مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، بهار 1403)

Understanding bioclimatic or bioclimatic comfort in the architecture of educational centers, including schools, is of particular importance. Paying attention to the climatic characteristics and the effects that the climate has on the formation of such buildings, in terms of thermal comfort and the harmony of the building with the climatic conditions, has saved energy consumption, and from an environmental point of view, it is healthier and It's better. The purpose of this research is to investigate the compatibility of Sanandaj schools with the principles of hydrometeorology in architecture. The data used in this research include average wind, monthly precipitation, sunshine, average minimum and maximum temperature, average minimum and maximum relative humidity, monthly average temperature and humidity, average dry and wet temperature, and vapor pressure. These variables were analyzed during the statistical period of 45 years (1961-2005) from the Sanandaj synoptic meteorological station. To achieve the mentioned goal, 20 schools have been selected in different parts of Sanandaj city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of the type of research, it is applied. Data collection is using field and library research. First, thermal comfort in Sanandaj city was determined by using Mahani, Giuni, Evans, and Terjong criteria. For the climatic design of Sanandaj schools, issues such as the orientation of the school building in relation to the angle of radiation and wind, the dimensions of windows and openings, the determination of the depth and size of the canopy and the green space in the schools of Sanandaj city have been investigated.The results of the research showed that according to the two investigated thermal comfort indicators (Mahani and Tarjong), er, December, February and cold March). The night conditions are from 12 months (3 months of June,

Considering the dynamics of cities, their transformation over time is inevitable. Nowadays, in the study of urban issues, the recognition and analysis of urban morphology is of particular importance in the investigation of phenomena and their developments. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to measure the morphological changes of Ardabil city by using the spatial layout analysis method (in the framework of the plans and programs of Ardabil city). In this research, in order to investigate the morphology of the city based on the changes in the correlation index of the extracted data related to the analysis of the axial line map in Space Syntax Network and Arc Gis software. QGIS has been studied during the periods (1307-1340) and (1340-1355). The results of the research showed that the difference between the highest and the lowest interconnectedness in the context of Ardabil city in the first period is less than the second period. This indicates that the city of Ardabil in the period 1307-1340 compared to the period 1340-1355 had a more homogeneous structure and characteristics. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be said that one of the most important influencing factors in the changes in the fabric of Ardabil city during the passage of time has been the inter-connectivity changes caused by physical-spatial changes.

The existence of inefficient structures in urban areas, especially in the metropolis of Tehran, is known as one of the practical challenges of urban management, and its management is necessary to benefit from efficient and desirable management principles in different areas, the existence of dense and worn-out structures in 17 regions of the city. Tehran has always been the focus of urban policy makers, and in this recognition of management principles is considered as a key necessity, considering the importance of urban regeneration of inefficient structures and benefiting from efficient management principles, this research seeks to realize the realization of governance. It is appropriate in the sustainable regeneration process of the 17th district of Tehran, the method is analytical and library and document studies based on published data and thematic maps. According to the conducted investigations, it can be concluded that proper governance in the region requires more attention to urban management, sustainable development, protection of citizens' rights, protection of public security and peace, and citizen participation. By applying the principles of good governance in this region, it is possible to improve the living conditions of citizens and improve the performance of institutions responsible for urban management in this region. Also, based on the analysis, it shows that in general, good governance can improve the condition of the fabric. Facilitate the ineffectiveness of Tehran's 17th district. Also, in order to create a decent government, it is necessary to observe moral principles, transparency, justice and attention to the needs of citizens.

Border economy and the development of border businesses are one of the important factors in creating employment and developing economic activities, and one of the features of the formation of business clusters at the borders is the issue of security. Borders are a good opportunity for legal entrepreneurship. If this economic development and entrepreneurship is based on documented and approved principles and methodology, it will ensure the survival of the business and ultimately guarantee the security of the country's borders. More than half of the country's provinces are located near the borders, and it is a unique opportunity for economic exchange and business development and creating population structures in the border areas. Security cannot be achieved except by rule of law, and the interaction and cooperation of organizations, institutions and border residents with the border guard, in addition to helping to improve security, will lead to the economic development of the region. This article deals with the development of cross-border businesses in the form of the development of business clusters and networks.

The river passing through a city is a unique opportunity for the development of tourism, and it is essential to maintain the dynamics, quality and quantity of this natural resource in order to continuously benefit from it over time. Ahvaz metropolis has created special conditions for the urban tourism industry due to the Karun river passing through it. Based on this, this research aims to examine the challenges and strategies of tourism development in Ahvaz metropolis. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical (documentary-survey), including library studies, designing and completing questionnaires and determining existing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The method of collecting information is using official sources for quantitative data (questionnaire and interview) and the work technique is SWOT-QSPM model. The findings showed that the attraction of private sector funds in order to protect and maintain tourist attractions and increase economic attractiveness, improve the level of protection of tourist attractions through integration and inter-organizational cooperation and increase the market share of Ahvaz metropolis. Domestic and foreign tourism of the province and the country is presented through the improvement of the quality of tourist attractions and electronic and advertising tools as outputs of this diversification strategy in order to solve the challenges.

Accurate and scientific definition of terms and vocabulary is one of the important of subjects various scientific fields. Therefore, the enrichment of vocabulary and the principled and correct use of words and terms, as well as the precise application of these concepts and their definitions in writing books and articles and other research fields, are important necessities. Especially in humanities and its sub-fields, conceptualization of vocabulary and implementation of concepts in their own place are among the duties of experts and researchers in these fields. Among the various fields of humanities, the fields of political science, international relations, political geography and geopolitics have commonalities in the topics discussed, in methodology, regional studies, etc., but it is certain that these two sciences are not the same and In philosophy, ontology, nature and epistemology are different from each other.One of the important concepts that has not been theorized well in humanities studies, especially in political sciences and political geography of Iran, is the concept of international order and world order. Various views and opinions about these two concepts have been presented by the authors of these disciplines , especially among researchers., it has been tried to discuss their differences and commonalities.The research is of developmental-comparative nature and its method is descriptive-analytical, information collection was done in the form of library (books, articles) and inferential analysis.The findings of the article indicate that from a philosophical point of view, the concept of the world order is different from the international order, while the world order, with a geopolitical approach, talks about the relations between powers. But the international order refers to the relations between countries or nation-states. Of course, besides the differences, the international order and the world order have common points from the point of view of economic, political, etc. goals.

The principles of compatibility are one of the important principles of urban planning and especially the use of urban land, which failure to comply with this problem causes problems such as depriving the residents of a region of comfort and life. The number of users in urban spaces. The location of this type of use should be the principles of functional urban land planning to avoid the mentioned problems.Therefore, the research carried out deals with the organization of disturbing urban jobs on the constitutional boulevard and a part of Atar Neishabouri street (Emamieh, Payam Noor University, Tabriz center). The work process is as follows: after selecting the study area, using ARC GIS software, we produced a map of the study area. Then, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), firstly, criteria related to By organizing nuisance jobs, we got a city.To perform this method by forming a matrix, we obtained the final weight by using a pairwise comparison for each of the criteria using the EXCEL software environment. According to the data obtained from the analysis of criteria and options, car services is the most important user in order to organize users in the study area with a final weight of 0.016 due to the increase in users dependent on this type of service. is identified.

The purpose of the current research is to explain the key drivers effective on the development of football in Khuzestan province. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and analytical-exploratory in terms of its nature and method. In order to collect data, questionnaires, Delphi technique and document-library studies were used. The research findings showed that among the 35 main influencing factors, 20 variables are known as key factors. that these variables have the most influence and the least influence on the future development of football in Khuzestan province and include the factors of the existence of suitable websites for each club, the supervision of the clubs' performance by the federation, the existence of the communication department with radio and television, the existence of sufficient will from the institutions Relatedly, the existence of suitable football schools, the provision of the necessary laws to deal with clubs and players, the existence of sponsors committed to paying salaries, helping to privatize football and reducing the influence of the government, the existence of coherent laws regarding financial sponsors, earning the necessary income from holding Competitions, Selling proper tickets, selling club uniforms and flags, helping the principle of privatization in football, the existence of talent search committees, the use of new methods to discover football talents, the existence of contracts between the football federation and education, the existence of the necessary rules to comply with the framework cultural factors, the existence of news officers in clubs, proper interaction with reporters, the existence of suitable satellite facilities for proper coverage of the game. The results showed that due to the high influence of the economic, media and managerial factors in the development of football sport by the sports officials in Khuzestan province,

Divorce is a reprehensible phenomenon that not only causes a lot of damage to the cell of the society - the family - but also to the body of the society; On the other hand, the result of divorce - broken family - also causes many social problems such as children and women without guardians, children running away from home and increasing other delinquencies. The purpose of this research is to design and effective tools on divorce, the statistical community of divorced women in Nowshahr. The sample size is 180 people according to Cochran's formula. The validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinion of university professors, and its reliability was calculated according to Cronbach's alpha of 0.76. Factor analysis has been used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the first factor is interest-family, the second factor is sexual satisfaction, the third factor is forced marriage and the duration of marriage, the fourth factor is incompatibility of marital relations, the fifth factor is religious observance, and the sixth factor is the involvement of others in life. Therefore, in order to take the necessary measures to reduce the phenomenon of divorce in Nowshahr city, it seems necessary to plan carefully to reduce the factors.

Today, medical tourism is growing rapidly and many countries have documented plans for the development and exploitation of this branch of health tourism. As one of the border areas of the country, the city of Ardabil has a favorable climate and of course natural and infrastructure potentials, it is prone to progress in the field of medical tourism, but until now it has not been able to achieve a position commensurate with its properties. In this regard, the aim of this research is to plan the development of medical tourism in Ardabil city. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and its statistical population consists of experts in the field of medical surgery in Ardabil city, using the snowball method, 10 experts familiar with the subject in Ardabil city, as a sample. Selected research statistics were selected and questioned. Also, strategic management models (SOAR and QFD) have been used to analyze the obtained data. The results of the SOAR matrix indicate that 7 strengths and 6 opportunities have been identified for medical tourism in Ardabil, and in this regard, 3 ideals and 5 results have been compiled. In addition, 5 strategies have been developed to achieve these results and goals. Finally, the prioritization of strategies using the quality house model showed that the strategy of "using competitive advantages (such as the low cost of medical services in Ardabil city) in line with the development of medical infrastructure and diversification of related services", is the most important strategy for the development of medical tourism in Ardabil. The result is that the three pillars, the medical community, officials and financial resources, which happened to be the basic needs of this research, are the most important factors in the development of medical tourism in Ardabil city.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 816 watts per square meter in July and the lowest value was 302 watts per square meter in February. Meanwhile, the highest amount of net radiation in June is in the range of 602-680 W/m2 with a value of 32%. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the earth in the studied area is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

 Irrigation water, as an essential resource, plays a fundamental role in household production and livelihood activities. In recent years, it is necessary to communicate between the demand of consumers and suppliers in order to ensure the sufficiency of water for agriculture and the sustainable management of the irrigation system and to meet other needs. With the general belief about the important role of irrigation in agricultural growth, many developing Asian countries have turned to the promotion and development of irrigation, which has led to the achievement of broad goals in the form of economic growth, agricultural and rural development, and food security. and protection against drought conditions, which is expected to include social results that are directly and indirectly related to poverty reduction due to the mentioned benefits of irrigation water.

As the world's largest service industry, tourism is one of the important sources of economic prosperity in terms of job creation, foreign exchange earnings, poverty reduction, and increasing social exchange and interaction. With its natural potentials and pristine tourism areas, Hashjin city has the ability to become a tourism hub, which can play an effective role in the development of the national and regional economy with proper planning and identification of existing strengths and limitations. The aim of the current research is to identify the potentials and attractions of urban tourism. The research method in this research is analytical and descriptive and of applied research type. Also, SWOT analytical method has been used to analyze information and provide tourism development strategy. For this purpose, a list of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been prepared and by adjusting the strategic factors of the SWOT matrix, it has been extracted and the approaches resulting from these analyzes have been presented as pioneering policies to strengthen the infrastructure and tourism potentials of Hashjin city. The findings of the research show that offensive strategies (so) are the first priority. In fact, offensive strategies show that by emphasizing the strengths and opportunities, the severity of the weaknesses can be reduced and the threats can be neutralized, and in order to achieve the goals by using these strategies, strengthening and increasing the facilities and services and communication and communication infrastructures at the same time Tourism attractions and resources are proposed with the aim of attracting more tourist satisfaction and creating employment and income, as well as providing appropriate policies to remove existing restrictions and obstacles.

Spa tourism or hydrotherapy is one of the oldest and most attractive types of tourism and is still implemented today with different approaches and methods. The city of Sareyn, which is one of the most important cities providing Spa tourism services in Iran, has been considered as the subject of this research. The main goal of the current research is to develop a model for evaluating the performance of Spa tourism destination, which for the first time uses the perspective of both the expert community and the host community. The current research is mixed in nature, which used the qualitative method of expert panel in the first phase and the quantitative survey method in the second phase. The tool for collecting information in the first phase is semi-structured interviews and in the second phase, a questionnaire. In the first phase, two groups of experts and the local community of Sareyn city were used to count the indicators and components by using the Convenience and Purposive sampling method; Then, in the second phase, using stratified sampling, 31 experts expressed their opinions regarding the extracted cases. The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS26 and Smart PLS4 software. According to the findings of the research, 142 raw propositions were extracted, which were categorized into 84 key codes, 34 integrative and 5 overarching codes using the King and Harrocks coding method. In the quantitative phase, all the indicators and components were approved and generalized by selected experts. According to the results of the present research, the evaluation of the performance of the spa tourism destination can provide information regarding the existing gaps and gaps while considering the capacities and potentials of the destination. This category makes the evaluation of the activities that lead to the creation of a competitive advantage in t..

Tourism has various forms and types that are different according to environmental conditions. Geotourism is one of the sub-branches of tourism. Geotourism is one of the branches of sustainable tourism that focuses on the geological features and natural landscapes of a region. Geotourism is a form of tourism that causes the geographical growth and stability of the destination region, its environment, culture, historical and aesthetic heritage, and also improves the lives of the residents of that region. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the geotourism potential of Zanouzagh village in Tabriz using the Violet (National Park) model. For this purpose, the geotourist area of ​​Zanoozgh was chosen. The geotourist centers of Zanouzgh village were investigated. In the present study, Violet's model was used, which examines the geotourist area of ​​Zanouzag based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results obtained from Fiolet's model showed that this geotourist area with a score of (10) from the total of effective items has various capabilities.Based on this, by using the geotourism potentials in the studied area, the results were obtained that these areas will be very useful for attracting tourists and developing tourism. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Zanouzgh region, it will lead to the attraction of tourists and the development of welfare infrastructure. Based on this, it is suggested to use other geotourism topics such as geomorphological, economic and cultural processes in the study area in future studies.

Due to the increase in the world's urban population, need for food has become more important. Therefore, one of the effective solutions in response to the increase in urban population, especially in developing countries, is the expansion and promotion of urban agriculture. In fact, the citizens of society can take maximum advantage of the space dedicated to urban agriculture in form of environmental and economic capacities. Through urban farms and local self-sufficient production, urban farmers significantly reduce the fossil fuel needed to transport, package and sell food. Also, due to its proximity to consumers, it causes the circulation of income throughout a region, which in turn leads to economic growth for the community in question. In these spaces, most people gather and engage in activities with the aim of producing food, so the development of social participation is one of other benefits of this phenomenon. It should be noted that, in addition to above benefits, urban agriculture also faces obstacles and challenges. In fact, by reviewing the experience of urban agriculture in different cities of the world, we come to the conclusion that this phenomenon must be accompanied by creation of a platform in the spatial, social and cultural fields, and otherwise, the development and promotion of urban agriculture is definitely associated with challenges. Actually, to achieve the benefits of urban agriculture, it is necessary to overcome these challenges. In fact, if we want to have extensive and efficient urban agriculture, we need to create necessary laws and platforms from the government. Actually, together with the development and promotion of urban agriculture, regulations and laws of municipalities should be formulated clearly and explicitly in this matter, and also the production units of urban agricultural products should be registered so that they can be monitored and based on environmental principles.

According to the available evidence, mining and the use of minerals are thousands of years old. In the past, mining did not require special knowledge and expertise, but today it is a very complex and expensive profession. Because now the rich layers of the mines are empty and the metal grade of the ores has decreased, as well as the economic value resulting from mining, activities related to mines such as copper, gold, lead, zinc, coal and minerals. Various metallic and non-metallic mining and construction material mining has been carried out in different parts of Iran's ecosystems, which has led to negative effects on the environment. Therefore, in this research, the positive and negative economic, social, cultural and environmental effects of stone quarrying on the rural areas of Khorrambid city located in Fars province have been investigated and analyzed. The method of conducting this research is descriptive analysis and based on field method and questionnaire. In this research, after knowing the different parts of the mining projects, using library studies and collecting information from different sources, the components and elements of the environment of the affected area, separated into four physical-chemical, biological-ecological, social-cultural environments. and economic-operational was examined. Also, the statistical population of this research includes 14 villages from Khorambid city. The results of this research showed that mining activities in the studied area did not have many positive effects, but its negative effects were very significant, In this way, the physical and biological environment of the study area in all villages had a negative impact from mining activities, the only thing that had a positive impact in some villages such as Muzaffarabad, Sartam, Agha Cheshme, Ghazian, Qasr Yaqoub, is its social and economic environment. It is also in the category of employment.

Urban regeneration is the most recent approach to intervene in deteriorated urban fabrics that generally have low quality of life, physical instability, poor socioeconomic status, and unfavorable health conditions, which have made these areas vulnerable to natural hazards and man-made disasters. The objective of this article is to review urban regeneration policies of deteriorated urban fabrics focusing on disaster risk reduction, implementation of these policies, and development of a conceptual framework to achieve the aforementioned goal. In this research, published works on the topic were overviewed with the aim of finding the causes of success or failure of urban regeneration projects focused on disaster risk reduction. Then, the relationship between urban regeneration and disaster risk reduction and the common goals of these two fields were analyzed, and the results were used in developing an effective conceptual framework for the regeneration of urban fabrics with a focus on disaster risk reduction. Studies on the implementation of urban regeneration policies aimed at reducing the risk of disasters reveal the facts that determine the success or failure of the project. Among the lessons learned from these studies, there is a common feature that influences the success of projects and distinguishes disaster risk reduction projects from others, and that is the development of a vision for the place and the accurate assessment of vulnerability in the targeted areas. Accurate assessment of vulnerability in target areas requires a conceptual framework that can be used as a guide map in the assessment. By acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of the target area, one can use the problems as an opportunity to regenerate the deteriorated fabric and reduce disaster risk.

Main goal of this research is to measure the success rate of in-service training courses in improving the professional skills of the employees of the agricultural jihad of Ahvaz city. The research method is t-test and F-test, regression and correlation. The statistical population investigated in this research is made up of all the employees working in the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ahvaz city in 2017, according to the inquiry made by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, there are 750 of them, of which 230 people are using Morgan's table. The title of the sample was selected. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the data required for the research. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the success rate of in-service training courses according to gender and education level. Also, regression test was used to identify the effective factors on the success rate of in-service training courses. The results of the research showed that the effectiveness component of in-service training was significant at the 99% confidence level and the component of the increase in knowledge and skills acquired by employees was significant at the 95% confidence level. are Also, there is no significant relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents (level of education and service experience) with the success rate of in-service training courses.

With the development of various methods in the field of classification of satellite images and the detection of changes, especially in recent decades, the selection of the best and most correct method for preparing land use and land cover maps in different regions has grown day by day. The main goal of this research is to compare the accuracy of various classification methods for preparing land use maps in Razvanshahr city. For this purpose, seven land use classes in Razvanshahr city (including pastures, residential areas, roads, agricultural lands, rivers, coastal areas and forests) were determined using satellite images. Then, educational samples were collected from the region using satellite images, Google Earth images and field visits. In the next step, by using the characteristics of the images, the land use classes in the study area were determined and after determining the resolution of the classes, the classification was done using maximum likelihood (MLC), support vector machine (SVM), and minimum mean distance (MD). The evaluation results of these three methods showed that the machine vector method has more accuracy than other methods (overall accuracy 92.60, kappa coefficient 0.87 for the year 2000 and overall accuracy 97.16 and kappa coefficient 0.93 for 2022). . Therefore, the results of this research can be used to prepare a land use map with higher accuracy by using the support vector method in environmental and natural resource assessment works in areas with similar conditions.

Nowadays, resilience has become an important concept in scientific research and political discourses, and it is considered a basic approach in facing all kinds of crises and risks in cities. Also, due to the locality of crises and their effects, planning and managing resilience on a local scale is considered one of the basic principles. Considering the importance of resilience at the local scale, the present research was written with the aim of evaluating the implementation of the principles of resilience and streamlining of risk management at the local scale of Tabriz metropolis. In this regard, the research method is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of analytical-exploratory nature, in order to analyze information, were used logarithmic regression model, VIKOR multi-criteria decision making model and Shannon's entropy weighting method. The statistical population of the research also includes managers and city officials involved in the field of crisis management, and the size of the statistical sample was determined using the targeted Delphi method of 100 people. The findings of the research show that out of the 9 investigated components, only two components of financial considerations and participatory management with beta coefficients of 0.652 and 0.617 are significant at the confidence level of 0.95 and have been realized. On the other hand, among the investigated components, the most unfavorable situation was the components of knowledge management and accountability and recovery. Also, it is recommended to implement the principles of resilience and streamline risk management only in the 2nd, 5th and 9th districts of Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, it can be said that the implementation of the principles of resilience and streamlining of risk management at the local scale of Tabriz metropolis has an unfavorable situation and we need strategic planning in this field.

The Hourol Azim wetland is one of the border water resources of Iran and Iraq, which has witnessed severe floods and a severe decrease in water level in recent years, and has experienced environmental crises in the form of drought, destruction of farms, and dust storms. In this research, the random forest algorithm was used to investigate the change process of Hourol Azim wetland from 2000 to 2023, and in addition, to investigate the expansion of water areas caused by the flood of April 2019 from the spectral indices NDWI, NDVI and NDBaI in the period of March 7. It was used on April 8 and April 24, 2019. With the reduction of the wetland level, the temperature of 77 degrees Celsius was recorded in some parts of the northeast of the wetland in May 2023. The LST index showed the highest positive correlation with the NDBaI index at the rate of 0.72 on March 7, 2019, and the highest negative correlation between the NDVI index and LST was obtained at the rate of -0.73 in 2000. In 2000, the surface of Hourol Azim wetland was equal to 256 square kilometers, and this amount increased to 780 square kilometers in 2023. However, at the time of the flood in April 2018, at the maximum intensity of the flood, the water level of the lagoon increased to 3200 square kilometers along with the outflow of the Karkhe River. At the time of the flood, vegetation experienced its lowest level and the largest area of 11,843 square kilometers was allocated to barren lands. The results show that the random forest model has detected different types of land use with high accuracy.

Understanding the mechanisms of social capital in the field of planning and policy-making for rural settlements is very valuable and important and plays a fundamental role in sustainable economic development plans of rural settlements. Accordingly, the present study was conducted by quantitative and descriptive-analytical methods in 400 random sample households and 30 sample villages out of a total of 187 villages in the central part of Jiroft city; To provide a meaningful framework, the structural equation modeling method was used using Emus Graphic software, the relationship between the dimensions of social capital and economic sustainability indicators of rural settlements in the central part of Jiroft. The results of the research reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of social capital and indicators of economic sustainability. The results of the research reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of social capital and indicators of economic sustainability. Also, to investigate the relationship between research variables in rural settlements in the study area, a one-sample t-test was used which shows that all 6 variables of social capital and 11 variables of economic stability of rural settlements studied at a significance level of less than 0.05 Are located. Therefore, considering the level of significance, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between the variables of social capital and economic sustainability of rural settlements. Also, to investigate the relationship between research variables in rural settlements in the study area, a one-sample t-test was used which shows that all 6 variables of social capital and 11 variables of economic stability of rural settlements studied at a significance level of less than 0.05 Are located.

 During many years, some government measures were taken by the country's institutions, which have been of great help in increasing the desire of the villagers to live in the village. unlike the actions taken, the proposed and implemented plan has not been successful. According to the studies, the argument is that the proposed program has underestimated the attention to regional social and cultural indicators, so that it has been differentiated from other regions.in a way that has distinguished it from other regions. For this purpose, investigations related to culture, interests and beliefs were carried out. The method of conducting this research is qualitative and field-in-depth interview, which was done by being in the target area and observing and interviewing people face to face. In the first stage, field studies were carried out and according to the sources and references, materials and The results show that the designs presented for the valuable rural textures have suffered problems due to the designers' lack of attention to the modern needs of the society and attention to the past and old needs of the villagers. After that, the local methods of construction have been highlighted and the emphasis of these plans is on the use of local architecture and local materials, which have not been paid much attention by the natives of the region. In Zanouzag, despite the implementation of the project to improve the rural fabric with value, this project failed, therefore, by examining the social and cultural indicators, we sought to increase the quality and satisfaction of the residents and local people, and provide more appropriate and practical strategies to maintain the social and cultural indicators. It was done to preserve the heritage of the past, preserve the native texture of the village and satisfy the residents of the native community.

Horizontal visibility variations represent changes in air quality. This study is carried out to investigate trend in horizontal visibility in northwest of Iran during 1985-2020. In this regard hourly observational visibility data from 27 meteorological stations was obtained from IRIMO. After screening and selecting the reliable data series, extinction coefficient was calculated by Kashmeider's approach. Ridit analysis and Mann-Kendall statistical tests were used to detect trends in visibility and extinction coefficient. Also, 5 visibility categories were determined and the percentages of each category got calculated. Results showed that the annual regional-average of horizontal visibility (extinction coefficient) was calculated as ~11.4 (0.173) km in the studied period. Ridit output variations showed that visibility improvement / weakening periods was observed in different times according to the environmental conditions of each station. In most stations, the increasing trend of horizontal visibility often formed through the reduction of average visibility percentages; increase in good and very good visibilities and finally stability in bad and very bad visibilities. The highest (lowest) seasonal extinction coefficient obtained for winter (summer) with 0.179 (0.168) km. A perfect inverse correspondence was observed between ridit outputs and extinction coefficient in terms of fluctuation periods and trend direction in all stations. Spatial distribution of parameters showed that the highest (lowest) values of ridit (extinction coefficient) were obtained in several stations located in the north of the studied area. In 18 stations out of 27 studied stations, the increasing (decrease) trend of ridit (extinction coefficient) was detected, which both indicate the increasing trend of the horizontal visibility in the northwest of Iran.

In this research, the spatial assessment of the risk of landslides in the Ligvan-chai watershed was done. Liqvan Chai watershed with an area of about 200 square kilometers is located in the political-administrative area of Tabriz city. In order to zone the risk of landslides in the Liqvanchai watershed, nine spatial variables were used. To determine the weight of each of the variables, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model was used in the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS). Simultaneous attention to the internal and external relationships between the criteria is the most important advantage of the ANP model compared to other multi-criteria decision making models. The results of the ANP model show that the three variables of slope (with a weight of 0.279), geological formations (with a weight of 0.224) and precipitation (with a weight of 0.165) are the most effective variables involved in the occurrence of landslides in The scale of the watershed is Liqvan Chai. In fact, these variables control the occurrence of landslides in the region by providing favorable conditions. Also, zoning the risk of landslides by combining the research criteria using the coefficients obtained from the ANP model in the framework of the Geographical Information System (GIS) showed that in about 36% of the basin level in the high risk class and It is placed very much. Most of these areas are located in the lower reaches of the basin. The simultaneous participation of several factors, such as high slope, high rainfall, sensitive geological formations, the presence of faults, etc., has made the upstream parts of Liqvanchai basin have suitable conditions for the occurrence of landslides.

Geotourism is one of the branches of sustainable tourism that focuses on geological features and natural landscapes of a region. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the potentials of geomorphosites and geomorphological destinations in West Azarbaijan province using dynamic models and national parks. For this purpose, the geotourist areas of Band, Marmisho and Rajan are identified and the geomorphosite potentials are identified. The geomorphological purposes of those areas were evaluated. In this research, Violet's model has been used And for this purpose, we examine the geotourist areas of Bandh, Rajan, and Marmisho based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and access status. The results obtained from Fiolet's model showed that the geotourist area of ​​Band village with a score of (8.25) from the total of effective items has various capabilities and compared to the other two areas, it has a high score in terms of development and attraction of tourists. Also, these areas were evaluated with a dynamic model. During this survey, the results showed that the geotourist area of ​​Bandh has a higher score among geotourism values ​​and indicators than other areas. Being an indicator in the destination with a score of (4.8) has the highest value. Based on this, by using the geotourism potentials in the studied area, the results were obtained that Urmia dam area will be very useful for attracting tourists and developing tourism. Therefore, it can be concluded that by identifying and creating facilities in the geotourist areas of Bandh region, we will attract tourists and develop welfare infrastructure. Therefore, it is suggested to provide a fresh and new attitude towards geosites in these areas in future studies in this area.

Urban parks, as the most public urban open spaces, are one of the most important uses in cities, and the presence of vitality in them provides a suitable platform for playing many ecological, economic and social roles of these spaces. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to measure the level of satisfaction of citizens with living in urban parks in Aliguderz city. In this research, we direct the attention of urban managers to organizing, beautifying and improving the quality of their furniture and equipment in line with urban management. The present research is descriptive and analytical in nature, and survey in terms of implementation and questionnaire in terms of data collection method. The target population includes 280 people from the parks of Aligoderz city, using Cochran's formula as the sample size was calculated and the samples were selected using simple random method, for data analysis, spss software and average, correlation and Multivariate regression. A line was used. The results of the data analysis indicate that the level of satisfaction with life in the urban parks of Aliguderz city is not favorable and the quality of furniture and cleaning should be improved. It was also found that city parks in Aliguderz city do not have vitality and the level of satisfaction is very low. Therefore, 69 percent of the visitors emphasized that they will visit more if the quality of elements and indicators of vitality increase, which should be noticed by city managers in order to increase the level of satisfaction of citizens.

Tourism is one of the main factors of sustainable development in economic, social, cultural and environmental levels. Geotourism is a subset of sustainable tourism and its purpose is to preserve tourism land resources and develop tourism in destinations. It means guiding tourists in such a way that the visited geosite can be preserved and used for future generations. In general, the achievement of sustainable development has caused the management of tourism development in developing countries such as Iran to be of double importance; Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the management of sustainable tourism development of geomorphosites in the city of Hashjin, and to achieve the goal, a qualitative method was used to identify geomorphosites and the COMENSCO model was used for quantitative evaluation of geomorphosites. The results of the research show that the area of Hashjin city has a high potential for the development of geotourism in all dimensions. Among the 11 selected geomorphosites, the city of Hashjin with a score of 61 out of 100 has the highest quantitative value, and the Qezaluzen river with a score of 61 has a high potential, and the next rank is Aghagh Mountain with a score of 57 and Aras forests with a score of 56. Therefore, it is concluded that with proper exploitation, the creation of facilities and the development of transportation and welfare infrastructures in the geo-tourist areas of Hashjin city, necessary measures should be taken for the economic prosperity and prosperity of tourism, and with careful planning and the use of geographic and environmental science experts to achieve this basic goal. The work will be done.

This study has analyzed dating methods used in paleoclimatological studies. The method was review, document, and library. The statistical complex under study was among 2579 valid scientific works, between 1974-2023 in a period of 49 years, of which 108 scientific sources related to age measurement methods in Iran and internationally have been identified and analyzed. The articles have been received from domestic databases (Irandoc, Noormags, Elmnet, Magiran, Ensani, SID) and international databases (Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar). The keywords searched in these databases included climatic reconstruction, dating, and Quaternary. The results of this research showed that the most dating methods in paleoclimatology studies are carbon-14, oxygen isotope, tree chronology, and luminescence, respectively, and most dating studies have been done with the carbon-14 method. In terms of the spatial distribution of the conducted studies; In Iran, most of the studies have focused on the level fluctuations of Lake Urmia, and at the international level in China (Tibetan Plateau). Based on the review of sources, the first study area of paleoclimate in Iran was Zaribar Lake and it was done in 1961. Focusing more thematic studies on the topics of climate change, droughts, and droughts; in terms of time scale, it is Holocene and Quaternary. Based on the studies reviewed in this research, Iran's climate has changed from a hot and humid climate to a temperate climate since the Cretaceous period and experienced dry periods in the Central Plateau during the Pleistocene. Since the climate change caused by global warming has intensified since the Quaternary period, therefore, the use of dating methods for paleoclimate studies can be somewhat appropriate in terms of planning and risk management with regard to the new and advancing climate of the world.

Assessment of agricultural crop potential areas based on potential climatic and natural talents plays an effective role in land use design and planning. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the elements and factors affecting grape crop cultivation by multi-criteria decision making methods. Using data such as temperature (mean, minimum and maximum), rainfall, percentage of slope, elevation above sea level and soil depth data were used to evaluate and zonation of grape crops. In this research, hierarchical process (AHP), ARAS method and weighted linear combination method (WLC) were used to evaluate the effects of elements and climatic factors for cultivating grapes in Meshgin region. The results of the study showed that eastern and southern areas of Meshginshahr, Doostbeigloo and Moshiran, which are located in Gharehsoo River and downstream of other rivers, are suitable for growing grapes. The evaluation carried out by AHP method, land use, altitude, sunshine hours, rainfall and temperature among the studied criteria had the greatest effect on the cultivation of grapes in the region, respectively. According to the maps extracted from WLC method in GIS medium, about 34% of the area of Meshginshahr area is very suitable, 28% is suitable, 22% is slightly suitable and 16% is unsuitable for grape crop cultivation.

Today, with the increase in the population in the villages, the lack of resources and insufficient income has caused problems and issues in the field of agriculture. One of the reasons for the progress of today's societies is the spread and acceptance of innovation. Because with the passage of time, people's needs are increasing or changing, so new solutions are necessary so that they can solve their needs through them, and this provides the foundations for progress and a prominent role in society. Innovation is one of the progress indicators of rural development. Accepting innovations and using them in daily life is the factor of job development, job creation and income increase, as well as improving the quality of life and improving performance in villages. Since the risk-taking in rural communities is low, this limits the adoption of innovation in these communities, so innovations in villages that are compatible with the social, economic and environmental conditions of these communities should be implemented. The purpose of this article, which was prepared using library and internet resources, tries to express the concepts of innovation and rural development and explain the characteristics of innovation, its acceptance and the effects it has on the process of rural development. Review and provide suggestions.

In general terms, free zone areas are considered as export gateways and development purpose, as well as the entry point for investors as a result of having some situational privileges and some special incentive laws. These areas around the world have been developed over a relatively long period of time and have been able to play a role as a tool in the service of countries' economies. These zones include different types, one of which is free commercial-industrial zones. In this research, the scientific theories supporting the creation and activity of free zones, such as international trade theories and the place of these zones in Iran's legal and development documents, have been reviewed. In the following, the history of the emergence and growth of these regions in the world and subsequently in Iran is presented and discussed. Finally, the performance of these areas has been investigated based on the results of studies and investigations, as well as the reasons for this lack of success, with an emphasis on Aras Free Zone. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library documents are used. The research results show that Aras Free Zone has a high potential in attracting domestic and foreign investments due to its special geographical location.

Tourism takes place within the framework of certain spatial patterns, which is the most important part of urban tourism. Geotourism is a branch of the tourism industry and its main focus is the behavior of geomorphosite systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations of Jolfa city. In this research, in a descriptive and analytical way, with the help of two geotourism models, with the participation of tourism and officials active in the geotourism industry of the region, geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations have been examined and analyzed using the Fiolet and Paulova method. According to the results of this research, the result of Fiolet's model shows that Jolfa region has geo-tourism potential by getting 10 points out of the total points of the tourism rate and management in various fields of science, culture, protection and use value. . Also, according to the evaluations made with Paulova's model, among the negative factors of Jolfa region's competitiveness, due to the presence of natural wealth with a total of 5.8 competitiveness, which has the highest score and the lowest score among the negative factors related to language and also There is a total of 2 unofficial accommodations. Among the positive factors, the highest score is related to the index of the existence of natural wealth with a total of 8.5 competitiveness, and the index of spa and treatment with a total of 0.5 has obtained the lowest competitiveness compared to other factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that by evaluating and identifying the potentials of Jolfa city and developing the capabilities, it will lead to the development of the geotourism area and attract tourists.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the dangers that has occurred in many areas of the plains of our country in recent years and has led to many problems. Identifying areas subject to land subsidence and estimating its rate has an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. The radar interferometry technique is a powerful tool in estimation and has the amount of ground subsidence with an accuracy in the millimeter range using phase observations. In this research, the data of Sentinel 1A satellite from 2017 to 2021 have been used in order to monitor the subsidence that happened in Chenaran city by sensor-radar interference method. To investigate the subsidence of Chenaran city, radar interferometric method, Sentinel 1 satellite images and available information of piezometric wells in the area were used and the piezometric changes of the water level of the wells were analyzed. According to the results of the current research, the amount of land subsidence for each period is 9 cm for 2017-2018, 10 cm for 2018-2019, 10 cm for 2020-2019, and 13 cm for 2020-2021. be Also, the results of the radar interferometric technique showed that during the statistical period, 42 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area. In addition, the areas with severe land subsidence, especially in the areas of Seyed Abad, Akhlamed, Haji Abad, Chahcheh, Hashem Abad, Kalate Sheikha, etc., corresponded to the areas with the highest level of underground water level drop. In general, the most important and main cause of land subsidence in the studied area is the excessive extraction of underground water resources, which has caused the dangers of land subsidence.

Ardabil province has a very convenient geographical location, as a border province, for trade with neighboring countries. By improving the level of economic interactions with neighboring countries, we can benefit from the significant capacities that exist in this area. By providing special facilities for export and import neighboring countries, developing non-oil exports, creating tourism facilities, developing tourism services and appropriate advertising, attracting investment in transformation and complementary industries, it is possible to develop economic interactions with neighboring countries and expand commercial relations. The export amount of Ardabil in 1400 was 516 million dollars, the volume of trade between Ardabil province and Azerbaijan was more than 1.3 billion , the non-oil exports of Ardabil to neighboring countries were more than 64 million , the production of transformation and complementary industries in Ardabil was More than 2.4 billion have been collected and more than 105 thousand tourists from neighboring countries have traveled to Ardabil province, as well as the export of various goods and products from the customs of Ardabil province in the first seven months of 1402 to Azerbaijan 39 million, to Armenia 172 thousand And Turkey has 12,000, which has had a leaping and growing trend, which shows the importance of developing trade with neighboring countries. To develop economic interactions between the two countries, solutions such as export and import development, infrastructure, transportation, tourism promotion, cross-border cooperation, etc. can be used. Considering the positive signs that exist in the field of economic interactions with neighboring countries in Ardabil province, it can be concluded that the development and deepening of economic interactions of Ardabil province with neighboring countries, including Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and the Republic Nakhchivan, can have a significant yield.this development can be considered as one of the main ways for economic development and increasing economic growth in Ardabil .

Drought is a natural and repeatable phenomenon that occurs due to a decrease in the amount of rainfall in a certain period. In the current research, the trend of rainfall changes and meteorological drought forecasting of 6 stations located in the Aras watershed have been investigated. To evaluate the severity of the drought, the annual rainfall data of the stations in the statistical period (1987-2021) was checked using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and simulated using MA, AR, ARMA, and ARIMA time series rainfall models and based on the criteria (AIC) was chosen as the best model for prediction. ARIMA model (0,0,1) was selected for Ardabil, Khoy, and Ahar stations, and the AR model (0, 0, 1) was selected for Parsabad, Maku, and Jolfa stations as the models with the best results. The forecast results for the next 5 years show an increase in rainfall, which makes the results of the fitted models acceptable based on the rainfall statistics available in the respective years. The results of the trend index (SPI) also showed that all 6 stations are close to normal and the highest severity of severe drought is related to Khoy station with 14%. Maku station also observed average wet conditions with 6% frequency during the studied period. Also, the results of precipitation changes using the Sen s slope test show a significant increase in precipitation in Maku station an increase without a trend in Parsabad, Khoy, and Jolfa stations, and a decrease without a trend in Ardabil and Ahar stations.

Cities have always drawn their growth and development from the thoughts and ideas of their initial designers and urban planners who have undoubtedly tailored the city's construction pattern to suit the environmental geography. Kermanshah is no exception to this environmental geography and has its own model of environmental defense. As the largest city in western Iran, Kermanshah is considered the uncontested city of the region due to its unique location and extensive sphere of influence. Kermanshah has been an important center of trade and an urban hub for many centuries, and today it ranks ninth in terms of urban population in the country. Kermanshah's role as a strong defensive fortress in the west of the country has made it the focus of governments in different eras. This underscores the importance of the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah as a result of defense factors in various historical periods. In this article, the Shannon entropy model is used to examine the development process. The results show circular development of the city until 1951, and linear growth from Sarab Taq Bostan in the north to Sarab Qanbar in the south until 1971. From this date onwards, the city has seen physical growth in the western and eastern areas, with the construction of industrial zones and residential areas in these regions, aimed at development plans and urban development. Moreover, practical challenges in some areas have affected urban development, with the political-military factors playing an exceptional role in the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah's metropolis.