structural equation modeling

The present study has been performed with the aim of modeling and clarifying the influential factors of domestic and foreign medical tourist’s attraction in Tehran's therapeutic centers. The research in terms of method and nature is a analytical – statistical type. The sample size was calculated to be 200 using Sample Power software. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, in which 47 specialized indexes and 11 general indicators were filled by medical tourists. Its reliability and validity was confirmed by concidering the experts’ opinion and Cronbach's alpha test with the value of 0.773, respectively. To analyze the results of quattionare, the statistical methods and SPSS and AMOS softwares were used. The development of medical tourism in Tehran is influenced by nine factors that its most natable one is the quality of health care. the finding of structural equations modeling showed that the sum of advertising, the degree of familiarity with the medical centers, education, and type of insurance variables used by the patients, explain 31% of the satisfaction variables of medical tourists, and the age variable has reciprocal effect on satisfaction. The most correlation is observed between the variables of the familiarity with the advertising level with the value of 0.26 and then between the variables of advertising and education with the value of 0.22. Satisfaction of men and married peoples is higher than women and single people, and the satisfaction level of people with health insurance from therapeutic centers is more than those who don’t have health insurance. The individual and social characteristics of the recipients of medical services can be considered in the policy making and design of service systems for the development of medical tourism in order to satisfy the majority of medical tourists.

Rural tourism development, as one of the most important strategies for sustainable development in rural areas, has garnered significant attention. However, the impacts of this type of tourism go beyond its economic and environmental dimensions and can have deep and widespread effects on the cultural and social identity of local communities. The cultural and social identity of Rural tourism development, as one of the most important strategies for sustainable development in rural areas, has garnered significant attention. However, the impacts of this type of tourism go beyond its economic and environmental dimensions and can have deep and widespread effects on the cultural and social identity of local communities. The cultural and social identity of rural communities, as a set of shared characteristics, values, beliefs, and traditions developed over time, plays a fundamental role in social cohesion and the preservation of local cultures. In this context, the development of rural tourism may simultaneously strengthen and revitalize local cultural identities, while also presenting challenges. On the one hand, tourism can provide an opportunity to introduce and reinforce indigenous cultural values, foster cultural interactions between tourists and local communities, and promote cultural self-awareness. On the other hand, this process may lead to unintended cultural and social changes that, in some cases, can weaken the cultural and social identity of rural communities.In the era of globalization and increased international interactions, the influx of foreign cultures and changes in social and economic structures may result in social isolation and the loss of unique cultural characteristics in rural communities. Especially inregions where tourism is more extensively developed, cultural changes may occur in a way that negatively impacts local identities. The rural settlements of the Baft district, one of the recreational areas of Kerman province, possess significant tourist attractions due to their rivers, clean air, and beautiful natural and mountainous landscapes, making them attractive to tourists throughout the year. The mountainous nature of the district, which moderates the climate, also draws a considerable population. Despite having substantial natural and human potential for attracting tourists, the development of the area has not been aligned with its capacities and potential.This leads to the primary research question: What are the impacts of rural tourism development on the cultural-social development of local communities in Baft County?

This is an applied research study, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology. In this research, data collection was carried out using both documentary (books, articles, and reports) and field survey methods (questionnaires and observation). The library-based method helped in the expansion and theoretical explanation of the issue through available documents. Finally, after extracting a list of indicators and variables for the research, a field study was conducted using questionnaires at the household level in the villages under study. The questionnaire was operationalized based on a 5-point Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of experts with experience in similar studies. A pilot study was conducted in the target community with 30 questionnaires, and the overall reliability of the questionnaire was calculated at 0.96 using Cronbach's alpha formula. Additionally, composite reliability was also assessed, and the reliability of the variables based on both measures was found to be acceptable. For data analysis, SPSS and Lisrel (Structural Equation Modeling) software were used.

The results of the research indicated that, based on the values of the confirmatory factor analysis indices obtained from field data, among the examined indicators, rural tourism has had cultural and social impacts on local communities. According to the coefficient of variation statistic related to rural tourism, the highest cultural enhancement and preservation of traditional heritage were observed in the cultural dimension. Additionally, the most significant effects in the social dimension were related to place attachment and social participation

Therefore, to maximize the benefits of tourism opportunities and minimize its negative impacts, there is a need for precise planning based on sustainability principles. This planning should include educating and raising awareness among both tourists and local residents, protecting natural and cultural resources, and promoting active community participation in the tourism development process. In this way, tourism can become a tool for strengthening cultural identity, fostering economic growth, and improving the quality of life for local communities. The results obtained in this study align with the research conducted by Madsen et al. (2023), Kofi and Bafor (2020), Dadez (2018), Shafiei et al. (2018), and Habibi Koshkohi (2020).

The results of the study indicate that tourism has the greatest impact on the social dimension. These impacts can help create new opportunities for social growth and strengthen the social identity of local communities, provided that tourism is developed responsibly and with consideration of the cultural and social characteristics of each region. Therefore, it is recommended to create conditions that ensure the positive impacts of tourism on rural communities. It is essential that tourism development be carried out in a way that not only preserves natural and cultural resources but also improves the quality of life for local people. This could involve using natural resources in a responsible manner and adhering to environmental protection principles.
To prevent the negative effects of tourism on social and cultural identity, it is necessary for local communities to be actively involved in the decision-making and tourism planning processes.This participation can be facilitated through the establishment of local management structures and advisory meetings with community members. Additionally, tourism infrastructure should align with the cultural and architectural features of the region and be designed in a way that prevents environmental degradation and negative changes to social structures. This may include designing accommodations, public spaces, and tourist routes with consideration for local culture and nature.While efforts should be made to capitalize on existing capacities to attract tourists, it is also important to implement policies for controlling the number of tourists and managing tourism traffic to prevent harm to local identity.

Agricultural and employment have against wind in front of other sectors. This is evident with the annual entry of 800,000 job seekers into the labor market in the country and a projection of 10 million unemployed people. These are some of the challenges pertaining to development, both economic and social, in the plans up to the horizon of 2026. According to the Iranian Statistics Center, the average unemployment rate in 2022 equals 8.9%. Meanwhile, one of the sectors that assumes a special importance in the development of the country is agriculture and one of the sectors considered as key in the economy of developing countries. Hence, employment of agricultural graduates is one of the fundamental issues that need consideration by the planners and policymakers of the country. However, what can be done to make this sector climb up to an acceptable level in development?With regards to this, different countries, Iran being among them, have provided different approaches meant to assist university graduates in securing employment. To organize unemployed into the production and service cooperatives, members of unemployment can access self-employment and participate in one or the other activity alongside their cooperation. But then, what is important in this regard is to know the characteristics and individual intentions that affect the decision-making process of people regarding membership in a cooperative, which may be an important input into future planning and policy-making system in this area. Hence, this study was carried out with the purpose of finding factors affecting the intention towards self-employment in cooperatives among agricultural graduates based on Social Cognitive Career Theory.

Survey method was adopted in this study and the instrument of data collection was a questionnaire. The statistical population of present study was all the active members of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Engineering Organization of Lorestan Province (N= 500) and then 220 of them were selected for conducting this study through Krejcie and Morgan table. Instrument for data collection has been questionnaire, and supported by experts for its validity. Reliability was also proved with the help of Cronbach Alpha coefficient. For data analysis, SPSS26 and AMOS24 software would be used.

With regard to the demographic variables of the respondents, it can be said that there were 63 males and 157 females, with an average age of 32.17 years and a standard deviation of 6.28. In addition, 39.5% indicated that they have a family background for self-employment, while 60.5% said no family background for self-employment.The structural equation model was used to analyze the collected data. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to estimate the measurement model and examine the reliability and validity of the model. The final results from the confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the measurement model and confirmed the results of the measurement model. Then, the structural model was estimated to test the research hypotheses. Results revealed self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on outcome expectations (support for the first hypothesis). This construct accounted for 72% of the variance in the outcome expectations construct. Self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on interests (supporting the second hypothesis) and accounts for 25% of the variance in interest. On the other hand, outcome expectations have no significant effect on interests (no support for Hypothesis 4). Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interests positively and significantly affect self-employment intention (supporting Hypotheses 3, 5, and 6). All these variables accounted for 59% variation in self-employment intention. It is worth noting that the variables of social support and barriers had no significant effect on self-employment intention, hence Hypotheses 7 and 9 were not supported. Also, social support had a positive and significant direct effect on self-efficacy (support for Hypothesis 8). This variable can explain 23% of the variation in self-efficacy. Finally, the social barriers variable has no significant effect on self-efficacy and was not supported by Hypothesis 10.

This investigation addressed the identified factors affecting self-employment among graduates of Agricultural and Natural Resources Engineering Organization of Lorestan Province. The predicted variance contributed by the variables self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, and intention towards self-employment were 23%, 72%, 25%, and 59%, respectively. Variables like self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interests had significant effects on the intention towards self-employment. Here, the variable self-efficacy accounts for much of the variance pertaining to intention towards self-employment. Interestingly, social support and social barriers were not found to significantly affect self-employment intention.

There is employment and unemployment. These two basic variables, or indicators, give an incisive estimate to gauge the level of development achieved by any society. One important variable, however, is that of the employment of university graduates. One way to curb the problem of unemployment for youth and university graduates, as well as to simultaneously generate an income for them, would be to empower their self-employment in the form of organizing cooperative ventures. On the other hand, determining the factors that are likely to affect the intentions and decision-making of youths and university graduates to invest in and work with cooperative organizations is also crucial.

Population stability and the continuity of residence in villages are dependent on their migration status. The environmental, social, and economic characteristics and conditions of each rural spatial system significantly influence its population instability; however, the impact of these conditions varies in intensity across different rural settlements. This study investigates the relationship between the environmental, social, and economic characteristics and conditions of inhabited villages in Ferdows County and their population instability using structural equation modeling.To assess the quality of the model, the R² criterion, Q² criterion, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and convergent validity were employed. The R² value of the model is 0.35, which exceeds 0.33, and the Q² value for the instability variable is 0.297, indicating moderate predictive capability of the model. The Cronbach's alpha value for all three variables social, economic, and environmental along with the composite reliability values for these variables, is above 0.7, indicating adequate reliability and acceptable construct validity. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all three variables is greater than 0.4, demonstrating appropriate convergence of the model. The results of the study indicate that the t-statistic for the effect of natural characteristics on instability is 5.01, for social characteristics is 3.03, and for economic characteristics is 2.36, all exceeding the threshold of 1.96, with a significance level below 0.05. This suggests a relationship between the environmental, social, and economic characteristics used in this model and the population instability of the villages. The findings indicate that with a decrease in water resources, an increase in elevation, a decline in literacy rates, an increase in individuals over 65 years of age, a reduction in the number of service facilities, a decrease in the ratio of employed in handicrafts and in the industrial and service sectors, and an increase in absentee landowners, the population instability of the villages has increased.

Today, humans have entered an era in which the way of production and their impact on the earth's planet and human health are of great importance. Environmental damages, in addition to reducing agricultural and non-agricultural activities, will also endanger human health. Considering the importance of preserving the environment and human health, the research aimed to analyze the environmental effects of adopting organic agricultural products among producers and consumers of these products in Tabriz County. The research population consists of the producers and consumers of organic farm products. The community of producers is 28 persons who were studied in total. In the consumer community, the sample size was estimated to be 384 persons (for better results, 391 questionnaires were completed). To analyze, Structural Equation Modeling in SMART PLS software and one-sample T-tests and Friedman Tests were used. The results of the initial evaluation indicate the appropriateness of the model. The results of the structural model, indicate the existence of a significant structural relationship between structural improvement and soil fertility, reducing water pollution and waste, improving air quality and reducing pollution, strengthening agricultural and biological diversity, controlling and replacing chemical fertilizers and pesticides with organic and biological fertilizers, and environmental knowledge. Based on the results, organic agriculture with methods such as using plant residues as green manure, soil conservation, reducing pollution, etc., has led to an increase in soil fertility and its non-erosion, and by producing agricultural products with high quantity and quality, harming the environment was reduced.

Over the past few years, the world has faced various climatic anomalies. Climate change poses a significant threat to natural and human systems on a global scale. Natural hazards, as recurring phenomena, can become catastrophic and have devastating impacts in the absence of effective systems to mitigate them. Among natural hazards, drought is one of the most complex, threatening both human life and natural ecosystems. Given the various drought management strategies, the drought risk management approach aims to reduce the loss of life and financial damage caused by droughts. Implementing effective strategies to reduce vulnerability, along with increasing resilience, is considered the primary step in drought risk management.The key element to improving the condition of rural households during drought conditions is increasing attention to the concept of resilience, which promotes positive adaptation and flexibility in such situations. Social capital is recognized by social science scholars as one of the key components of community resilience. Resilient communities can better cope with shocks, and sudden changes do not disrupt their development to the extent seen in less resilient communities. Therefore, development in communities characterized by high levels of social capital and consequently higher resilience is likely to be more sustainable than in communities with lower levels of resilience. Social capital can play an important role in reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and hazards by strengthening social systems through cooperation and communication among various organizations, groups, and social networks.Rural areas in Mashhad Township have been directly and indirectly affected by the impacts of drought. The occurrence of droughts in the region has led to increased vulnerability of rural communities due to their low resilience to this hazard. Therefore, emphasizing rural resilience, where social capital plays a significant role in enhancing it within the framework of drought risk management, is crucial. Since improper drought risk management has been the root of many issues and challenges in the region, enhancing the resilience of rural residents through strengthening social capital plays a critical role in drought risk management. Consequently, this study, relying on social capital, seeks to answer the question of how the social capital and resilience of rural households in Mashhad Township fare against drought. It also investigates how social capital affects the dimensions of household resilience. Therefore, the study first aimed to assess and evaluate the status of social capital and the level of resilience of rural households against drought in Mashhad Township and then to examine the relationship between social capital and the improvement of rural resilience dimensions in Mashhad Township.

This study is quantitative in nature, with an applied objective, and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive-correlational research. To gather information, the documentary method was used for the theoretical part, while the survey method, based on field observation and questionnaires, was utilized for the empirical part. Social capital and resilience are measured in various ways. In this study, a set of indicators was used to measure and evaluate resilience and social capital. By reviewing the literature and conducting library studies, 31 items related to social capital were developed within three components, while 79 items in 16 components were designed to evaluate the economic, social, infrastructural, institutional, and environmental dimensions of resilience. The questionnaire items were constructed using a five-point Likert scale.The statistical population of this study consists of 11,706 rural households residing in Mashhad Township. Using the Morgan table, a sample size of 372 households was selected. Multi-stage sampling was employed to ensure representation. The validity (both face and content) of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of experts in geography and rural planning with experience in similar studies. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess internal consistency among various indicators. After data collection, the results were analyzed using the one-sample T-test, Pearson correlation test, and structural equation modeling (SEM). SPSS and AMOS software were employed for data analysis.

This study used the T-test to determine the status of social capital components and the resilience components of rural households against drought in the studied Township. The results revealed that rural households in Mashhad Township have a social capital status above average. Therefore, due to all social capital components being above average, it can be concluded that rural households in Mashhad Township are in a relatively good situation in terms of social capital. , the results also indicate that the average resilience index, except for the environmental and physical dimensions, has a score below average, suggesting that the households studied are not in a favorable position in terms of drought resilience.From the perspective of rural resilience dimensions, environmental and physical resilience have the highest scores, while institutional resilience has the lowest. The Pearson correlation test results indicate that at a 1% error level, there is a positive and significant relationship between social capital and all dimensions of rural households' resilience to drought. To examine the most influential indicators of social capital on the resilience dimensions of rural households, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized. The conceptual model of the research was formed based on the indicators and dimensions of social capital (SCapital) and rural resilience (R).The results of the standardized model indicate that social capital has a positive effect (0.82 coefficient) on the resilience dimensions of rural households in Mashhad Township against drought. Among the latent factors of social capital, the social networks factor (0.93) played the most significant role in improving the resilience of rural households. Regarding the effects of latent factors of social capital, the greatest impact was observed in the economic dimension of household resilience, while the least impact was related to the physical dimension.

Social capital, as one of the key components of resilience, plays a significant role in improving the various dimensions of resilience in rural communities during drought conditions. Given that individuals and communities increasingly face severe and frequent risks due to climate change, and considering the vulnerability of rural settlements, it can be argued that strengthening social systems and social capital enhances their adaptive capacity and reduces their vulnerability.Based on the findings of this study and considering the impact of social capital on improving the resilience of rural households, it is recommended that planners and policymakers enhance the resilience of rural households by promoting local grassroots groups with proper government support. Efforts to establish rural organizations such as cooperative funds, microcredit funds, and professional associations are essential. It is also suggested that relevant rural organizations diversify their activities and employ strategies such as forming associations and cooperation groups to ensure broader participation in social fields. Furthermore, increasing farmers' awareness of modern and efficient irrigation methods through suitable training programs is highly recommended.

The increasing limitations of water resources, coupled with growing population pressures and the rising demand for food production and water, highlight the need for a precise and practical strategy grounded in decentralized and participatory management. Recognizing the critical importance of agricultural water resources and their optimal management, this study aims to investigate the effects of good governance on agricultural water resource management in Eslamabad-e Gharb County. The statistical population consists of household heads engaged in agricultural activities. The sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula to be 331. Initially, 54 components were considered for the study, though six components were excluded due to insufficient adequacy. The results of the initial evaluation of the measurement model demonstrated its suitability. The structural model results revealed a significant relationship between good governance and the management of agricultural water resources. The governance factor had the greatest impact on the environmental index and the least on the economic index. Additionally, the MAIRCA technique identified three villages, such as Dalo Hasanabad, Mohammad Ali Khani, and Darkhur Hasanabad, as being in a more favorable position regarding agricultural water resource management. The findings highlight that achieving optimal management of water resources and ensuring their maximum and efficient utilization requires multiple processes. Key elements in this process include raising awareness, fostering active participation from farmers in water policy development, enforcing legislation, adopting new and efficient technologies, and employing methods to mitigate water scarcity and drought stress.

Access, plays an important role in rural development as there is a meaningful relationship between rural development and access to infrastructure services. Villages that have less access to essential services, especially transport, faced with a lot of structural and socio-economic constraints, which are obstacles to sustainable rural development. The present study seeks to examine the accessibility and the factors affecting it. Accordingly, it is considered with descriptive-analytic research method. The statistical population of the study, consisted of villages in the central District of Tabriz County (52 villages) that there needed data were gathered from rural municipals. After validity and reliability of the research, in order to evaluate accessibility, we used the Dematel technique and ANP, then to assess the role of different elements in accessibility of rural areas, we used SEM in Amos software. Initial results of Rural Accessibility Survey showed that the Mayan Sefli village had the highest accessibility and the final result of the research are determining the role of factors in rural accessibility based on factors such as distance from the city, service centers and social status of the village are more effective than other factors in accessibility.

A city requires city brand and appropriate strategies for beneficiaries, especially tourists; hence, city development plans can affect the type of city brand orientations. Accordingly, this study was conducted to identify the effective factors to design structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM was employed to rank the factors and find the correlation between them using Forner-Larcker Matrix. This was an applied-correlational study in which, data were collected through convergent mixed methodology, library study, questionnaire, and Semi-structured interviews. Birjand was chosen as the research field and a statistical sample was chosen at descriptive statistics using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Accordingly, 19 subjects were selected from urban experts, and 381 tourists were chosen at the quantitative step using simple random sampling. findings obtained from interviews implied that some points should be considered for the city branding of Birjand. The factors include the significant militarily and academic impact of Birjand on historical aspect and service-based economy of the city, cultural capitals, and the arts that are forgetting, immigration, and implementing the development-driving plans. The research model indicated that city development plans had the highest positive effects on the landscape and mental image regarding city branding plans. Moreover, According to the correlation between components, the highest relationship was between mental image and landscape (0.66).

Nowadays, the sustainable viability of rural areas is greatly influenced by the social capital of the villagers. In other words, improving the dimensions and indicators of social capital provides the basis for achieving life facilities in line with sustainable rural livability. Social capital is one of the fundamental pillars for the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and as a capacity to improve sustainable rural living, which creates the ground for the constructive participation of villagers. In other words, social capital plays an important role in the participation of villagers in developing economic plans for rural settlements. For this reason, social capital is considered a solution in rural areas to solve economic difficulties, which is effective in the participation of villagers in the process of economic development of villages. Therefore, the value and necessity of the subject require us to get a deeper scientific understanding of the effect of social capital and the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and sustainable rural livability in the study area.

The current research is quantitative in terms of its practical purpose, in terms of the method of carrying out survey research, and in terms of the nature of the data. In this research, the effective and effective indicators of the research were analyzed based on the hypothesis and the conceptual framework using a descriptive-analytical method. Also, the method of data collection was library and field methods. The statistical population of the research includes the number of 178 inhabited villages in the central part of Jiroft city based on the results of the census of Iran Statistics Center in 2016. To determine the random sample size, 30 villages were randomly selected to fill out the questionnaire at the village level. It should be mentioned that based on the "central limit theorem," the number of samples larger and equal to 30 from each community will be sufficient due to the normality of the distribution. Thus, the sample size calculated for random sample households based on the "Cochran" formula with a confidence level of 95%, a pre-estimated variance of 0.25 (0.5*0.5), and a desired probability accuracy of 5%, the number of 352 households was calculated. The quorum was not found to complete the questionnaire since the number of sample questionnaires in several villages, according to the method, compared to the size of the households in the villages. Therefore, the number of random sample household questionnaires was increased to 400 households. Also, AMOS software was used to analyze the questions to enter the model and the structures. The measurement of the research indicators was in the form of Likert Scale options ranging from 1 very low to 5 very high.

The research results revealed that among the indicators of social capital, the index of social cohesion had the lowest average of 2.83, and social organization, with a value of 3.42, had the highest average. The average indicators of participation of villagers in the development of economic plans are equal to 2.85. Among the dimensions of sustainable rural livability, the economic dimension has the lowest average, 3.15, and the environmental-ecological dimension has the highest average, 3.59. In addition, the findings of the communication model of the research showed that the fit of the coefficients of the social capital path had an effect of 1.39 on the participation in the development of economic plans and on sustainable rural livability by 0.54. Based on this, the findings revealed that the path coefficient of the variables has a good fit. Thus, social capital can positively affect the villagers' participation in the development of economic projects.

The literature and research findings revealed that social capital is an important factor for participation in the development of rural economy plans. In such a way, the formation of social groups by official organizations such as agricultural jihad and semi-official organizations such as Barkat Foundation and the like has effectively expanded the network, social relations, and social trust among the villagers. The result is increased social participation and participation in economic projects in the studied villages. Therefore, the improvement of the dimensions of social capital has led to the participation of villagers in the plans and programs of economic development of rural settlements. This has resulted in the improvement of environmental-ecological, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable livability in the studied area. In general, it can be said that although the improvement of social capital indicators in the studied area has led to the participation of villagers in the development of various agricultural and non-agricultural economic projects, the local administration must provide clear training and awareness in the field of development of various rural economic plans and gain social trust to create the ground for their participation in such plans and in order to improve the dimensions of livability.

In the current situation, it becomes more necessary to pay attention to social and economic sustainability, taking into account the challenges and bottlenecks facing developing countries, and in the meantime, rural areas are facing many problems. A significant share of rural instabilities goes back to socio-economic instability, which, in addition to deteriorating employment, income, inequality of opportunity, access to services, basic needs, and the like, also has negative feedback on environmental sustainability. Due to these instabilities, rural areas are experiencing consequences such as urban-rural inequalities, population evacuation, migration, and environmental degradation. Economic sustainability and social sustainability are two inseparable components because individual welfare is not separate from the welfare of society, and the existence of social cohesion, empathy, and tolerance leads to the creation of space in which people feel more responsible and believe that a fairer distribution of resources plays a key role in the long-term survival of society.

The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Inferential statistical methods (one-sample t) and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research uses spatial analysis in GIS for sampling (Using the adjacent layers raster to the province's permanent rivers, settlement density, rural population density, distance from the road, distance from the nearest cities, the province's land layer, slope, and height and their overlap in the final raster and placing the whole province in 3 classes are high, middle, low. Out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample, and 250 questionnaires were calculated and randomly completed by the villagers in 2020-2021.

Numerical mean analysis obtained from the calculation of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas was obtained among the respondents using questionnaire data. To investigate this issue, a single-sample t-test was used, in which the component of social participation with an average of 3.1646 was higher than the average (3). Also, the analysis of research data with the structural equation modeling approach in PLS software includes the study of model fit in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model. Measurement models show the relationship between each hidden variable and its indicators. The reliability and validity of the variables are checked to evaluate the measurement models. After testing the measurement models, it is necessary to evaluate the structural model of the research that shows the relationships between the variables. For this purpose, are examined the coefficient of determination (R2) and the predictive power of Stone and Geiser (Q2). After evaluating the measurement and structural models of the research, the fit of the overall model is examined. The GOF criterion is used to evaluate the fit of the overall model. Finally, the results show that according to the results of t and the significance of path coefficients in PLS software, social stability has a more important role in creating overall stability than economic stability.

Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in order to identify, strengthen, and develop socio-economic factors affecting sustainability in the study area was the main purpose of this study. In terms of components and factors affecting the socio-economic stability of the study area, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that the component of social capital (social participation factor) has the greatest impact on social sustainability in the study area and in terms of economic stability except for the rural investment factor, other factors are in a weak position. The results obtained from estimating the structural equation modeling of fit indices have good validity and reliability. Also, the results of the structural equation modeling technique (in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model) showed that social capital has a greater impact on social stability than social welfare. Also, the economic justice component has the most significant impact on regional economic stability.

the current research was conducted to analyze and investigate the impact of livelihood assets on the sustainability of rural women's livelihood in Gachsaran City. Analysis and investigation of the effect of the effective factors on the livelihood of the rural women in Gachsaran City. The statistical population of the research included 500 rural women randomly in Gachsaran City, of which 139 were selected and surveyed by simple random method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by the professors of the University of Tehran's promotion and development department and subject experts, and its reliability was calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test during the distribution of 30 questionnaires in the pre-test stage. LISREL 8.8 and SPSS 26 software were used to perform statistical tests. Also, to investigate the impact of livelihood assets on the sustainability of rural women's livelihood, it was done using the structural equation modeling method with the help of Lisrel 8.8 software. The results showed that the independent variables studied (five capitals) were able to explain 60.13 percent of the variance of the dependent variable, i.e. sustainable livelihood of rural women in Gachsaran City. Also, the goodness of fit indices showed that the structural model of the research has a good and acceptable fit. In addition, the human capital index (λ = 0.61) was assigned the first importance and priority for measuring the sustainable livelihood of rural women. Based on this, among the solutions to improve the livelihood of rural women are: 1) Organizations and other planning and policy-making officials pay due attention to the activities of rural women and improve the field of improving their livelihood according to the existing conditions. 2) In order to help poor and vulnerable rural women and families, they can act by providing appropriate financial assistance, such as setting up rural micro-funds.

Iran is ranked first as the cheapest tourist destination, 10th as world heritage, and the 26th most beautiful country in the world. however, it has attracted only 0.62 percent of tourist arrivals and 0.53 percent of the amount spent by international tourists in 2019. Also, an annual growth of about 30 percent in tourist arrivals is necessary to achieve the goal set in the 7th Development Plan of IRI. For extracting the effective criteria, proposing the structural equation model for tourist attraction, and examining the difference between the existing and the desired states of the identified criteria, a questionnaire was used to collect the opinions of tourists who were on flights leaving Iran after visiting (Convenience sampling). The data obtained from 143 questionnaires was analyzed using the factor analysis method. Ten criteria were identified as a result. Controlling these ten criteria leads to fulfilling 60 percent of tourists' desires. Then, the structural equation model of the relationship between the criteria was designed and fitted using structural equation modeling. Finally, a gap analysis was performed. It was found that there is a significant difference between the desired and the existing states of seven out of ten criteria, and the existing state of these seven criteria is lower than expected (desired) by foreign tourists. With 99 percent confidence, the fitted model shows the direct significant relationship and the strong effect of the identified criteria with/on the selection of Iran as a tourist destination.

In the present century, with the advent of new and intelligent technologies in the field of information and communication technology in Tehran metropolis, many changes have taken place in the life of urban dwellers and its quality, and this has attracted the attention of many thinkers to the concept of "quality of smart life". The result is a review and presentation of effective dimensions and indicators in measuring it in Tehran metropolis. Given the importance of the quality of life factor in the urban planning system, attention to the concept of intelligence and the expansion of its impact on this factor is increasingly discussed. The purpose of this study is to achieve a structural model, the order of importance and impact factor of dimensions and quality indicators of smart urban life through structural equations with partial least squares (PLS) approach in the metropolis of Tehran. Districts one, six and nineteen of Tehran Municipality have been selected as the statistical population and the size of the statistical population is four hundred people. Based on the results, all seven dimensions of research have a significant relationship with the quality of intelligent urban life to measure and evaluate it. Also, in order to express the importance of these dimensions in different regions, the factor of cohesion and social participation in region one, public education in region six and the factor of resource consumption and environment in the nineteenth region of Tehran have the highest rank. It can be said that the development of cities and communities is strongly influenced by the increasing development of information and communication technology in different parts of the world, but this issue should not ignore the differences and demands of different people.