphi method in several stages by consulting experts. These components have been studied and compared in several commercial complexes in Tabriz city. The results indicate that the perception of meaning occurs when the messages of city image, cultural values, and mental schemas are in harmony. In conclusion, due to the lack of attention to the spiritual principles and concepts in the research samples, the received meaning does not correspond to Islamic values and schemas.

The soft threat is today one of the most effective, efficient, least costly, and at the same time the most dangerous and complex type of threat against the national security of a country, which is at the lowest cost and without military campaign and eliminates physical resistance, emotions, thoughts, beliefs and values. Attacks the ideals and culture of a nation and political system; However, the role of prayer, as a weapon of the believer, has not been considered despite its effectiveness from the perspective of the Qur'an and hadiths; Therefore, this research has explained the position and role of prayer in soft warfare by descriptive-analytical method and relying on semantic knowledge. The semantics of prayer in the Holy Quran and its validation with common concepts and literature in soft war showed that prayer is in fact a powerful and effective tool in soft war and the manners of the prophets and infallible imams have been considered and its prominent example is crystallized in Sahifa Sajjadieh.

Islamic unity is one of the most important and, at the same time, sensitive issues that is especially important in the Islamic world.Regard to propounding a matter, first of all requires clarification on the semantics of the issue and expression of its scope, this research seeks to examine the word "unity" in the Holy Quran through a documentary-librarian method and by scrolling through the three stages:Description, analysis and explanation. And on the other hand, due to the enter count effects between Islamic unity and Islamic awakening, it also reveals the semantic relation between these two. Therefore, while recognizing the literal meaning of the term unity, the conceptual relation between the word and the synonymous vocabulary and its organized relation has been analyzed, and then use the rule context and accuracy requirements of the verses, how to use the word unity in the Holy Quran has been clarified. One important result of this descriptive study is revealing the deep semantic link in unity with other words in the Qur'an and in particular the field of Islamic wakefulness.

Taking some early steps, this material has sought to deliver a theory on Forgiveness (Afav) in the viewpoint of Holy Quran. Forgiveness is one of the most significant components of coagulation in the interpersonal communication, individual serenity and moral eminence. However, it is so essential to demarcate and rethink the scope and the limits as well as the applications of this moral virtue. Given that, author initially has assessed the meaning and the conception of clemency in Islamic thought and then has elucidated its conceptual and meaning borders by the “content-analysis” and “semantics” methods which in carry out he has recognized the sources and the contexts of the concept as well as its communicational spheres. Casting light on the value and the statues of clemency and its process in Holy Quran, the author has measured the it’s positive effects in the various compasses of life.

To answer the question concerning the happiness created by the communication rationalism as the last version of rationalism, the author has compared this concept with the revelatory one recreated on the basis of Allamah Tabatabaee’s interpretation by assuming the bliss originated from the rationalism proved by the Holy Qur’an. The semantics and the comparison of the two concepts of “communication rationalism” as a secular narration and “revelatory rationalism” as a religious one through the methods of concord and discord of Brzeski in the allusive form, the priority of the second to the first one could be manifested. This comparison has been done to investigate the commonalities and differences of the two concepts in the three retrospective, cognitive, and normative facets with the following outcome.From the retrospective view point, in “communication rationalism” the natural world would be still and the man a phenomenon as the other ones, whereas on the basis of “revelatory rationalism”, the world and the man’s life would be meaningful and objective respectively. The concept of happiness differentiates between the two kinds of rationalism. Cognitively, the communication rationalism would be cognition- based regardless of the external counterpart considered for the social facts, while in the revelatory rationalism; the cognition would be achieved to realize the external facts. In this regard, the area of communication rationalism is limited and constrained.From the normative view point, the favorite of communication rationalism would be the out come of “legitimate” norms. The norms are legitimate when they are created by the public cooperation and in a relationship without any command for the public benefits. However, the favorite of revelatory rationalism would be the attainment of fair norms. The norms are fair if they are according to the genesis, since our social facts are of external counterpart and they are narrative of natural rules, though the two kinds of rationalism are common in the realm of social validities.

National identity is one of the most significant concepts in the sociopolitical literature. Although a relatively large set of works in the definition of different aspects and features of national identity has been published in Iran, further examinations of the issue in order to explain it in a multidiciplinary framework are deemed as essential - particularly if its complexity and multifacetedness are taken into account. Consequently, the author has made an attempt to, first conceptualize the concepts of identity and national identity, second, study different aspects of national identity in seven areas of social, historical, geographical political, religious, cultural as well as linguistic affairs, and finally, introduce a conceptual synthetic farmewrok for related studies.