جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Crusaders » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

All the conquests of Salah al-Din against the Crusaders were based on the forces that had gathered and became professional during the Zangi period. Usually, researchers ignore this historical continuity in the military and political achievements of Salah al-Din ayyubi. While the first-hand sources are full of historical data that confirm this continuity and doubt the exclusivity of heroism in Salah al-Din. By examining how Atabakan e- Zangi gained power, this research considers Salah al-Din's conquests against the Crusaders as a part of the historical process that began in the zangi period, and Salah al-Din was able to take advantage of that legacy and achieve some victories against the Crusaders. In this article, the chronology and quantitative data of the zangi period until the end of Salah al-Din's rule have been examined and it has been shown that Salah al-Din was able to achieve victories against the crusaders by relying on the zangi legacy in the two dimensions of political concentration in the Levant and iqṭāʿ military forces of the island (Djazirah). And without zangi's legacy, this would not have been possible for him. Therefore, the military superiority of muslims over the crusaders was a historical process. Salah al-Din's victories were also part of this process, and his military achievements were not solely based on individual personality.

After Saladin destroyed the Fatimid caliphate, a foremost part of the Ayyubids' military had to suppress the Egyptian forces that were still loyal to the Fatimids. Saladin's efforts to overpower and exile the Fatimid forces faced the newly established Ayyubid government with the shortage of military parties that needed to fight the Crusaders and the rest of the dispersed Zengid dynasty in the Levant and the Jazirah. At the beginning of Saladin's reign on the Jazirah, he organized his actions to gain the necessary feudal force to confront the Crusaders. However, when Saladin's authority declined among his troops and failed to achieve a decisive victory in the short term, this feudal force became temporary. This paper analyzed the number of Saladin's combats, the number of his troops, the extent of his successes in battles, and the role of groups impacting his victories. Along these lines, Saladin's failures were also investigated. According to the findings, destroying the Fatimid Caliphate forces drove Saladin to rely on the only Muslim military organization on the Jazirah. Their temporary presence in the spring and summer cost him his ability to completely force the Crusaders out of Syria after Hattin, and the Crusaders recaptured the shores of Syria.

The Zangid Atabegs fought with the governments of the Levant, both Crusaders and Muslims, during their time which is why the military force was a significant part of their reign. Seljuks were the origin of the Zengid dynasty. Before them, the Seljuks were also present in the Levant. Therefore, The Zangid Atabeg army has similarities with the Seljuk army. However, the Zangid dynasty formed some changes in the old Seljuk army based on the geographical conditions of the Levant and the island, other forces, and enemies like the Byzantines and the Crusaders. This paper seeks to answer the question, what was the Zangid Atabeg army like, and what changes did it go through until the year 569 A.H.? Based on the findings of this research, the Zangid Atabeg held the majority of Seljuk military positions, but the main difference was their Cavalry. The Turkomans formed the core force of the army, and Turkish slaves, Bedouin Arabs, Kurdish warriors, Ehadath, and Khorasani infantry followed them. The army's financial resources were Iqta', cash, and spoils of war. As the crusaders became the main enemy of the Zangid Atabeg, there were changes in both the warfare and the forces they used, mainly to repel the heavy attacks of the crusader's arms.

Islamic historiography with a great growth in the Abbasid era, doubled in the Mamluks period, so that this period in Egypt and the Levant should be considered the peak of Islamic historiography. Writing hundreds of books with many volumes in various historiographies, especially in the fields of public, local, dynastic and... shows this issue. No period in the history of Islam has witnessed all these works in the field of historical knowledge. The main question of this research is: Why was historiography so important in the period of Mamluks sultans (648-923 AH)? The findings of this study indicate that the long Crusades as well as the war between Mongols and the Mamluks were very effective in this regard. By writing their books, Muslim historians portrayed the great and brilliant victories of the Mamluks sultans against the eastern and western enemies of Islam for the future. Encouragement of Mamluks Sultans and rulers and some other factors that are the subject of this article have also been very effective in this regard. The study method used in this research is descriptive-analytical with reference to first-hand sources as well as looking at the studies and researches and referring to the library and digital sources.

The twenty-two years of Saladin's rule, who is the founder of Ayyubid dynasty and the first sultan of Egypt and the Levant, witnessed tens of his battles against the Crusaders. Some of his battles happened against Muslim emirs in Egypt, the Levant, and Northern Iraq. The present paper, drawing on just war theory, aims to explore the findings of its historical study of the Islamic sources and some Christian research in order to provide an answer to the question of to what extent Saladin's military conduct and policies are compatible with the principles of just war. The results of this descriptive-analytical study indicate that Saladin's military conduct is more in line with the realistic theory of war rather than with the concept and principles of just war theory because while the latter consider just war a legal war to achieve peace by avoiding cruel treatment of civilians, prisoners, and the aggressed environments, Saladin has fought wars with the aim of attaining more dominance, accompanied by revenge and unconventional invasions destructive for the civilians. Therefore, in spite of his observance of ethical rules in many wars, cruelty and seeking power is observed in his other wars.

In the second half of the fifth century AH, The political and economic crisesin the Fatimid Khalifat and their conflicts with the Seljuks in Sham led to the establishmentof local governments in the region. The most prominent of these governments was theBanu Ammar state government in Tripoli. Banu Ammar governors whose policies weremore efficient than the Fatimid's and the Seljuk's managed to maintain their independencyand establish their self-government. Banu Ammar's ten-year resistance to the Crusaderswas achieved by virtue of their tolerant policies. Finally, the lack of Muslim governmentssupport for Banu Ammar, along with internal rebellions in Tripoli led to the fall of the cityagainst the Crusaders. This study by applying the library method and making use oforiginal sources deals with this government's attitudes towards and its political relationswith the Seljuks, Fatimids and the Crusaders.

In the second half of the fifth century (AH), the political and economic crises in the Fatemids and their conflicts with Seljuks in Sham led to the establishment of local governments in that region. The most prominent of these governments was Banu Munqidh, a Shiite government in Shayzar. Banu Munqidh's government played an important role in the political changes of Sham. This government was an important medium for relationships with Seljuks, Crusaders and Ismailis. This government eventually collapsed after the massive earthquake in Shayzar in 552 (AH). The findings of this study suggests that Banu Munqidh 's governors with their effective policies and strong fortifications, and despite their small territory, managed to maintain their independence and establish their state. This study, through following a library method, attempts for investigating the political relationships and conflicts of this government with Seljuks, Crusaders and Ismailis.

The present article studies the Quds city and the holy status it has gained in the history. It also reviews its geographical and historical characteristics in time especially the historical demography of this city and its neighbors in the 16th century. This century starts with the occupation of the city by crusaders and thus the decrement of population due to the death of 70 thousand people of the inhabitants of this city. The historical demography of the city of Quds ant decrement of its population could be pointed out through the depiction of a chart. Haj Boursha’sconsiderations in his descriptions of the holy land and its tribes, religions, sects and demographic elements in centuries are also a proof of this fact.