جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Environmental Kuznets Curve » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

In order to investigate possible ways to reduce environmental degradation while increasing production and economic growth, it is important to study the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth using environmental indicators. In this study, we examine the Kuznets environmental hypothesis through two indicators of environmental performance and green economy growth indices for panel data of 134 countries from 1980-1980 using the fixed effects models. The results show Kuznets's environmental hypothesis by both indicators is not rejected. Then, we examine the impact of trade, foreign direct investment, education and research and development on all three indicators using the fixed effect model. The results show that trade has a significant effect on the environmental performance index and CO2 emissions in the environmental Kuznets curve. Foreign direct investment has a significant effect only on the Kuznets curve index and leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Education growth has a positive and significant effect on the environmental performance index and Research and development growth has not significant effect on any of the indicators. According to the results, it is suggested to the policymakers to design and implement coherent environmental policies while paying attention to the development and increase of the income of their country by considering environmental indicators. For example, the increase in trade and education, if it is increased in a planned manner, according to the planned rules and principles, will improve the quality of the environment.

Climate change is becoming a global crisis that can affect all aspects of human life on Earth, including the economy. So, protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development goals are now on the agenda of many governments. This article uses the Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model to test the role of information communication technology as a transition variable. In this research, it is investigated whether ICT can decouple the economic growth from the increase in pollution by changing the effect of productivity on CO2 emission. The goal is to show whether policymakers can use the development of the digital economy around the world to achieve better environmental and economic outcomes. This study was conducted on a global scale and data from 108 countries was used from 2003 to 2019. The results show that the co2 emission follows a PSTR model with ICT as a transition variable that changes the effect of total factor productivity on co2 emission in favor of the environment. ICT development will improve carbon efficiency and reduce climate change.

The goal of this paper is to investigate the effect of education on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The EKC hypothesis states that the relationship between per capita income and air pollution follows an inverted U-shaped curve. At the initial stages of development, as per capita income increases, so does air pollution due to rapid economic growth and lack of attention to the environment. However, after reaching a threshold level of per capita income and increasing societal welfare, clean air becomes a demand for a healthy life. This leads to increased attention towards pollution control and environmental protection, resulting in a decrease in air pollution beyond a certain level of per capita income. The results of this research, which examined developing and developed countries using the threshold panel method from 1990-2016, confirm the existence of the EKC in these countries. The study also found that education plays a significant role in reducing pollution levels in these communities. At initial stages of development, education is not widespread enough to prevent society from the dangers of pollution. However, with improved development and educational systems - particularly higher education - environmental issues become a priority for society and political authorities. This leads to intensified policies for pollution control and environmental protection resulting in decreased pollution levels on the downward part of the EKC.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggests that environmental quality improves with income after the economy passes an income threshold. Many studies have examined the EKC but the results are mixed. This study Investigates how international trade has affected the EKC’s position. The study uses the ecological footprint, as an indicator of environmental degradation, in 149 countries divided into four income groups for the period 1980-2014. From the panel model estimations, the results confirm an inverted U-shape relationship between the ecological footprint and income. Furthermore, they indicate that trade has altered the position of the EKC, in the entire sample. However, the results vary across income groups. Specifically, the EKC has been shifted by trade upwards in upper-income boundaries. The lower-income countries have not reached the income threshold suggested by the EKC and trade impact on the position of the EKC has not been significant. In this case, it can be inferred that trade worsens environmental degradation.

In recent years, economic complexity has played an important role in explaining and revealing the latent facts of the difference in economic growth among the poor and rich countries. In this study, first the effect of economic complexity on environmental performance is investigated in 18 countries of Middle East and North Africa(MENA) using two-stage least squares regression(2SLS) method during 2002-2018. Then, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is examined in these countries. The results show an inverse and significant relationship between economic complexity index and environmental performance index, so that by increasing one unit of economic complexity index, environmental performance index decreases by more than 7 units. In addition, the results show that there is a positive relationship between per capita income and environmental performance index, while per capita income square has an inverse relationship with environmental performance index, so Kuznets hypothesis about these countries is not confirmed. Finally, the results indicate a positive relationship between population, urbanization, corruption control, agriculture and trade with environmental performance, while industrialization and education have a negative relationship with environmental performance in the MENA countries.

Identification the affecting drivers on improving the quality of the environment is one of the most effective steps towards achieving environment friendly economic growth and development, thus moving to the third stage of the environmental Kuznets curve. In the present study, the impact of innovation as one of the most important affecting variables on emission of pollution in the Iranian provinces in the framework of Kuznets curve over the period of 2007- 2016 has been estimated with the spatial econometric approach. Two indicators of R&D costs and human capital are used as an alternative to innovation. The results indicate that R&D and human capital have a significant negative impact on air pollution emissions in the Iranian provinces. Therefore, policymakers should reduce pollution emission by planning to increase local investment in R&D activities and improving the quality of human capital. Also, the increase in R&D of adjacent provinces through spatial spillover effects reduces contaminant emission. The findings also suggest that innovation causes that the return point of Kuznets curve occurs at a lower GDP per capita level.

Today, one of the most important challenges facing the global economy is environmental pollution and climate changes. Improving knowledge and technology can be one of the factors controlling the emission of pollutants. One of the newest indicators that reflects the level of knowledge and technology used in the country's production structure is the economic complexity index. In this study, using data from 99 countries in the period of 1992-2017, the impact of economic complexity as a measure of the level of technology, knowledge and skills of an economy, on environmental pollution in the framework of Kuznets' environmental curve hypothesis has been investigated. Environmental pollution is measured by the carbon dioxide emission. A panel data model with Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) has been used to estimate the relationship between variables. The results of this estimation show that economic complexity has a negative and significant effect on environmental pollution, and also the Kuznets' environmental curve has been empirically confirmed. These results indicate that by improving technology, knowledge and skills in the economy, carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced.

In recent years, some research has focused on the importance of the origin of an oil shock for macroeconomic dynamics in both oil-exporting and importing countries. The existing literature lacks a proper open Stochastic Dynamic General Equilibrium (DSGE) framework to investigate the effect of the origins of oil shocks on macro variables in a two-country model consisting of an oil-exporting county and an oil-importing country. To this end, we develop and solve a new Keynesian DSGE model to show how the different oil shocks originating from oil supply or oil demand, might have diverse impacts on key macroeconomic variables in oil-exporting and importing counties. For the case study, we use data from Iran as an example of an oil-exporting country that trades with the rest of the world. Our DSGE model is estimated by using the Bayesian method for the period 1986:1-2017:4. The result shows that an oil shock originated from the shortage of oil supply (an exogenous decrease in Iran's oil production) decreases total production, non-oil trade, employment, inflation and consumption in this oil-exporting country. While a negative oil supply shock increases production costs and reduces production and consumption in Iran. However, an oil shock originated from an increase in the demand for oil raises output, non-oil trade, employment, consumption, and inflation in Iran as an oil-exporting country while a demand-side oil shock boosts production and increases inflation in this country.

This study examines the relationship between per capita income and per capita dioxide emissions in the form of a new definition of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, to investigate how corruption influences the income level at the turning point of the relationship between per capita dioxide emissions and income, in developed and developing countries the period 1994-2013 through the use of a panel data model. Our results support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for developed countries and existence of an U-shaped relation for developing countries. We find evidence that the higher the country's degree of corruption, the higher the per capita income at the turning point for developed countries and the lower the per capita income at the turning point for developing countries than when corruption is not accounted for. Also, the share of renewable energy in both groups of countries has a negative and significant effect on per capita dioxide emissions, but the positive effect of urbanization rate in developed countries is significant and in developing countries is not.

Armey curve demonstrates a non-linear relationship between government size and economic growth. From the optimality point of view, the Armey curve recommends the development of government size which leads to increased production and economic growth when the size of the Government is small in an economy. In addition, the increase in Government size would lead to lower economic growth and production. Pollution is one of the most important challenges facing countries. Without doubt, pollution emission is a function of economic growth and development process. Most of the studies conducted in this area confirm an inverse U-shaped relationship between environmental quality and economic growth. The present study examines the effect of the Armey curve on Kuznets Environmental Curve in Iran during the period of 1978-2014 using ARDL approach. Results obtained indicate that energy consumption is the most influential variable in determining pollution and CO2 emission together with, government expenditure being an indicator of Armey curve, has negative impact on pollution process in Iran. In addition, the indicators of financial development have significant negative effect on environmental pollution so that by increasing each of them the pollution emission would be reduced. According to the results, we maintain that Iran is in the early stages of economic development, and still has not achieved to culmination of Kuznets curve. Finally, the hypothesis of Kuznets Environmental Curve in Iran is rejected in the long-term in all the senarios.

The present paper examines the effect of culture on the relationship between income and carbon dioxide emissions in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using dynamic panel and system GMM estimator for 77 developed and developing countries for the period 1990 to 2014. Results of estimation by system GMM indicate: (i) the existence of EKC, and (ii) significant impact of culture on the relationship between income and CO2 emissions. The impact of six dimensions of culture on EKC can be classified into two categories: (i) masculinity, power distance and indulgence move the EKC upward and shift the income turning point to the left; and (ii) individualism, uncertainty, and long-term orientation move the EKC downward while shifting the income turning point to the right.

Most economic activities inevitably use natural resources and at the same time by releasing waste material which is a result of production activities, imposes pressures on the natural ecosystem. In this study it has been attempted to investigate the relations between carbon dioxide emissions and national income variables, trade liberalization, electricity generation, total consumption of petroleum products, natural gas consumption and domestic investment in the form of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by applying time series data of Iran’s economy during the time period of (1979-2010) and by adopting Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. This shows that environmental hypothesis and Kuznets Curve are partly approved in Iran. In order to accomplish this issue thoroughly, standard growth and perfect technology in production is required. The results of this study indicate that increase in national income, trade liberalization, electricity generation, total consumption of petroleum products,  natural gas consumption and domestic investment have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emission. Moreover, it has been found that chi-income has a negative, however, more insignificant, compared to income, on environmental pollution

Nowadays, greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of fossil fuels has led to environmental problems such as global warming which result in using low carbon energy sources and renewable energy as a potential substitute for fossil fuels and nonrenewable energy. This study is going to investigate Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for 11 elected OPEC countries, from 1980 to 2013 by using nonlinear quadratic model. The consumption of renewable and nonrenewable energy are considered together in this model which has been carried out by PMG (Pooled Mean Group). According to the outcomes of the research the Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is confirmed in these selected countries and studied period. The coefficient of nonrenewable energy consumption is statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. Its estimated coefficient is 0.67 and states a 1% increase in nonrenewable energy consumption which leads to CO2 emission rise by 0.67%. It indicates that overusing of nonrenewable energy and fossil fuels increases environmental and air pollution. Also, the coefficient of renewable energy consumption is -0.005 that it is not statistically significant.

The present study examines the relationship between economic growth, population and volume of foreign trade and air pollution in the two groups of countries member of the OECD and non-OECD countries using panel data for the period 2010-1971 deals. Indicator of air pollution and greenhouse gas CO2in the transport sector and total sector. Kuznets curve for this purpose air pollution in the form of total CO2and CO2 transport sector were examined and compared. For each of these two sectors, 3 different models estimated that a total of 12 models for these two groups of countries studied were estimated. The results showed that the inverted U curve for total CO2emissions and CO2transport sector, in both groups of member countries of the OECD and non-OECD countries Confirmed but the turning point inverted U curve is different for the two groups of countries together. Curve turning point for US $ 51025.43 Group member states and non-member countries was US $ 6707.73, Compared with the average per capita income for both groups of countries shows that these two groups of countries still have not reached the turning point of the curve  but results showed that the tensile member states closer to the back curve.

A lot of activities in environmental economics scope have concentrated on this question that why some developing countries suffer from environmental degradation, whereas other countries can maintain or enhance the environmental quality. With the collapse of communism and economic evolution of China, most people live, work and bargain in free market economies. Hence, future quality of environment depends on the relationship between pollution and the growth of the free market. The principle cooperation of economists in investigation of this issue is related to Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) concept. In short, this hypothesis is based on the principle that economic development strengthens the environment and also weakens it. Economic development especially in poorer countries mostly results in decreasing environmental quality, but continuity of this trend can solve a lot of environmental related problem in countries with moderate and wealthier economy. On this base, the aim of this research is investigation of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in selected countries of four income groups of the world.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) assumes that there is not a monotone and constant relationship between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and environmental quality. If environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is true, per capita income trends will underestimate general changes in welfare in rich countries and overestimate them in poorer countries. A number of World Bank economists have argued that environmental Kuznets curve shifted to left and down during the time. If their conclusion is correct, then developing countries will be able to take advantage of this issue in two ways. First, probably they will reach their turning point earlier than other countries (which have reached their income turning point in the past). Second, before reaching the turning point, they suffer less environmental damage.
In order to investigate environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, present research has applied multilevel modeling which relaxes a lot of previous research deficits. Multilevel modeling helps more precise data analysis through maintaining categorized and hierarchical structure of data and in fact by using original data structure in analysis process relaxes the heteroscedasticity - which is resulted in due to integration of hierarchical structure of data- as much as possible. In this regard, present research by using time series data of 1991- 2009 for 33 selected countries in four income groups (high, higher than average, lower than average and low income) has investigated the relationship between CO2 emission and gross domestic product (GDP). Original data of real GDP (year 2000 dollar), population (in order to account per capita) and CO2 emission have been gathered from world development indices of World Bank.
Results of this research indicate the necessity of applying multilevel modelling in evaluation of this hypothesis. Based on this model results EKC hypothesis would not be rejected and also high income countries have passed per capita GDP level of Kuznets Curve turning point and therefore they are in the descending part of this curve. Whereas, low and lower middle income countries are far away from per capita GDP of maximum pollution and until they do not use market and non-market forces, remain in the trap of pollution increase as a result of GDP increase. Based on these findings, higher than average income countries are able to reach this level, hardly.
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS: Taking into consideration of the real world and current situation of low and lower than average countries (from the aspects of technology, infrastructures and different political and economic structures, etc.) reaching to descending part of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is approximately impossible. In order to fulfill the part of descending pollution, it is necessary to make major changes in market and non-market forces of these countries. Price and technology are two of the market forces of this atmosphere. Prices are the most fundamental factor affecting on form and situation of EKC. Higher energy prices delay the economic development, but one of the advantages of higher energy prices is incentive to reduce consumption. Other forces affecting EKC atmosphere are non-market forces like government role. Government measurements like green (clean) technology help to explain both the form and situation of Kuznets curve. In addition, better information about environmental hazards can shift the curve through the need for rules and regulations in lower level of per capita income.

Economic growth is the main purpose of economic policies. However, when economic growth is rapid we have seriousenvironmental harm. Hence, a potential contrast between the economic policies and environmental state is stated in the Environmental Kuznets Curve.The main purpose of this study was to estimate the static and dynamic environmental Kuznets curve for the Iranian economy with assuming renewable and fossil energy simultaneously in the model. On the other hand, in this study we considered non-linear pollution function. In order to estimate the parameters related to this function should be used nonlinear methods. In this study, environmental Kuznets curve is estimated using genetic algorithms, (accurate method for numerical optimization). Comparison of the model predictions shows that the power of LAD in prediction is better than the least squared errors (LS). Also the dynamic model is powerful than static model.The results further indicate that the Iranian economy is located on the upward of environmental Kuznets curve.The other hand 12% of the total energy must be used by renewable energy, in order to Iranian economy perch at the critical point of environmental Kuznets curve.

This study, using ARDL model, examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and indicators of financial development with variables such as real per capita non-oil income, per capita energy consumption and ratio of import and export to GDP in Iran during the period 1352-1390.The results show that long-run elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions with respect to real per capita income, per capita energy consumption and export in Iran are positive and with respect to import is negative. According to the results, the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP and private sector debt to the banking system to GDP have positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions in the long run, (0.257) and (0.304) and in the short run (0.175) and (0.233) in Iran respectively. In addition, the effect of the ratio of commercial bank domestic assets to central bank and total assets of banking system on CO2 emissions in Iran in the long run is non-significant and in the short run is estimated at 90% significance level and about (-0.205). The Causality test results show that there is a short run one-way causal relationship of the three indicators of financial development on emissions of carbon dioxide in Iran.

This paper studied the relationship between energy consumption, GDP and CO2 emission (as an indicator of air pollution). The extent of the emission of CO2 and its relation to shocks and variation in economic variables in Iran was calculated. A model based on Kuznets hypothesis was built and econometric method of error correction was used for estimating the model and analyzing the long-term relation between the variables. The results indicate that there is a meaningful long-term relationship between the analyzed variable i.e. energy consumption, where GDP has a positive effect on CO2 emission. In addition the causal relation between the variables was studied and the following results were obtained: a two way causal relation between CO2 emission and energy consumption and a one way relation from GDP to CO2 emission in the short-term was found. Also the impact of an economic shock in GDP on the CO2 emission indicated an increase for 3 years and then a decline over 6 years.

This paper uses the growth model of Stokey (1998) extended by Deng and Huang (2009) to examine the dynamic relationship between output and environmental pollution in Iran. After solving the model and deriving the necessary conditions for sustainable growth path, the model is used to examine the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for Iran. Using MATLAB software, the model is calibrated for the Iranian economy for the period 1959-2008. This allows us to find optimal paths for key variables. The result shows that that the Iranian economy is not on its optimal sustainable growth path. Moreover, simulation results indicate that there is a positive relationship between income per capita and CO2 per capita over time. Hence, we might claim that the Iranian economy is probably on its early stage of growth. In other words, Iran might still be on the negative part of EKC. In addition, our simulation result shows that there will be a threshold level for per capita income in which the quality of environment starts improving after this point. Hence, one might conclude that the EKC might be true for Iran.