مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، بهار 1403)

Understanding bioclimatic or bioclimatic comfort in the architecture of educational centers, including schools, is of particular importance. Paying attention to the climatic characteristics and the effects that the climate has on the formation of such buildings, in terms of thermal comfort and the harmony of the building with the climatic conditions, has saved energy consumption, and from an environmental point of view, it is healthier and It's better. The purpose of this research is to investigate the compatibility of Sanandaj schools with the principles of hydrometeorology in architecture. The data used in this research include average wind, monthly precipitation, sunshine, average minimum and maximum temperature, average minimum and maximum relative humidity, monthly average temperature and humidity, average dry and wet temperature, and vapor pressure. These variables were analyzed during the statistical period of 45 years (1961-2005) from the Sanandaj synoptic meteorological station. To achieve the mentioned goal, 20 schools have been selected in different parts of Sanandaj city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of the type of research, it is applied. Data collection is using field and library research. First, thermal comfort in Sanandaj city was determined by using Mahani, Giuni, Evans, and Terjong criteria. For the climatic design of Sanandaj schools, issues such as the orientation of the school building in relation to the angle of radiation and wind, the dimensions of windows and openings, the determination of the depth and size of the canopy and the green space in the schools of Sanandaj city have been investigated.The results of the research showed that according to the two investigated thermal comfort indicators (Mahani and Tarjong), er, December, February and cold March). The night conditions are from 12 months (3 months of June,

Considering the dynamics of cities, their transformation over time is inevitable. Nowadays, in the study of urban issues, the recognition and analysis of urban morphology is of particular importance in the investigation of phenomena and their developments. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to measure the morphological changes of Ardabil city by using the spatial layout analysis method (in the framework of the plans and programs of Ardabil city). In this research, in order to investigate the morphology of the city based on the changes in the correlation index of the extracted data related to the analysis of the axial line map in Space Syntax Network and Arc Gis software. QGIS has been studied during the periods (1307-1340) and (1340-1355). The results of the research showed that the difference between the highest and the lowest interconnectedness in the context of Ardabil city in the first period is less than the second period. This indicates that the city of Ardabil in the period 1307-1340 compared to the period 1340-1355 had a more homogeneous structure and characteristics. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be said that one of the most important influencing factors in the changes in the fabric of Ardabil city during the passage of time has been the inter-connectivity changes caused by physical-spatial changes.

The existence of inefficient structures in urban areas, especially in the metropolis of Tehran, is known as one of the practical challenges of urban management, and its management is necessary to benefit from efficient and desirable management principles in different areas, the existence of dense and worn-out structures in 17 regions of the city. Tehran has always been the focus of urban policy makers, and in this recognition of management principles is considered as a key necessity, considering the importance of urban regeneration of inefficient structures and benefiting from efficient management principles, this research seeks to realize the realization of governance. It is appropriate in the sustainable regeneration process of the 17th district of Tehran, the method is analytical and library and document studies based on published data and thematic maps. According to the conducted investigations, it can be concluded that proper governance in the region requires more attention to urban management, sustainable development, protection of citizens' rights, protection of public security and peace, and citizen participation. By applying the principles of good governance in this region, it is possible to improve the living conditions of citizens and improve the performance of institutions responsible for urban management in this region. Also, based on the analysis, it shows that in general, good governance can improve the condition of the fabric. Facilitate the ineffectiveness of Tehran's 17th district. Also, in order to create a decent government, it is necessary to observe moral principles, transparency, justice and attention to the needs of citizens.

Border economy and the development of border businesses are one of the important factors in creating employment and developing economic activities, and one of the features of the formation of business clusters at the borders is the issue of security. Borders are a good opportunity for legal entrepreneurship. If this economic development and entrepreneurship is based on documented and approved principles and methodology, it will ensure the survival of the business and ultimately guarantee the security of the country's borders. More than half of the country's provinces are located near the borders, and it is a unique opportunity for economic exchange and business development and creating population structures in the border areas. Security cannot be achieved except by rule of law, and the interaction and cooperation of organizations, institutions and border residents with the border guard, in addition to helping to improve security, will lead to the economic development of the region. This article deals with the development of cross-border businesses in the form of the development of business clusters and networks.

The river passing through a city is a unique opportunity for the development of tourism, and it is essential to maintain the dynamics, quality and quantity of this natural resource in order to continuously benefit from it over time. Ahvaz metropolis has created special conditions for the urban tourism industry due to the Karun river passing through it. Based on this, this research aims to examine the challenges and strategies of tourism development in Ahvaz metropolis. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical (documentary-survey), including library studies, designing and completing questionnaires and determining existing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The method of collecting information is using official sources for quantitative data (questionnaire and interview) and the work technique is SWOT-QSPM model. The findings showed that the attraction of private sector funds in order to protect and maintain tourist attractions and increase economic attractiveness, improve the level of protection of tourist attractions through integration and inter-organizational cooperation and increase the market share of Ahvaz metropolis. Domestic and foreign tourism of the province and the country is presented through the improvement of the quality of tourist attractions and electronic and advertising tools as outputs of this diversification strategy in order to solve the challenges.

Accurate and scientific definition of terms and vocabulary is one of the important of subjects various scientific fields. Therefore, the enrichment of vocabulary and the principled and correct use of words and terms, as well as the precise application of these concepts and their definitions in writing books and articles and other research fields, are important necessities. Especially in humanities and its sub-fields, conceptualization of vocabulary and implementation of concepts in their own place are among the duties of experts and researchers in these fields. Among the various fields of humanities, the fields of political science, international relations, political geography and geopolitics have commonalities in the topics discussed, in methodology, regional studies, etc., but it is certain that these two sciences are not the same and In philosophy, ontology, nature and epistemology are different from each other.One of the important concepts that has not been theorized well in humanities studies, especially in political sciences and political geography of Iran, is the concept of international order and world order. Various views and opinions about these two concepts have been presented by the authors of these disciplines , especially among researchers., it has been tried to discuss their differences and commonalities.The research is of developmental-comparative nature and its method is descriptive-analytical, information collection was done in the form of library (books, articles) and inferential analysis.The findings of the article indicate that from a philosophical point of view, the concept of the world order is different from the international order, while the world order, with a geopolitical approach, talks about the relations between powers. But the international order refers to the relations between countries or nation-states. Of course, besides the differences, the international order and the world order have common points from the point of view of economic, political, etc. goals.

The principles of compatibility are one of the important principles of urban planning and especially the use of urban land, which failure to comply with this problem causes problems such as depriving the residents of a region of comfort and life. The number of users in urban spaces. The location of this type of use should be the principles of functional urban land planning to avoid the mentioned problems.Therefore, the research carried out deals with the organization of disturbing urban jobs on the constitutional boulevard and a part of Atar Neishabouri street (Emamieh, Payam Noor University, Tabriz center). The work process is as follows: after selecting the study area, using ARC GIS software, we produced a map of the study area. Then, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), firstly, criteria related to By organizing nuisance jobs, we got a city.To perform this method by forming a matrix, we obtained the final weight by using a pairwise comparison for each of the criteria using the EXCEL software environment. According to the data obtained from the analysis of criteria and options, car services is the most important user in order to organize users in the study area with a final weight of 0.016 due to the increase in users dependent on this type of service. is identified.

The purpose of the current research is to explain the key drivers effective on the development of football in Khuzestan province. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and analytical-exploratory in terms of its nature and method. In order to collect data, questionnaires, Delphi technique and document-library studies were used. The research findings showed that among the 35 main influencing factors, 20 variables are known as key factors. that these variables have the most influence and the least influence on the future development of football in Khuzestan province and include the factors of the existence of suitable websites for each club, the supervision of the clubs' performance by the federation, the existence of the communication department with radio and television, the existence of sufficient will from the institutions Relatedly, the existence of suitable football schools, the provision of the necessary laws to deal with clubs and players, the existence of sponsors committed to paying salaries, helping to privatize football and reducing the influence of the government, the existence of coherent laws regarding financial sponsors, earning the necessary income from holding Competitions, Selling proper tickets, selling club uniforms and flags, helping the principle of privatization in football, the existence of talent search committees, the use of new methods to discover football talents, the existence of contracts between the football federation and education, the existence of the necessary rules to comply with the framework cultural factors, the existence of news officers in clubs, proper interaction with reporters, the existence of suitable satellite facilities for proper coverage of the game. The results showed that due to the high influence of the economic, media and managerial factors in the development of football sport by the sports officials in Khuzestan province,

Divorce is a reprehensible phenomenon that not only causes a lot of damage to the cell of the society - the family - but also to the body of the society; On the other hand, the result of divorce - broken family - also causes many social problems such as children and women without guardians, children running away from home and increasing other delinquencies. The purpose of this research is to design and effective tools on divorce, the statistical community of divorced women in Nowshahr. The sample size is 180 people according to Cochran's formula. The validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinion of university professors, and its reliability was calculated according to Cronbach's alpha of 0.76. Factor analysis has been used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the first factor is interest-family, the second factor is sexual satisfaction, the third factor is forced marriage and the duration of marriage, the fourth factor is incompatibility of marital relations, the fifth factor is religious observance, and the sixth factor is the involvement of others in life. Therefore, in order to take the necessary measures to reduce the phenomenon of divorce in Nowshahr city, it seems necessary to plan carefully to reduce the factors.

Today, medical tourism is growing rapidly and many countries have documented plans for the development and exploitation of this branch of health tourism. As one of the border areas of the country, the city of Ardabil has a favorable climate and of course natural and infrastructure potentials, it is prone to progress in the field of medical tourism, but until now it has not been able to achieve a position commensurate with its properties. In this regard, the aim of this research is to plan the development of medical tourism in Ardabil city. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and its statistical population consists of experts in the field of medical surgery in Ardabil city, using the snowball method, 10 experts familiar with the subject in Ardabil city, as a sample. Selected research statistics were selected and questioned. Also, strategic management models (SOAR and QFD) have been used to analyze the obtained data. The results of the SOAR matrix indicate that 7 strengths and 6 opportunities have been identified for medical tourism in Ardabil, and in this regard, 3 ideals and 5 results have been compiled. In addition, 5 strategies have been developed to achieve these results and goals. Finally, the prioritization of strategies using the quality house model showed that the strategy of "using competitive advantages (such as the low cost of medical services in Ardabil city) in line with the development of medical infrastructure and diversification of related services", is the most important strategy for the development of medical tourism in Ardabil. The result is that the three pillars, the medical community, officials and financial resources, which happened to be the basic needs of this research, are the most important factors in the development of medical tourism in Ardabil city.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 816 watts per square meter in July and the lowest value was 302 watts per square meter in February. Meanwhile, the highest amount of net radiation in June is in the range of 602-680 W/m2 with a value of 32%. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the earth in the studied area is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

 Irrigation water, as an essential resource, plays a fundamental role in household production and livelihood activities. In recent years, it is necessary to communicate between the demand of consumers and suppliers in order to ensure the sufficiency of water for agriculture and the sustainable management of the irrigation system and to meet other needs. With the general belief about the important role of irrigation in agricultural growth, many developing Asian countries have turned to the promotion and development of irrigation, which has led to the achievement of broad goals in the form of economic growth, agricultural and rural development, and food security. and protection against drought conditions, which is expected to include social results that are directly and indirectly related to poverty reduction due to the mentioned benefits of irrigation water.

As the world's largest service industry, tourism is one of the important sources of economic prosperity in terms of job creation, foreign exchange earnings, poverty reduction, and increasing social exchange and interaction. With its natural potentials and pristine tourism areas, Hashjin city has the ability to become a tourism hub, which can play an effective role in the development of the national and regional economy with proper planning and identification of existing strengths and limitations. The aim of the current research is to identify the potentials and attractions of urban tourism. The research method in this research is analytical and descriptive and of applied research type. Also, SWOT analytical method has been used to analyze information and provide tourism development strategy. For this purpose, a list of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been prepared and by adjusting the strategic factors of the SWOT matrix, it has been extracted and the approaches resulting from these analyzes have been presented as pioneering policies to strengthen the infrastructure and tourism potentials of Hashjin city. The findings of the research show that offensive strategies (so) are the first priority. In fact, offensive strategies show that by emphasizing the strengths and opportunities, the severity of the weaknesses can be reduced and the threats can be neutralized, and in order to achieve the goals by using these strategies, strengthening and increasing the facilities and services and communication and communication infrastructures at the same time Tourism attractions and resources are proposed with the aim of attracting more tourist satisfaction and creating employment and income, as well as providing appropriate policies to remove existing restrictions and obstacles.

Spa tourism or hydrotherapy is one of the oldest and most attractive types of tourism and is still implemented today with different approaches and methods. The city of Sareyn, which is one of the most important cities providing Spa tourism services in Iran, has been considered as the subject of this research. The main goal of the current research is to develop a model for evaluating the performance of Spa tourism destination, which for the first time uses the perspective of both the expert community and the host community. The current research is mixed in nature, which used the qualitative method of expert panel in the first phase and the quantitative survey method in the second phase. The tool for collecting information in the first phase is semi-structured interviews and in the second phase, a questionnaire. In the first phase, two groups of experts and the local community of Sareyn city were used to count the indicators and components by using the Convenience and Purposive sampling method; Then, in the second phase, using stratified sampling, 31 experts expressed their opinions regarding the extracted cases. The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS26 and Smart PLS4 software. According to the findings of the research, 142 raw propositions were extracted, which were categorized into 84 key codes, 34 integrative and 5 overarching codes using the King and Harrocks coding method. In the quantitative phase, all the indicators and components were approved and generalized by selected experts. According to the results of the present research, the evaluation of the performance of the spa tourism destination can provide information regarding the existing gaps and gaps while considering the capacities and potentials of the destination. This category makes the evaluation of the activities that lead to the creation of a competitive advantage in t..

Tourism has various forms and types that are different according to environmental conditions. Geotourism is one of the sub-branches of tourism. Geotourism is one of the branches of sustainable tourism that focuses on the geological features and natural landscapes of a region. Geotourism is a form of tourism that causes the geographical growth and stability of the destination region, its environment, culture, historical and aesthetic heritage, and also improves the lives of the residents of that region. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the geotourism potential of Zanouzagh village in Tabriz using the Violet (National Park) model. For this purpose, the geotourist area of ​​Zanoozgh was chosen. The geotourist centers of Zanouzgh village were investigated. In the present study, Violet's model was used, which examines the geotourist area of ​​Zanouzag based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results obtained from Fiolet's model showed that this geotourist area with a score of (10) from the total of effective items has various capabilities.Based on this, by using the geotourism potentials in the studied area, the results were obtained that these areas will be very useful for attracting tourists and developing tourism. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Zanouzgh region, it will lead to the attraction of tourists and the development of welfare infrastructure. Based on this, it is suggested to use other geotourism topics such as geomorphological, economic and cultural processes in the study area in future studies.

Due to the increase in the world's urban population, need for food has become more important. Therefore, one of the effective solutions in response to the increase in urban population, especially in developing countries, is the expansion and promotion of urban agriculture. In fact, the citizens of society can take maximum advantage of the space dedicated to urban agriculture in form of environmental and economic capacities. Through urban farms and local self-sufficient production, urban farmers significantly reduce the fossil fuel needed to transport, package and sell food. Also, due to its proximity to consumers, it causes the circulation of income throughout a region, which in turn leads to economic growth for the community in question. In these spaces, most people gather and engage in activities with the aim of producing food, so the development of social participation is one of other benefits of this phenomenon. It should be noted that, in addition to above benefits, urban agriculture also faces obstacles and challenges. In fact, by reviewing the experience of urban agriculture in different cities of the world, we come to the conclusion that this phenomenon must be accompanied by creation of a platform in the spatial, social and cultural fields, and otherwise, the development and promotion of urban agriculture is definitely associated with challenges. Actually, to achieve the benefits of urban agriculture, it is necessary to overcome these challenges. In fact, if we want to have extensive and efficient urban agriculture, we need to create necessary laws and platforms from the government. Actually, together with the development and promotion of urban agriculture, regulations and laws of municipalities should be formulated clearly and explicitly in this matter, and also the production units of urban agricultural products should be registered so that they can be monitored and based on environmental principles.

According to the available evidence, mining and the use of minerals are thousands of years old. In the past, mining did not require special knowledge and expertise, but today it is a very complex and expensive profession. Because now the rich layers of the mines are empty and the metal grade of the ores has decreased, as well as the economic value resulting from mining, activities related to mines such as copper, gold, lead, zinc, coal and minerals. Various metallic and non-metallic mining and construction material mining has been carried out in different parts of Iran's ecosystems, which has led to negative effects on the environment. Therefore, in this research, the positive and negative economic, social, cultural and environmental effects of stone quarrying on the rural areas of Khorrambid city located in Fars province have been investigated and analyzed. The method of conducting this research is descriptive analysis and based on field method and questionnaire. In this research, after knowing the different parts of the mining projects, using library studies and collecting information from different sources, the components and elements of the environment of the affected area, separated into four physical-chemical, biological-ecological, social-cultural environments. and economic-operational was examined. Also, the statistical population of this research includes 14 villages from Khorambid city. The results of this research showed that mining activities in the studied area did not have many positive effects, but its negative effects were very significant, In this way, the physical and biological environment of the study area in all villages had a negative impact from mining activities, the only thing that had a positive impact in some villages such as Muzaffarabad, Sartam, Agha Cheshme, Ghazian, Qasr Yaqoub, is its social and economic environment. It is also in the category of employment.

Urban regeneration is the most recent approach to intervene in deteriorated urban fabrics that generally have low quality of life, physical instability, poor socioeconomic status, and unfavorable health conditions, which have made these areas vulnerable to natural hazards and man-made disasters. The objective of this article is to review urban regeneration policies of deteriorated urban fabrics focusing on disaster risk reduction, implementation of these policies, and development of a conceptual framework to achieve the aforementioned goal. In this research, published works on the topic were overviewed with the aim of finding the causes of success or failure of urban regeneration projects focused on disaster risk reduction. Then, the relationship between urban regeneration and disaster risk reduction and the common goals of these two fields were analyzed, and the results were used in developing an effective conceptual framework for the regeneration of urban fabrics with a focus on disaster risk reduction. Studies on the implementation of urban regeneration policies aimed at reducing the risk of disasters reveal the facts that determine the success or failure of the project. Among the lessons learned from these studies, there is a common feature that influences the success of projects and distinguishes disaster risk reduction projects from others, and that is the development of a vision for the place and the accurate assessment of vulnerability in the targeted areas. Accurate assessment of vulnerability in target areas requires a conceptual framework that can be used as a guide map in the assessment. By acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of the target area, one can use the problems as an opportunity to regenerate the deteriorated fabric and reduce disaster risk.

Main goal of this research is to measure the success rate of in-service training courses in improving the professional skills of the employees of the agricultural jihad of Ahvaz city. The research method is t-test and F-test, regression and correlation. The statistical population investigated in this research is made up of all the employees working in the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ahvaz city in 2017, according to the inquiry made by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, there are 750 of them, of which 230 people are using Morgan's table. The title of the sample was selected. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the data required for the research. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the success rate of in-service training courses according to gender and education level. Also, regression test was used to identify the effective factors on the success rate of in-service training courses. The results of the research showed that the effectiveness component of in-service training was significant at the 99% confidence level and the component of the increase in knowledge and skills acquired by employees was significant at the 95% confidence level. are Also, there is no significant relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents (level of education and service experience) with the success rate of in-service training courses.

With the development of various methods in the field of classification of satellite images and the detection of changes, especially in recent decades, the selection of the best and most correct method for preparing land use and land cover maps in different regions has grown day by day. The main goal of this research is to compare the accuracy of various classification methods for preparing land use maps in Razvanshahr city. For this purpose, seven land use classes in Razvanshahr city (including pastures, residential areas, roads, agricultural lands, rivers, coastal areas and forests) were determined using satellite images. Then, educational samples were collected from the region using satellite images, Google Earth images and field visits. In the next step, by using the characteristics of the images, the land use classes in the study area were determined and after determining the resolution of the classes, the classification was done using maximum likelihood (MLC), support vector machine (SVM), and minimum mean distance (MD). The evaluation results of these three methods showed that the machine vector method has more accuracy than other methods (overall accuracy 92.60, kappa coefficient 0.87 for the year 2000 and overall accuracy 97.16 and kappa coefficient 0.93 for 2022). . Therefore, the results of this research can be used to prepare a land use map with higher accuracy by using the support vector method in environmental and natural resource assessment works in areas with similar conditions.

Nowadays, resilience has become an important concept in scientific research and political discourses, and it is considered a basic approach in facing all kinds of crises and risks in cities. Also, due to the locality of crises and their effects, planning and managing resilience on a local scale is considered one of the basic principles. Considering the importance of resilience at the local scale, the present research was written with the aim of evaluating the implementation of the principles of resilience and streamlining of risk management at the local scale of Tabriz metropolis. In this regard, the research method is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of analytical-exploratory nature, in order to analyze information, were used logarithmic regression model, VIKOR multi-criteria decision making model and Shannon's entropy weighting method. The statistical population of the research also includes managers and city officials involved in the field of crisis management, and the size of the statistical sample was determined using the targeted Delphi method of 100 people. The findings of the research show that out of the 9 investigated components, only two components of financial considerations and participatory management with beta coefficients of 0.652 and 0.617 are significant at the confidence level of 0.95 and have been realized. On the other hand, among the investigated components, the most unfavorable situation was the components of knowledge management and accountability and recovery. Also, it is recommended to implement the principles of resilience and streamline risk management only in the 2nd, 5th and 9th districts of Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, it can be said that the implementation of the principles of resilience and streamlining of risk management at the local scale of Tabriz metropolis has an unfavorable situation and we need strategic planning in this field.

The Hourol Azim wetland is one of the border water resources of Iran and Iraq, which has witnessed severe floods and a severe decrease in water level in recent years, and has experienced environmental crises in the form of drought, destruction of farms, and dust storms. In this research, the random forest algorithm was used to investigate the change process of Hourol Azim wetland from 2000 to 2023, and in addition, to investigate the expansion of water areas caused by the flood of April 2019 from the spectral indices NDWI, NDVI and NDBaI in the period of March 7. It was used on April 8 and April 24, 2019. With the reduction of the wetland level, the temperature of 77 degrees Celsius was recorded in some parts of the northeast of the wetland in May 2023. The LST index showed the highest positive correlation with the NDBaI index at the rate of 0.72 on March 7, 2019, and the highest negative correlation between the NDVI index and LST was obtained at the rate of -0.73 in 2000. In 2000, the surface of Hourol Azim wetland was equal to 256 square kilometers, and this amount increased to 780 square kilometers in 2023. However, at the time of the flood in April 2018, at the maximum intensity of the flood, the water level of the lagoon increased to 3200 square kilometers along with the outflow of the Karkhe River. At the time of the flood, vegetation experienced its lowest level and the largest area of 11,843 square kilometers was allocated to barren lands. The results show that the random forest model has detected different types of land use with high accuracy.

Understanding the mechanisms of social capital in the field of planning and policy-making for rural settlements is very valuable and important and plays a fundamental role in sustainable economic development plans of rural settlements. Accordingly, the present study was conducted by quantitative and descriptive-analytical methods in 400 random sample households and 30 sample villages out of a total of 187 villages in the central part of Jiroft city; To provide a meaningful framework, the structural equation modeling method was used using Emus Graphic software, the relationship between the dimensions of social capital and economic sustainability indicators of rural settlements in the central part of Jiroft. The results of the research reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of social capital and indicators of economic sustainability. The results of the research reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of social capital and indicators of economic sustainability. Also, to investigate the relationship between research variables in rural settlements in the study area, a one-sample t-test was used which shows that all 6 variables of social capital and 11 variables of economic stability of rural settlements studied at a significance level of less than 0.05 Are located. Therefore, considering the level of significance, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between the variables of social capital and economic sustainability of rural settlements. Also, to investigate the relationship between research variables in rural settlements in the study area, a one-sample t-test was used which shows that all 6 variables of social capital and 11 variables of economic stability of rural settlements studied at a significance level of less than 0.05 Are located.

 During many years, some government measures were taken by the country's institutions, which have been of great help in increasing the desire of the villagers to live in the village. unlike the actions taken, the proposed and implemented plan has not been successful. According to the studies, the argument is that the proposed program has underestimated the attention to regional social and cultural indicators, so that it has been differentiated from other regions.in a way that has distinguished it from other regions. For this purpose, investigations related to culture, interests and beliefs were carried out. The method of conducting this research is qualitative and field-in-depth interview, which was done by being in the target area and observing and interviewing people face to face. In the first stage, field studies were carried out and according to the sources and references, materials and The results show that the designs presented for the valuable rural textures have suffered problems due to the designers' lack of attention to the modern needs of the society and attention to the past and old needs of the villagers. After that, the local methods of construction have been highlighted and the emphasis of these plans is on the use of local architecture and local materials, which have not been paid much attention by the natives of the region. In Zanouzag, despite the implementation of the project to improve the rural fabric with value, this project failed, therefore, by examining the social and cultural indicators, we sought to increase the quality and satisfaction of the residents and local people, and provide more appropriate and practical strategies to maintain the social and cultural indicators. It was done to preserve the heritage of the past, preserve the native texture of the village and satisfy the residents of the native community.

Horizontal visibility variations represent changes in air quality. This study is carried out to investigate trend in horizontal visibility in northwest of Iran during 1985-2020. In this regard hourly observational visibility data from 27 meteorological stations was obtained from IRIMO. After screening and selecting the reliable data series, extinction coefficient was calculated by Kashmeider's approach. Ridit analysis and Mann-Kendall statistical tests were used to detect trends in visibility and extinction coefficient. Also, 5 visibility categories were determined and the percentages of each category got calculated. Results showed that the annual regional-average of horizontal visibility (extinction coefficient) was calculated as ~11.4 (0.173) km in the studied period. Ridit output variations showed that visibility improvement / weakening periods was observed in different times according to the environmental conditions of each station. In most stations, the increasing trend of horizontal visibility often formed through the reduction of average visibility percentages; increase in good and very good visibilities and finally stability in bad and very bad visibilities. The highest (lowest) seasonal extinction coefficient obtained for winter (summer) with 0.179 (0.168) km. A perfect inverse correspondence was observed between ridit outputs and extinction coefficient in terms of fluctuation periods and trend direction in all stations. Spatial distribution of parameters showed that the highest (lowest) values of ridit (extinction coefficient) were obtained in several stations located in the north of the studied area. In 18 stations out of 27 studied stations, the increasing (decrease) trend of ridit (extinction coefficient) was detected, which both indicate the increasing trend of the horizontal visibility in the northwest of Iran.

In this research, the spatial assessment of the risk of landslides in the Ligvan-chai watershed was done. Liqvan Chai watershed with an area of about 200 square kilometers is located in the political-administrative area of Tabriz city. In order to zone the risk of landslides in the Liqvanchai watershed, nine spatial variables were used. To determine the weight of each of the variables, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model was used in the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS). Simultaneous attention to the internal and external relationships between the criteria is the most important advantage of the ANP model compared to other multi-criteria decision making models. The results of the ANP model show that the three variables of slope (with a weight of 0.279), geological formations (with a weight of 0.224) and precipitation (with a weight of 0.165) are the most effective variables involved in the occurrence of landslides in The scale of the watershed is Liqvan Chai. In fact, these variables control the occurrence of landslides in the region by providing favorable conditions. Also, zoning the risk of landslides by combining the research criteria using the coefficients obtained from the ANP model in the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS) showed that in about 36% of the basin level in the high risk class and It is placed very much. Most of these areas are located in the lower reaches of the basin. The simultaneous participation of several factors, such as high slope, high rainfall, sensitive geological formations, the presence of faults, etc., has made the upstream parts of Liqvanchai basin have suitable conditions for the occurrence of landslides.

Geotourism is one of the branches of sustainable tourism that focuses on geological features and natural landscapes of a region. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the potentials of geomorphosites and geomorphological destinations in West Azarbaijan province using dynamic models and national parks. For this purpose, the geotourist areas of Band, Marmisho and Rajan are identified and the geomorphosite potentials are identified. The geomorphological purposes of those areas were evaluated. In this research, Violet's model has been used And for this purpose, we examine the geotourist areas of Bandh, Rajan, and Marmisho based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results obtained from Fiolet's model showed that the geotourist area of ​​Band village with a score of (8.25) from the total of effective items has various capabilities and compared to the other two areas, it has a high score in terms of development and attraction of tourists. Also, these areas were evaluated with a dynamic model. During this survey, the results showed that the geotourist area of ​​Bandh has a higher score among geotourism values ​​and indicators than other areas. Being an indicator in the destination with a score of (4.8) has the highest value. Based on this, by using the geotourism potentials in the studied area, the results were obtained that Urmia dam area will be very useful for attracting tourists and developing tourism. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Bandh region, we will attract tourists and develop welfare infrastructure. Therefore, it is suggested to provide a fresh and new attitude towards geosites in these areas in future studies in this area.

Urban parks, as the most public urban open spaces, are one of the most important uses in cities, and the presence of vitality in them provides a suitable platform for playing many ecological, economic and social roles of these spaces. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to measure the level of satisfaction of citizens with living in urban parks in Aliguderz city. In this research, we direct the attention of urban managers to organizing, beautifying and improving the quality of their furniture and equipment in line with urban management. The present research is descriptive and analytical in nature, and survey in terms of implementation and questionnaire in terms of data collection method. The target population includes 280 people from the parks of Aligoderz city, using Cochran's formula as the sample size was calculated and the samples were selected using simple random method, for data analysis, spss software and average, correlation and Multivariate regression. A line was used. The results of the data analysis indicate that the level of satisfaction with life in the urban parks of Aliguderz city is not favorable and the quality of furniture and cleaning should be improved. It was also found that city parks in Aliguderz city do not have vitality and the level of satisfaction is very low. Therefore, 69 percent of the visitors emphasized that they will visit more if the quality of elements and indicators of vitality increase, which should be noticed by city managers in order to increase the level of satisfaction of citizens.

Tourism is one of the main factors of sustainable development in economic, social, cultural and environmental levels. Geotourism is a subset of sustainable tourism and its purpose is to preserve tourism land resources and develop tourism in destinations. It means guiding tourists in such a way that the visited geosite can be preserved and used for future generations. In general, the achievement of sustainable development has caused the management of tourism development in developing countries such as Iran to be of double importance; Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the management of sustainable tourism development of geomorphosites in the city of Hashjin, and to achieve the goal, a qualitative method was used to identify geomorphosites and the COMENSCO model was used for quantitative evaluation of geomorphosites. The results of the research show that the area of Hashjin city has a high potential for the development of geotourism in all dimensions. Among the 11 selected geomorphosites, the city of Hashjin with a score of 61 out of 100 has the highest quantitative value, and the Qezaluzen river with a score of 61 has a high potential, and the next rank is Aghagh Mountain with a score of 57 and Aras forests with a score of 56. Therefore, it is concluded that with proper exploitation, the creation of facilities and the development of transportation and welfare infrastructures in the geo-tourist areas of Hashjin city, necessary measures should be taken for the economic prosperity and prosperity of tourism, and with careful planning and the use of geographic and environmental science experts to achieve this basic goal. The work will be done.

This study has analyzed dating methods used in paleoclimatological studies. The method was review, document, and library. The statistical complex under study was among 2579 valid scientific works, between 1974-2023 in a period of 49 years, of which 108 scientific sources related to age measurement methods in Iran and internationally have been identified and analyzed. The articles have been received from domestic databases (Irandoc, Noormags, Elmnet, Magiran, Ensani, SID) and international databases (Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar). The keywords searched in these databases included climatic reconstruction, dating, and Quaternary. The results of this research showed that the most dating methods in paleoclimatology studies are carbon-14, oxygen isotope, tree chronology, and luminescence, respectively, and most dating studies have been done with the carbon-14 method. In terms of the spatial distribution of the conducted studies; In Iran, most of the studies have focused on the level fluctuations of Lake Urmia, and at the international level in China (Tibetan Plateau). Based on the review of sources, the first study area of paleoclimate in Iran was Zaribar Lake and it was done in 1961. Focusing more thematic studies on the topics of climate change, droughts, and droughts; in terms of time scale, it is Holocene and Quaternary. Based on the studies reviewed in this research, Iran's climate has changed from a hot and humid climate to a temperate climate since the Cretaceous period and experienced dry periods in the Central Plateau during the Pleistocene. Since the climate change caused by global warming has intensified since the Quaternary period, therefore, the use of dating methods for paleoclimate studies can be somewhat appropriate in terms of planning and risk management with regard to the new and advancing climate of the world.

Assessment of agricultural crop potential areas based on potential climatic and natural talents plays an effective role in land use design and planning. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the elements and factors affecting grape crop cultivation by multi-criteria decision making methods. Using data such as temperature (mean, minimum and maximum), rainfall, percentage of slope, elevation above sea level and soil depth data were used to evaluate and zonation of grape crops. In this research, hierarchical process (AHP), ARAS method and weighted linear combination method (WLC) were used to evaluate the effects of elements and climatic factors for cultivating grapes in Meshgin region. The results of the study showed that eastern and southern areas of Meshginshahr, Doostbeigloo and Moshiran, which are located in Gharehsoo River and downstream of other rivers, are suitable for growing grapes. The evaluation carried out by AHP method, land use, altitude, sunshine hours, rainfall and temperature among the studied criteria had the greatest effect on the cultivation of grapes in the region, respectively. According to the maps extracted from WLC method in GIS medium, about 34% of the area of Meshginshahr area is very suitable, 28% is suitable, 22% is slightly suitable and 16% is unsuitable for grape crop cultivation.

Today, with the increase in the population in the villages, the lack of resources and insufficient income has caused problems and issues in the field of agriculture. One of the reasons for the progress of today's societies is the spread and acceptance of innovation. Because with the passage of time, people's needs are increasing or changing, so new solutions are necessary so that they can solve their needs through them, and this provides the foundations for progress and a prominent role in society. Innovation is one of the progress indicators of rural development. Accepting innovations and using them in daily life is the factor of job development, job creation and income increase, as well as improving the quality of life and improving performance in villages. Since the risk-taking in rural communities is low, this limits the adoption of innovation in these communities, so innovations in villages that are compatible with the social, economic and environmental conditions of these communities should be implemented. The purpose of this article, which was prepared using library and internet resources, tries to express the concepts of innovation and rural development and explain the characteristics of innovation, its acceptance and the effects it has on the process of rural development. Review and provide suggestions.

In general terms, free zone areas are considered as export gateways and development purpose, as well as the entry point for investors as a result of having some situational privileges and some special incentive laws. These areas around the world have been developed over a relatively long period of time and have been able to play a role as a tool in the service of countries' economies. These zones include different types, one of which is free commercial-industrial zones. In this research, the scientific theories supporting the creation and activity of free zones, such as international trade theories and the place of these zones in Iran's legal and development documents, have been reviewed. In the following, the history of the emergence and growth of these regions in the world and subsequently in Iran is presented and discussed. Finally, the performance of these areas has been investigated based on the results of studies and investigations, as well as the reasons for this lack of success, with an emphasis on Aras Free Zone. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library documents are used. The research results show that Aras Free Zone has a high potential in attracting domestic and foreign investments due to its special geographical location.

Tourism takes place within the framework of certain spatial patterns, which is the most important part of urban tourism. Geotourism is a branch of the tourism industry and its main focus is the behavior of geomorphosite systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations of Jolfa city. In this research, in a descriptive and analytical way, with the help of two geotourism models, with the participation of tourism and officials active in the geotourism industry of the region, geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations have been examined and analyzed using the Fiolet and Paulova method. According to the results of this research, the result of Fiolet's model shows that Jolfa region has geo-tourism potential by getting 10 points out of the total points of the tourism rate and management in various fields of science, culture, protection and use value. . Also, according to the evaluations made with Paulova's model, among the negative factors of Jolfa region's competitiveness, due to the presence of natural wealth with a total of 5.8 competitiveness, which has the highest score and the lowest score among the negative factors related to language and also There is a total of 2 unofficial accommodations. Among the positive factors, the highest score is related to the index of the existence of natural wealth with a total of 8.5 competitiveness, and the index of spa and treatment with a total of 0.5 has obtained the lowest competitiveness compared to other factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that by evaluating and identifying the potentials of Jolfa city and developing the capabilities, it will lead to the development of the geotourism area and attract tourists.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the dangers that has occurred in many areas of the plains of our country in recent years and has led to many problems. Identifying areas subject to land subsidence and estimating its rate has an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. The radar interferometry technique is a powerful tool in estimation and has the amount of ground subsidence with an accuracy in the millimeter range using phase observations. In this research, the data of Sentinel 1A satellite from 2017 to 2021 have been used in order to monitor the subsidence that happened in Chenaran city by sensor-radar interference method. To investigate the subsidence of Chenaran city, radar interferometric method, Sentinel 1 satellite images and available information of piezometric wells in the area were used and the piezometric changes of the water level of the wells were analyzed. According to the results of the current research, the amount of land subsidence for each period is 9 cm for 2017-2018, 10 cm for 2018-2019, 10 cm for 2020-2019, and 13 cm for 2020-2021. be Also, the results of the radar interferometric technique showed that during the statistical period, 42 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area. In addition, the areas with severe land subsidence, especially in the areas of Seyed Abad, Akhlamed, Haji Abad, Chahcheh, Hashem Abad, Kalate Sheikha, etc., corresponded to the areas with the highest level of underground water level drop. In general, the most important and main cause of land subsidence in the studied area is the excessive extraction of underground water resources, which has caused the dangers of land subsidence.

Ardabil province has a very convenient geographical location, as a border province, for trade with neighboring countries. By improving the level of economic interactions with neighboring countries, we can benefit from the significant capacities that exist in this area. By providing special facilities for export and import neighboring countries, developing non-oil exports, creating tourism facilities, developing tourism services and appropriate advertising, attracting investment in transformation and complementary industries, it is possible to develop economic interactions with neighboring countries and expand commercial relations. The export amount of Ardabil in 1400 was 516 million dollars, the volume of trade between Ardabil province and Azerbaijan was more than 1.3 billion , the non-oil exports of Ardabil to neighboring countries were more than 64 million , the production of transformation and complementary industries in Ardabil was More than 2.4 billion have been collected and more than 105 thousand tourists from neighboring countries have traveled to Ardabil province, as well as the export of various goods and products from the customs of Ardabil province in the first seven months of 1402 to Azerbaijan 39 million, to Armenia 172 thousand And Turkey has 12,000, which has had a leaping and growing trend, which shows the importance of developing trade with neighboring countries. To develop economic interactions between the two countries, solutions such as export and import development, infrastructure, transportation, tourism promotion, cross-border cooperation, etc. can be used. Considering the positive signs that exist in the field of economic interactions with neighboring countries in Ardabil province, it can be concluded that the development and deepening of economic interactions of Ardabil province with neighboring countries, including Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and the Republic Nakhchivan, can have a significant yield.this development can be considered as one of the main ways for economic development and increasing economic growth in Ardabil .

Drought is a natural and repeatable phenomenon that occurs due to a decrease in the amount of rainfall in a certain period. In the current research, the trend of rainfall changes and meteorological drought forecasting of 6 stations located in the Aras watershed have been investigated. To evaluate the severity of the drought, the annual rainfall data of the stations in the statistical period (1987-2021) was checked using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and simulated using MA, AR, ARMA, and ARIMA time series rainfall models and based on the criteria (AIC) was chosen as the best model for prediction. ARIMA model (0,0,1) was selected for Ardabil, Khoy, and Ahar stations, and the AR model (0, 0, 1) was selected for Parsabad, Maku, and Jolfa stations as the models with the best results. The forecast results for the next 5 years show an increase in rainfall, which makes the results of the fitted models acceptable based on the rainfall statistics available in the respective years. The results of the trend index (SPI) also showed that all 6 stations are close to normal and the highest severity of severe drought is related to Khoy station with 14%. Maku station also observed average wet conditions with 6% frequency during the studied period. Also, the results of precipitation changes using the Sen s slope test show a significant increase in precipitation in Maku station an increase without a trend in Parsabad, Khoy, and Jolfa stations, and a decrease without a trend in Ardabil and Ahar stations.

Cities have always drawn their growth and development from the thoughts and ideas of their initial designers and urban planners who have undoubtedly tailored the city's construction pattern to suit the environmental geography. Kermanshah is no exception to this environmental geography and has its own model of environmental defense. As the largest city in western Iran, Kermanshah is considered the uncontested city of the region due to its unique location and extensive sphere of influence. Kermanshah has been an important center of trade and an urban hub for many centuries, and today it ranks ninth in terms of urban population in the country. Kermanshah's role as a strong defensive fortress in the west of the country has made it the focus of governments in different eras. This underscores the importance of the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah as a result of defense factors in various historical periods. In this article, the Shannon entropy model is used to examine the development process. The results show circular development of the city until 1951, and linear growth from Sarab Taq Bostan in the north to Sarab Qanbar in the south until 1971. From this date onwards, the city has seen physical growth in the western and eastern areas, with the construction of industrial zones and residential areas in these regions, aimed at development plans and urban development. Moreover, practical challenges in some areas have affected urban development, with the political-military factors playing an exceptional role in the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah's metropolis.

The sense of place arises from the activities and interactions between people and places, as well as between people themselves, within a particular location. The high level of attachment among the residents of a place, neighborhood, or city emphasizes the significance of that place for individuals, leading to increased participation in civil and political activities, and enhancing citizens' social interactions. These emotional connections with the place also influence people's capacity to respond to changes, comprehend risks, and prepare for social resilience challenges. This research seeks to answer the question of the effects of the sense of place on social resilience in Mehestan. The research methodology is practical and developmental in its goal, and descriptive-analytical in its approach. Data has been collected through both library and field studies. The data analysis has employed descriptive statistics (including frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and dispersion coefficient) as well as inferential statistics such as structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The statistical population comprises all citizens of the new town, totaling 95,746 people. A sample of 380 individuals was randomly surveyed. The research findings indicate that the state of the spatial sense variable falls within the average range of 2.51 to 3.5. Similarly, the variable status of social resilience also falls within the average range of 2.51 to 3.5. Hypothesis analysis using AMOS software reveals that the effect of the sense of place on social resilience in Mehestan is significant at the 0.05 error level. Furthermore, the positive path coefficient (/276) indicates a direct and positive relationship.

Today, despite many droughts and many problems in the agricultural sector, most of the villagers are migrating to the cities. Despite the high unemployment in the villages, handicrafts can be used as a suitable alternative in the country's villages and create sustainable employment. The aim of this research is to provide a suitable strategy to determine the effectiveness factors of needlework employment of rural women in Irandag sector of Khash city. The statistical population of the research is made up of women needlewomen of the Irandag department and experts (specialists and university professors). According to statistics, 911 women are working as members of the cooperative and are engaged in needlework. Among the first group (needlemakers), 270 women were randomly selected as the sample size using Cochran's formula. Also, the number of 30 people has been selected as a sample size in the experts section as a personal estimate. The SWAT model was used to analyze the findings. ANP has also been used to obtain the object weight in SWAT. The results of the research showed that the WO strategy or the revision or adaptation strategy has the most weight with a weight of 8.170 and it is the first priority. The weight percentage of this strategy is equal to 0.26%, which has a higher weight percentage than other strategies. Therefore, the proposed strategy resulting from the SWAT technique is the revision or adaptation strategy (WO(.

Mental imagery is the brain's ability to create extraordinary images, smells, sounds, feelings, and events, similar to those experienced by other senses without the presence of an external stimulus, and is defined as a combination of all senses to create or shape It is designed to recreate an image or mental condition in the mind. The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing a positive mental image model with an emphasis on digital technology in the field of tourism in Ardabil province, and it is fundamental in terms of its purpose. The statistical population included all experts in the field of tourism in Ardabil province, according to the available sample and their declaration of readiness, 35 people were selected as the population. The number of statistical sample for identification and screening of indicators was used from the opinions of tourism organization experts, and 35 experts were identified and selected. The analysis method and data collection tool in the first round was the three-round Delphi method. The findings of the research showed that the final model of positive mental image with emphasis on digital technology in the field of tourism in Ardabil province is confirmed according to the opinion of experts with 23 indicators and 3 dimensions of semantic image, physical image, and social image.

Ancient sites are one of the important components of the cultural history of any region, which are limited and non-renewable resources that are under constant threat of environmental and human forces over time. The aim of the current research is to investigate the role of geographical and human factors in the destruction of prehistoric sites in Laran district. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and it includes 27 sites, which were investigated by using Arc GIS and Spss software and the Pearson correlation statistical analysis method to determine the degree of correlation between the destruction of sites due to geographical and human factors and it was found that there is a high correlation between geographical factors and human factors with the destruction of ancient sites. In addition, multi-variable regression analyzes on the destruction of ancient sites by human and geographical factors were also carried out and it was found that human variables explain 93% and geographical factors explain 78% of the destruction of ancient sites. In the next step, prehistoric sites were prioritized/ranked using TOPSIS statistical analysis method to determine which area is most at risk or the most destruction has been done on it; And the results of the analysis showed that the site of Kholak is in the first place, Qandil Dareh 1 is in the second place, Qakhmish Cheshme is in the third place, and these are the areas that are most exposed to all kinds of destruction

The importance of knowing the foreign policy of the United States of America has been at the top of the world because of its breadth and scope, and its unique role in conflicts, conflicts, alliances, coalitions, wars, etc. The rulers of society and religious beliefs are the legislators and interest groups. The purpose of this research is to examine the place of religion in the formulation of effective laws in the field of foreign policy of the United States of America. The research method is descriptive-analytical using library data to examine the background of the research on the topic. The findings of the research indicate the study of the role of religion in the drafting of the laws of different American states, religious interpretation of the constitution, the strategy of the American government regarding religious leaders, the vision of Zionist Christianity in the United States of America, the nation-building of the American government in Islamic countries, the abuse of religion in the field of foreign policy of the American government, assimilation and increase The activities of American Muslims in Islamic countries, then the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been considered as a turning point for the countries of the world. The conclusion of this research shows that religion has the most prominent and influential role in the drafting of laws with regard to their interpretation and implementation in the field of American foreign policy.

The entrance of the city is one of the most important elements of the image and urban landscape, but now we are witnessing the cities where there is no sign of an entrance space with the desirable characteristics that it should have. Ardabil city is also among them, despite the fact that this city is one of the historical cities that welcomes thousands of tourists and citizens at all times of the year. But there are many flaws and inadequacies in the appearance and meaning of the entrances of this city that cannot be ignored. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the appearance and landscape of Ardabil city with an emphasis on the entrances of the city. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field surveys was used. In this regard, SPSS software and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the research was people living in the entrances of Ardabil city. The findings of the research showed that the average objective dimension of each of the entrances under study indicates that the Tabriz-Ardebil entrance is in a relatively favorable condition compared to other entrances, and the entrance of Ithar Square is in an unfavorable condition. Regarding the perceptual-mental dimension, the Tabriz-Ardebil entrance has a relatively good condition, and the Fatemiyoun square entrance is in an unfavorable condition. In a general conclusion, it can be acknowledged that except for the entrance of Tabriz-Ardebil (Basij Square) which is in a relatively good condition, the other entrances of the target in both objective and perceptual-subjective dimensions have obtained an average below the average (3). which justifies their unfavorable situation. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and organize these inputs by urban planners and managers

Geotourism is a form of tourism that causes the geographical growth and stability of the region, its environment, culture, historical and aesthetic heritage, and also improves the lives of the residents of that region. The purpose of this research is to analyze the geotourism potentials and geomorphological destinations of Khoi city using the Paulova and dynamic model. The dynamic model is estimated by the indicators of scientific value and surplus values of that geotourist place. In this competitiveness model, geotourism destinations and potentials are identified and competitiveness factors are determined. Based on Paulova's model, the results show that Khoi geotourism area with the highest score in the positive factors promoting the competitiveness of geotourist destinations includes natural wealth with a score of (8.5) and the highest value among the negative items of competitiveness is deficit. The budget and lack of skilled specialists with a score of (5) creates the most negative impact on attracting tourists in the region. Also, according to the results of the dynamic model, according to the examination of scientific and surplus values, according to the opinion of experts and tourists, the results showed The highest score in terms of the scientific value of diversity in geomorphological forms has a score of 4.23 among the experts, and among the experts, the highest score with a total score of 14.4 among the experts was calculated as the indicator of the possibility of organizing for some special cultural events. Therefore, it can be concluded that by evaluating and identifying the geotourism potentials and developing capabilities, it will lead to the development of the geotourism area of Khoy and attract tourists. Finally, it is suggested to use newer software such as artificial intelligence in future studies for a better investigation.

With the fall of the Safavid government, Ardabil lost its previous prosperity and status. With the formation of the Qajar government and the beginning of the Iran-Russia wars, Ardabil was noticed by Abbas Mirza, the ruler of Azerbaijan, due to its proximity to the battle scenes, and the fortress of this city was repaired and rebuilt by French engineers. From this time on, this castle, which was known as Narin Qaleh, became the center of developments in the city of Ardabil. In this research, we seek to answer the question, what was the architectural structure of Narin Qaleh during the Qajar period, and what were the functions of this castle? The findings of the research show that the Narin of Ardabil Castle was considered as a strong urban fortress in the Qajar period and included a large area. Although this castle had a defense-security function at the beginning of this period, it became a place for imprisoning rebel princes from the period of Muhammad Shah onwards. In the following periods, despite the fact that parts of this castle were still used as a prison, it was also the seat of government and the place of holding various ceremonies.

Hekmar, a good city is a new method of urban management in which, through the improvement of several factors, it can include sustainable economic development and high quality of life. On the other hand, one of the concerns of managers and urban planners in The big cities of the country, including the city of Mashhad, which needs planning to solve it, are dilapidated urban tissues. Now it is necessary to see how good urban governance can take steps to achieve the organization of dilapidated urban tissues. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the status of good urban governance indicators in the dilapidated context of Mashhad city from the citizens' point of view and to identify the status of good urban governance indicators in each of the dilapidated context areas. The research method in this research is based on descriptive-analytical method. And the required information has been collected from two documentary and field methods (questionnaire). And it has been analyzed using Spss software and t-test, analysis of variance and multiple regression. The statistical population of this research is about 519,924 people based on the census of 1395, and using the Cochran sampling method, the sample size is 384. has been The results of the t-test show that the indicators of good governance in Mashhad are not in a favorable state. The results of the analysis of variance show that among the areas of worn-out fabric in Mashhad, areas 6 and 10 are in the worst condition with an average of 1.92 and 2.04, respectively. At the end, according to the results of the research, there are suggestions to improve the condition of these indicators. It is presented in the worn context of Mashhad city.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between these pollutions in urban areas and heat islands in Ardabil City. In this regard, the land use map of Ardabil City was drawn in the Google Earth Engine system by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and 1 satellites, and its overall accuracy and correctness were checked with the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, to investigate the aerosols of Ardabil City, Sentinel 5 satellite data was used and its daily trend was obtained by regression method. The skewness of aerosols was calculated for 2018-2023 and the pollution density map of Ardabil City was drawn. Then, by calling the MODIS satellite data, the temperature anomaly map and the thermal island of Ardabil City were drawn during 2018-2023, and the night LST trend in the mentioned period and the profile diagram of the night LST thermal island were obtained. By extracting the data of urban aerosol density maps with the thermal islands in ArcGis software, the correlation between temperature and the thermal island of Ardabil City was investigated. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between these two phenomena, such that the amount of daily aerosols in Ardabil City has taken an upward slope since the middle of 2021, and its negative skewness has shown an increase in pollution with high density and occurrence in inner city areas. The pollution density map also showed that the amount of aerosol has increased significantly in the inner city areas and intercity roads of Ardabil City. As a result, the temperature anomaly in urban and residential areas has increased significantly and led to the formation of a thermal island with an average temperature of 8.22 degrees Celsius, which reached its maximum in July.

Aging is one of the serious issues of the 14th century in Iran. According to the current trend and organizational forecasts, Iran has entered the old age period and will enter the old age stage in the last one or two decades. Considering the negative effects that aging has on societies, it is necessary to identify the challenges and obstacles of this segment of society to be present in cities in order to provide a basis for planning as an elderly-friendly society/city. . Therefore, and considering the importance of the subject, this study aims to identify the challenges of citizenship for the elderly. The current research is exploratory and the statistical population of the research is made up of experts familiar with the subject, 10 of whom were selected as the statistical sample of the research using the snowball method. Structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that among the 23 initially identified factors, 14 factors obtained a CVR coefficient above 0.75 in the calculation of content validity and were recognized as the challenges of elderly citizenship. The categorization of challenges showed that the two factors of non-standard living environment and discrimination in providing services are the most key challenges of senior citizens, and solving them can have a great impact on meeting the needs of the elderly and realizing a city that is friendly to the elderly.

One of the important issues in Iranian-Islamic cities is the common architectural style in them, which seems challenging especially in matching with contemporary needs. In such a way that the lack of attention to the dimensions and indicators of Islamic architecture in the Islamic cities of contemporary Iran with the justification of processing to the needs of the day, in addition to causing the formation of incongruous urban structures, did not help to meet the existing needs. Iranian-Islamic in the contemporary image of the city of Kermanshah, which is applied in terms of purpose and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of nature. The statistical population of the research was 382 citizens and 30 experts. For the purpose of analysis, interpretative-structural modeling method and Micmac software were used.The results of the research showed that the index of avoiding futility has a worse condition than other dimensions and the index of introspection has a better condition, which can be expected considering the cultural characteristics of the region. According to experts, the results of interpretative structural modeling showed that among 16 factors, 12 factors have a greater impact on the architecture of Kermanshah, and the indicators of populism, closeness, and introspection are among the most important indicators that should be considered in the contemporary urban structure of Kermanshah and micro and macro policies. In this regard, it should be considered in the scales of Islamic architecture and urban planning. In addition, it should be noted that the results obtained from the Mic Mac software show that all the mentioned components are linked variables that have a significant influence in the system of research variables.

are mostly physical, static and traditional, and their preparation of social, economic and managerial dimensions are not considered and are not elastic, long-term, and ultimately feasible. Therefore, the transition from these plans to strategic planning seems to be unlikely to solve problems and adapt to future developments. The main purpose of this research is the Preparation of Sustainable Urban Development Strategies in Kermanshah City. The research method is applied, and in terms of method and nature, is descriptive-analytical. So, by studying documents and researches related to Kermanshah city, as well as interviewing people and responsible for preparing and developing weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats, then these factors were used as a questionnaire among managers and experts of Municipality, Governorate, Housing And urban planning and related authorities. The sample size of this research is 30 experts and administrators. The swot model was used to analyze the collected data and present a suitable strategy. Then, to prioritize the strategies of SWAT technique, 5 professors and experts responded to the second questionnaire and the TOPSIS and ACCEPT techniques have been used to rank the strategies. The results show that Kermanshah's most important strategies are in an aggressive position and include strategies for tourism development, agricultural development, service and industrial development, commercial development, and communication development

Iran is located on the Alpine-Himalaya earthquake belt and is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world. ways to deal with this natural hazard are very important. One of the ways to deal with an earthquake and reduce the damages caused by it is the preparation of the general public against this event, and the preparation of the society requires public education and public education of citizens. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of public education in reducing urban hazards (earthquakes). The method of the present research is library-based, with library studies and documentary methods, and in order to prioritize the indicators, a questionnaire has been developed. The statistical population is the citizens of Semnan city, in order to determine the minimum sample size, 384 people were selected by simple random method using Morgan's table. In order to achieve more optimal goals by using the various criteria stated in the past, a new method has been proposed in which a distinction is made between the different stages of an earthquake, i.e. before an earthquake, during an earthquake, and after an earthquake. and coefficients were attributed to each of them based on their importance, and finally a value was obtained that expresses the level of people's preparedness against earthquakes.

We gave the measures after the earthquake a higher coefficient than the others (before the earthquake and during the earthquake) (0.40), we obtained the coefficient of each measure after the earthquake, before the earthquake and after the earthquake.

Considering that the level of preparedness of the people of Semnan city against the earthquake based on the stated criteria, an average level was obtained, it can be concluded that the people of this city need general education of the citizens.

Sustainable rural development is a holistic approach in rural development. Rural development in Iran has not been fully realized in the past few decades because it has had problems and challenges for rural development planners and policy makers in different dimensions. The lack of comprehensive and unified management in the administrative structure has added to the above problems to achieve rural development. Based on this, rural management is very important in achieving sustainable rural development in Iran. In the new management system of the country, the management of villages has been entrusted to councils and dehiaris. In this research, the performance of dehiaris and councils has been evaluated in order to achieve sustainable rural development in Barnetin village of Rodan city in Hormozgan province. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, and a closed questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed has been used to collect data. The sample size is 329 household heads, which was calculated using Cochran's formula. In this research, spss software and chi-square, Friedman, and T-test were used for data analysis. The results of the Chi-square test show that the level of satisfaction with the performance of rural local management in the economic index (2.32) is lower than other indicators. The results of the f test show that the village of Kahnushtri is at a higher level than other villages in terms of physical, spatial (2.81), ecological (3.21), social (2.87), cultural (3.47) and Abgarman village in the economic field (2.46). It is at a higher level compared to other villages. Also, in the cultural field of Barnetin village (2.5), it is at a lower level than other villages.

In today's world, environmental issues have become one of the most important challenges of humanity. Consumers are increasingly interested in green products that cause less damage to the environment. Meanwhile, social media marketing has become a powerful tool for brands to connect with their customers and inform them about sustainable products. Green purchase intention is a subset of sustainable consumption. The concept of green consumption refers to consumers who want to buy environmentally friendly products whose contents and production methods have the least impact on the environment. Marketing can play an important role in increasing consumers' green purchase intention. This research is an applied research and used a survey research approach. The statistical population of this research includes all consumers of banking services in the city of Ardabil, also a survey method through a questionnaire was used. The questionnaire of this research is online. In this research, descriptive statistical methods (frequency distribution table, mean and standard deviation) and inferential methods were used for data analysis. In the inferential statistics section, in order to analyze the data and generalize the results, structural equations were used with the help of SPSS 26 and smartpls software, and the results showed that all the hypotheses were confirmed.

Today, following the problems caused by the rapid growth and transformation of cities; The preparation and implementation of urban plans is emphasized. Projects that in most cases could not succeed in the planned development of cities despite some positive aspects. The development plans of Tehran city, especially its five-year plans (as the study sample of this research) are not exempted from this rule. One of the measures that can be taken into consideration in the process of correcting the wrong trends and problems of urban development programs is the pathology of urban development plans and programs. Therefore, the main goal of this research is the pathology of the process Preparing, approving, implementing and monitoring the five-year plans of Tehran using the Comprehensive Pathology Model (FPSS). This research is in the category of applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of its nature. The required information has been collected by documentary-library and field methods (interview and questionnaire). In order to identify the damages, 15 experts were interviewed and the damages were evaluated (importance level) from the opinions of 43 other experts (in a selective and snowball method) in the form of a questionnaire. The results of the research show that in the first to third five-year development plans of the city of Tehran, 35 damages were common in the respective periods. In terms of drafting stages, the most damage was related to executive and supervisory areas, and in terms of content, content, functional and systemic damages were more than structural and process damages. Adopting non-elitist approaches in developing the program, developing systematic monitoring and supervision systems, and longitudinal and horizontal communication with documents and parallel programs are among the necessary suggestions to improve the system of medium-term development plans of Tehran.

Climatic factors and elements play a role in hydropower and soil type and are very effective in the creation and development of dust. The data of 13 stations (climatology, rain gauge, and synoptic) were used in a 33-year period from 1368 to 1400, and the water balance of the province was estimated using the Thornth-White method. Two stations, Manjil and Rudkhan Castle, were chosen as models for dust production. The area of Gilan province is 13,790.5 square kilometers and the geographical location of Rudkhan Castle is 37°06'N 49°16'E and the height above sea level is 1677m, its area is 1052/28 km and Manjil is 36°46'N 49°30'E, the height from the sea is 263 and the area is 29/1072 km2. Gilan province is in the north of Iran with a geographical length of 35/50 to 32/48 and a width of 27/38 to 33/36 in the north with the Caspian Sea, in the east with Mazandaran province, in the south with Qazvin province, and in the west with Azerbaijan and Ardabil. Soil moisture consumption in GIS environment was interpolated and mapped by kerjing method throughout Gilan, and two desired points (Manjil, Rudkhan Castle) with maximum and minimum consumption were determined on the map. Changes in soil moisture consumption are the most important icons influencing dust production. In drier climatic regions - Manjil - the consumption of soil moisture increases and the conditions for the separation of soil particles are provided. Despite the fact that the wind blows in Manjil most of the year, it causes the production of dust and it gets worse in the hot season.

Humanity today with all the scientific advances, has not been very successful in controlling natural hazards. The concept of resilience brings the evolution of risk management in the current decade. Resilience is proposed as a way to strengthen societies by using their capacities. The main goal of this research is to measure and evaluate the economic resilience of the Neighborhoods of the three region of Ardabil city against the risk of earthquake. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The method of collecting data and information in the form of a library and a questionnaire that includes three indicators of economic resilience, the severity (amount) of damages, the capacity or ability to compensate for damages and the ability to return to suitable conditions. MEREC method was used to determine the weight of the indicators and CoCoSo method was used to measure and evaluate the resilience of the neighborhoods. The calculation of three strategies (Ka), (Kb) and (Kc) shows; in all three mentioned strategies, neighborhood six has the highest score and neighborhood eight has the lowest score. The amount (K) and the ranking of the ten neighborhoods shows, neighborhood six with a score of 2.87, neighborhood two with a score of 2.80, neighborhood seven with a score of 2.65, neighborhood ten with a score of 2.60, neighborhood Four with a score of 2.46, neighborhood one with a score of 2.23, neighborhood nine with a score of 2/11, neighborhood three with a score of 1.92, neighborhood five with a score of 1.76 and finally neighborhood eight With a score of 1.15, they are ranked first to tenth respectively. Overall, the results show that there is a difference between ten neighborhoods in terms of economic resilience.

In today's complex societies, urban tourism, in order to achieve a stable balance between the needs of local communities, preserving the environment and improving the quality of life, requires the formation of a strong urban management system with a systemic approach and emphasizing sustainable urban development. If the tourism program is properly reviewed, planned and managed and the natural and cultural environment is considered, it can smooth the conditions for the development of the local economy and the improvement of the quality of life of the citizens. Tourism planning is necessary for sustainability and should protect the resources that tourism depends on. The main goal of the current research is to plan the sustainable development of tourism in metropolises with an income generation approach using descriptive-analytical methods. To achieve this goal, by identifying the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats of different urban tourism areas, ranking and scoring were done based on the SWOT model. And finally, due to the importance of developing the basic strategies of urban tourism development in order to generate income for metropolises, it was identified and addressed. shows that tourism, as the most diverse and largest service activity, is the most important source of income and creating job opportunities for many countries in the world. Tourism is called as the engine of development, and due to its economic and social importance, it is receiving more attention day by day and governments give importance to it, and today it is one of the main and stable bases of the world economy. which can directly and indirectly affect other economic and cultural activities by creating the highest amount of added value.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of determining the factors affecting farmers' willingness to use tillage methods and the pattern of direct planting on the ridge. The statistical population under study included all the wheat farmers of the Dasht-e-Abbas in Ilam province, in order to better understand the farmers, first a plan with treatments consisting of tillage and planting pattern in the study area from the method of operation of the cultivator for direct planting on the ridge Done. Accomplished. A sample size of 205 people was selected for the study using the Karjesi and Morgan table with the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The main tool of this research was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and Smart Pls software. The results showed that the variables of attitude, mental norm and perceived behavior control have positive and significant effects on the intetion of farmers to use tillage methods and the pattern of planting directly on the ridge. In general, the results of this research are able to provide new insights for the policy makers of this field in order to transfer, introduce and promote and train farmers to adopt conservation tillage methods and specifically direct cultivation on the crop stacks. Provide the former and be an effective step in achieving the goals of saving energy and preventing soil structure destruction.

The notion of sustainable supply chain management has arisen in reaction to rising environmental consciousness during the last few decades, as environmental issues have gained a lot of attention. This study aims to determine the essential components of sustainable supply chain management (using the Gachsaran Oil and Gas Exploitation Company as a case study). In terms of paradigm, this research is qualitative-quantitative (mixed). It is deemed applied research due to its nature and goal, as well as the exploratory and descriptive-analytical technique, which mostly draws on library materials and articles. The process of conducting structural-interpretive modeling and Delphi research The managers of the Gachsaran Oil and Gas Exploitation Company and specialists in sustainable supply chains made up the statistical population of the study. Both sections of this study employed a judgmental deliberate sampling strategy. There are nine levels to the research: the first is cost reduction; the second is energy consumption; the third is the environmental accident penalty factor; the fourth is the availability of education and learning information; and the fifth is the factor of hazardous materials, safety and security, and financial rewards. fifth and sixth places. Corporate social responsibility, organizational management, and organizational capabilities are ranked seventh, society pressure and laws and standards are ranked eighth, and organizational management is ranked ninth level nine. The study's findings indicate According to him, the environmental laws serve as the cornerstone and are among the most crucial elements for the Gachsaran Oil and Gas Exploitation Company's sustainable supply chain management initiatives to be successful. He said that this factor must be taken into account before implementing a sustainable supply chain. and after that prioritize the remaining bills.

Earthquake as one the main natural hazards have put Iran in the position of one of the ten top quakes prone areas of the world and the fifth hazard zone in Asia. Earthquake both in the view of psychological aspects and financial sense has always had devastative impacts due to its very quick occurrence and the magnitude of resultant destructions. As the northern parts of Iran have located in the striking active belts of earthquake, it is always a susceptible region for quakes. Bostanabad is one of the 57 high risk cities in earthquakes based on the classification of the Settlement and Building Research Center list (2003). In this research we applied MCDM method in pre-stage earthquake crisis management in this city. Important criteria were considered for earthquake occurrence and Analytic Hierarchical Model was applied for encoding these criteria. Finally, we prepared the earthquake risk map and determined that zones 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 are in high risk zone and the average risk region has covered the maximum extent with an area of 203544 m2.

Dehiari is a public and non-governmental institution that is responsible for the rural management of the country and has duties in three social, economic and environmental-physical aspects, among its environmental-physical duties is issuing permits for buildings and cooperating with the Housing Foundation in order to prepare the Hadi plan.In this regard, village assistance institutions have been formed in many areas and have played a very effective role in facilitating the services of village assistants. One of the most important goals of the research is to evaluate the performance of the villagers and their role in improving the physical and environmental condition of the village. The research method in this research is applied in terms of its purpose and it is classified as descriptive-analytical and survey based on its nature. Documentary and field methods were used to collect information, and according to the sample size of the statistical population (997 households), the sample size of the questioned households based on the Cochran formula was equal to 130 households. The findings of the research show that there is a strong relationship between the performance of villagers and satisfaction with the quality of the physical environment with a statistic of 0.718 and a significance level of less than 0.05, and based on the results of the progressive stepwise regression test, the performance of villagers is 62.2%. It has explained the changes in satisfaction with the physical environment in the studied villages and among the components of villagers' performance, the creation of cultural-sports-tourism places and spaces with a beta coefficient of 0.70 in the first step and 0.43 in the fourth step has the greatest effect on satisfaction. has had villagers.

Tombstones are considered a manifestation of the values of Islamic art as they express the characteristics, motifs, forms,interests, thoughts and beliefs of Iranian-Islamic values. Different societies have different views on the design of tombstones and the signs derived from them. The presence of the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Timurid, Safavid and Qajar governments in the western and north-western regions of Iran prepared the ground for the creation of such material works. The aim of the present work is to analyze the tombstones of the Hegmataneh Museum in Hamadan during the Islamic era and to compare them with other neighboring areas. Therefore, the upcoming study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach with a typological approach, and the approach to the data shows two stages, field collection and library studies. The tombstones in Hegmataneh Museum were also studied and analyzed and applied in the Islamic period. The present article attempts to analyze the following questions: 1- The tombstones of Hegmataneh Stone Museum in Hamedan differ in terms of their structural typology. Are the groups subdivided? 2- How was the comparative study of the predominant motifs and their classification compared to other regions? The results show that the tombstones of Hegmetane are structurally divided into 8 categories: Dome or Pestani tomb, box tomb, box mastaba, cradle tomb, altar tomb, ram tomb, standing tomb and flat tomb. The gravestones examined contain decorative motifs such as: Plant, geometric, animal and human motifs, which have a particular symbolic meaning and are influenced by the local, temporal and regional culture. The motifs of most of the tombstones are comparable to the western and northwestern regions of the country, including the provinces of Lorestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Qazvin, West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan.

Human rights reflect the universal ideal of justice and a society in which every human being can enjoy an honorable life with equality and human dignity. And in the Islamic-Shiite government, it has a heavenly origin, which at the same time is at odds with the natural rights and conscience of humanity. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international convention that states the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. The purpose of compiling this article is to clarify the law and the necessity of dealing with the way to protect children as vulnerable sections of the society and its adaptation to international law and to explain why and how to protect this group in the statements of Imam Ali (A.S). The sources of this research are library and documents, and digital sources and reliable sites were also referred to. Modern perceptions of child education and related to the gradual evolution of individualization in Western societies, emphasizing the individual rights of children by considering childhood as an independent child, is not as helpful as it seems at first. Therefore, it seems that the definition of parenting in terms of children's rights is a very broad topic that depends on time, place and rules. And as Masoom (A.S.) divided child upbringing into three periods, it shows the importance of children's rights.