اتاق عمل

Considering the emergence of new diseases, increased prevalence of nosocomial infections, and microbial resistance in recent years, it is necessary to disinfect the hands with a suitable hand sanitizer, as instructed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). This is because hand hygiene is the most important way to control infections. Surgical hand antisepsis protocols emphasize the importance of both mechanical cleaning and antimicrobial action to effectively eliminate microbial contamination. Recommendations from organizations such as the Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) underscore this principle. While routine handwashing removes visible debris and transient microbes, surgical hand antisepsis requires additional steps and the use of antimicrobial agents. This may involve a surgical scrub with an antimicrobial soap or the application of an alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR). The latter approach has demonstrated greater efficacy in reducing microbial contamination compared to soap and water alone. Since a few compressive studies in Iran have dealt with global standards for disinfectants, this study investigated the effects of surgical scrub based on the European standards with TGSept AL Plus, produced by the research team of Tajhiz Gostar Sharif , on normal flora of hands in a group of the operating room medical staff in Hazrat Fatemeh Plastic Surgery and Repair Hospital of Tehran, in 2023.

This study evaluated the short-term durability and effectiveness of this solution according to the EN12791 standard on microorganisms and microbial contamination reduction. To this end, 30 members of the surgical team were randomly selected. The bacterial sampling was performed three times: after washing the hands with common detergents, after hand scrubbing with the studied disinfectant (about 90 seconds), and three hours after surgery. The samples were immediately transferred to a laboratory for swap culture and pour plate test.

Then bacterial colonies were counted, contamination reduction was measured, and the shelf life of the solution was determined according to the standards.  Results showed that a 60-to-90-second scrub with an alcohol-based disinfectant is the best way to reduce hand contamination and, thereby, nosocomial infections.

Based on the study findings, alcohol-based solutions can be recommended for surgical scrubs, according to WHO guidelines.

Given the key role of job diagnostic and motivation in achieving career and academic success, it is important to examine the views of operating room students due to the different nature of the field. The aim of this study was to compare the views of freshman and senior operating room students about their job diagnostic and professional motivation.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 91 operating room students of Zahedan and Zabol Universities of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020 using convenience sampling. Data collection instruments in this study were two job diagnostic questionnaire of Elham and Hackman and a researcher-made questionnaire of professional motivation. In order to describe the status of the subjects, descriptive statistics were used and the data were analyzed by independent t-tests with SPSS statistical software.

The mean scores of job diagnostic were different in both groups of freshman and senior operating room students. The difference between the mean views of freshman and senior students regarding interest in the chosen field of operating room was 5.28 and 4.02, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant. Also, the difference between the average views of freshman and senior students regarding the enjoyment of activities in the field of operating room was 5.58 and 3.90, respectively, which was statistically significant.

Freshman students have a higher professional motivation than the operating room field at the beginning of entering university due to their different views on job diagnostic.

Teamwork is crucial in the operating room to ensure quality patient care and good outcomes. However, various factors affect the effectiveness of teamwork in the operating room. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the attitude and perception of operating room staff toward teamwork and associated factors.

In this cross-sectional study 267 people were recruited by convenience sampling technique from 5 teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran in 2023. The "T-TPQ and T-TAQ" were used to evaluate teamwork in the operating room. Data were analyzed by SPSS v26 using descriptive and analytical tests.

The mean scores of perceptions and attitude towards teamwork were reported as 3.86 ± 0.4 and 3.78 ± 0.5, respectively. Also, there was no significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, education level, and type of operating room, dominant shift, role, work experience and the amount of monthly activity hours to perception teamwork. But the attitude towards teamwork was a predictor variable for the perception of teamwork in operating room.

The present study showed a positive attitude towards teamwork among operating room personnel, but none of the demographic variables had any effect on the nurses' perception and attitude towards teamwork. In addition, the findings showed that the attitude towards teamwork is effective on the perception of the teamwork of the personnel. Therefore, it is suggested to increase the staff's perception of teamwork in the operating room by providing the necessary training and improving the attitude towards teamwork.

Ethical principle trainingcan lead to changes in nurses’ behavioral patterns, including anger control. Given the high workload of nurses, more emphasis should be put on virtual and remote approaches to ethical training. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of virtual training of professional ethics on anger control among operating room nurses working in the teaching hospital of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a Quasi-experimental study with single-group before-after design conducted in 2019 on 35 operating room personnel who were selected by convenience sampling. Demographic information and standard anger control questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, and frequency, and inferential tests including Independent TTest, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test at a significance level less than 0.05.

Ethical Considerations: 

Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. They were also assured of data confidentiality and their right to withdraw during the research.

Based on the results the mean age of the participants was 30.77±8.17 years. Results showed a significant difference between the mean score of anger control after the intervention (49.54±7.97) and before the intervention stage (104.43±21.37, p <0.001). No significant relationship was reported between anger control and the variables of age (P=0.62), service history (P=0.92) and number of working hours (P=0.74). Also, the mean of anger control was not significantly different according to gender (P=0.12).

The research findings showed that virtual training on professional ethics can enhance anger control. It is recommended that managers and authorities provide virtual courses on professional ethics so that operating room staff can improve interpersonal relations and anger control by increasing their awareness of professional ethics principles.

Job satisfaction can be a significant and influential factor in the marital satisfaction. On the other hand, marital satisfaction is one of the most important factors affecting family functioning. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and the marital satisfaction among nurses working in operating rooms of educational therapeutic centers affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences.

This study employed a descriptive-analytical correlational design using a survey method. The participants included 79 nurses with a bachelor&#039;s degree or higher working in operating rooms of educational therapeutic centers affiliated with Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Loutanz Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (2007), and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1993). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, employing descriptive statistics, standard deviation, and Spearman correlation coefficient.

57 women (72.2%) and 22 men (8.8%) participated in the study. The standard and deviation of marital quality is 17.7±0.2 and job satisfaction is 18.2±2.6, and no linear relationship between job satisfaction and marital relationship quality was observed in the group of men (P &lt; 0.05, rs &lt; 0.000). While in women, a linear relationship was observed between job satisfaction and the Marital Satisfaction, with the intensity of this relationship being very weak and in the opposite direction (P = 0.0001, rs = -0.054).

The results of the present study indicate that gender has a weak association with job satisfaction and the Marital Satisfaction, which requires further investigation with a larger sample size.
It is suggested that married working women attend classes in the form of retraining to improve family
well-being.

Periodic evaluation of the content and quality of logbooks based on the changing needs of students as the target group and professors as the group of logbook designers is considered essential. Therefore, the present study aims to design, implement, and evaluate logbooks from the perspective of professors and students of operating room technology.

This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on the professors and students of the operating room of Zahedan College of Nursing and Midwifery in the academic year of 2022. All the professors working in the operating room who were involved as instructors of the departments from the beginning of the implementation of the log book (10 people) and all the students of the operating room who, at the time of conducting the research, had the experience of using the log book during their internship or cruise in the clinical departments and They had an operating room (60 people), they were investigated by census method.

The average final satisfaction score of professors was significantly higher than that of students, which indicates that professors have a more positive view of the logbook than students (p value˂ 0.05).

Based on the findings, students and instructors were satisfied using logbooks in the operating room. However, it seems that the logbook is not effective in providing feedback to students. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the logbook items while improving it.

Operating room personnel are exposed to all kinds of mental and physical pressures due to the stressful conditions of the work environment, their job duties, and responsibilities. Since the health and mental and physical health of people working in the operating room plays a significant role in the correct performance of duties and effective and safe care of patients; The present study was conducted to determine the level of anxiety, sleep quality, and the relationship between them in operating room and anesthesia nurses.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was performed on 254 operating room and anesthesia nurses working in educational and non-educational hospitals. The data was collected using the demographic information questionnaire, the BAI - Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The data were then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 22.

The findings showed that 40.6% of anesthesia and operating room nurses did not have anxiety, while 32.7% of people had mild anxiety, 21.3% had moderate anxiety, and 5.5% had severe anxiety. 42.1 % of people reported good sleep quality and 57.9 % reported poor sleep quality. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant positive relationship between anxiety and sleep quality (r = 0.37).

Due to the correlation between anxiety and sleep quality, it is recommended to regularly monitor the anxiety and sleep quality of the operating room and anesthesia nurses, and if necessary, by determining the cause-and-effect relationship, appropriate intervention measures should be designed to improve the health of operating room and anesthesia nurses.

Work adjustment plays a crucial role in planning programs and organizational structures. This study aimed to determine the mean work adjustment score among operating room nurses at selected hospitals affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2023.

This descriptive study utilized a cross-sectional correlation design. A simple random sampling method was applied to select 156 operating room nurses from various Medical Science Hospitals in Isfahan. Data collection was conducted using written questionnaires to gather information on demographics and work adjustment, following the frameworks developed by Davis and Lafquist. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 19.0, utilizing two-sided independent t-tests, ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Pearson chi-square test.

The mean work adjustment score was 109.41 (out of a maximum of 180 possible scores), which indicates moderate work adjustment. A statistically significant difference was found between the scales of the value of achievement and the value of comfort in terms of gender, while no significant relationship was found between work adjustment and its subscales in terms of gender. There is a significant relationship between the value of autonomy and hospitals (P=0.029).

Organizations should take appropriate steps to implement necessary measures, considering factors such as achievement value, status value, adjustment style, and safety value. Further studies are needed to enhance the job adaptability of hospital staff.

Clinical education is an essential part of medical science education and the climate in clinical environments is one of the influential factors in the quality of clinical education. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the educational climate of the operating rooms from the perspective of residents, operating room, and anesthesiology students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2023.

In this cross-sectional study, all the residents from different fields, operating room students, and anesthesiology students with at least one semester of operating room experience were studied through the census survey method. Data was collected using the demographic characteristics questionnaire and the educational climate of the operating room questionnaire of Igor et al. (2022). Data were analyzed using SPSS v.26 using centrality indices, dispersion and chi-square tests, t-test, and ANOVA.

The results showed that the majority of students (98.7%) rated the educational climate of the operating rooms as average. The areas of the educational climate in this study were technically average but not optimal. The scores for educational processes and operating room infrastructure were lower than standard values (p<0.05). There were significant differences between educational climate with gender (p=0.003) and age (p=0.001). The perception of the educational climate for anesthesiology students was lower than that of other students (p=0.001).

The results showed that the educational climate of the operating rooms was not favorable from the perspective of students. There was a weakness in the educational process and operating room infrastructure. Educational authorities are recommended to address the existing problems to improve the educational atmosphere of the operating rooms and improve the quality of clinical education.

Nowadays, it is essential to acquire skills in the clinical environment and for students to develop the necessary clinical competencies and qualifications. Therefore, due to the many challenges in the clinical environment of the operating room, this study aimed to determine the effects of team-based and task-based learning methods in the clinical area on the results of clinical evaluations of operating room students.

This semi-experimental study was conducted in 2023 on 50 students of the 5th semester of operating room technology at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. In this study, students were placed in two educational groups, team-based and task-based. After implementing the training process in the operating room environment, data related to the study were collected using the clinical assessment checklist of operating room students. Also, the analysis of these data was done at the level of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 24 software.

In this study, 44% (22 people) of the students were male and 56% (28 people) of them were female. According to the findings, the average total score obtained from the clinical evaluation of the students in the task-based educational group was 221.44, and in the team-based educational group was 205.84, the difference between these scores was statistically significant (p-value <0.001).

The results of the present study show the greater impact of the task-based educational method on their clinical performance, skill level, and scores obtained from their evaluation. Therefore, it is recommended to use this educational method to increase the level of students' skills and improve their performance in the clinical environment.

Considering the importance of patient safety, it is necessary to monitor the current state of surgeries in terms of patient safety-related issues based on the safe surgery checklist. This monitoring helps estimate the distance from the standard level. The purpose of this study was to assess the compliance level with the principles of safe surgery, as outlined in the WHO checklist, in the operating rooms of Ahvaz teaching hospitals.

Methods & Materials :

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 118 nurses anesthetists and surgical technologists of teaching hospitals at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences who were included in the study via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using "demographic information" and "Surgical Safety Checklist" of the WHO in 2009. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA, in SPSS-22.

The mean score of compliance with safe principles by circulars, scrubs and anesthesia experts was 10.65±3.36, 9.31±1.70, and 14.45±3.03, respectively. No significant difference was found in terms of gender, work experience, and type of employment. A significant difference was observed in terms of age in scrub nurses upon entering the operating room (P<0.0001) and in terms of marital status in anesthesia nurses when the patient left the operating room (P=0.04). In terms of the type of hospital, there was a significant difference between the performance scores of scrub nurses at patient entry (p=0.005), anesthesia at patient entry (p=0.03), and the total performance score of anesthesia nurses (p=0.04).

Checklist of principles of safe surgery is vital to maintain a patient's health. Most of its items are being implemented, but several items are ignored, which requires the review and implementation of corrective plans to increase adherence to these principles by personnel.

Introduction</strong>: Clinical education as one of the critical educational stages has a crucial role in the training and education of human resources and professional future. This study was designed and conducted to investigate the factors affecting the quality of clinical education and compare the views of anesthesia and operating room students in this field.
Methods</strong>: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 126 students were selected by non-random and quota methods. The data collection was carried out by a standardized questionnaire which included two sections: demographic data and the second section which involved: objectives and training program, instructor’ performance, communication between the instructor and the operating room staff, educational environment, monitoring and evaluation of clinical education. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 21, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent t-test and Friedman test.</span>
Findings</strong>: From the students' point of view, the average of clinical education was at a medium level and according to the chi-square test, operating room and anesthesia of disciplines showed no significant difference among different dimensions of clinical education quality and its levels (P≥0.05</span>). The results of the Friedman educational environment test were ranked first and the instructors were ranked last but according to Friedman test, the educational environment was in the first grade and the instructors were in the last.
Conclusion</strong>: Considering the effect of clinical education in students’ professional abilities shaping, it is suggested that in addition to reviewing and eliminating the shortcomings and deficiencies of this field by the officials, increasing the scientific and practical competence of the instructor should be considered and besides that accurate formulation and implementation clinical education objectives and programs in accordance with students’ needs should be given priority in educational planning.</span>

Waste anesthetic gases (WAGs) are known as one the most important air pollutants in operating rooms. This study was to evaluate occupational exposure to WAGs in the operating room of a hospital in Shiraz, Iran, by measuring the urine concentration of nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and sevoflurane. 

This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted on 60 people divided into two groups of 30 including exposed group (operating and recovery rooms staff) and non-exposed or control group (administrative staff). Urine samples were collected at the end of the morning shift (after at least three hours of exposure). Urine samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method (Agilent 5977B device, paired with a headspace autosampler.  Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 21. 

Urinary concentrations of nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and sevoflurane were found to be 175.8±77.52 μg/L (ranged 7.98-319.91), 4.95±3.43 μg/L (ranged 0.78-14.9) and 15.0 3±16.06 μg/L (ranged 0.76-46.40).

The operating room personnel of the selected hospital are exposed to high concentration of WAGs (nitrous oxide, isoflurane and sevoflurane).

Musculoskeletal disorders are among the common problems in most work environments and work ability is considered a factor affecting the performance and productivity of employees. In the present study, the status of these two components and their relationship with each other in the staff working in the operating room were investigated.

The current cross-sectional study was conducted in the winter of 2023. In this research, 96 employees working in the operating rooms of government hospitals in Hamadan, Iran were enrolled by census sampling method based on the inclusion criteria. The data were collected through the Nordic standard questionnaire and the work ability index questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) at two levels of descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (t-test) statistics.

In this study, 4 (4.2%) of the participants had one musculoskeletal disorder and the remaining 91 personnel (95.8%) had more than one disorder in their musculoskeletal systems. Average work ability index was 42.3±04.91. The results of the independent t-test showed that the work ability index among people with pain in the neck (P=0.003), shoulders (P=0.001), elbows (P=0.038), back (P=0.011), knees (P=0.001), and legs (P=0.002) were less than those without pain in these organs.

Results indicated the need to pay more attention to the implementation of ergonomic work environment and management interventions to reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and thereby increase the efficiency and effectiveness of personnel.

The clinical skills of surgical technologists, in the role of scrubs and circulars, play an essential role in the success of surgery; Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the clinical skills of orthopedic surgical technologists in the operating room of selected hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Methods and Materials:

 This study was conducted as a cross-sectional analysis. 26 surgical technologists working in the orthopedic operating room, who met the inclusion criteria, were selected and included in the study through convenient sampling method. Data collection tool was a researcher-made checklist of clinical skills that included 85 items with a 4-point Likert scale (50 questions related to the circular person and 35 questions related to the scrub person).

The average age and work experience of the participants in this study were 29.38 ± 4.95 and 6.42 ± 5.72, respectively. Most of the participants were female (73.1%), most of them had a bachelor’s degree (92.3%) and they were in the workforce (50%). The average clinical skill scores of operating room technologists in the role of circular (in the range of 0-150) and scrub (in the range of 0-105) were 137.27 ±11.24 and 99.69 ± 5.06, respectively. Moreover, they were at the optimal level. The results showed that th average clinical skill scores are more in women than men; however, the t-test did not show a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.56). There is also a significant negative relationship between age and work experience with circular and scrub skills(P<0.001).

The results of this study showed that the orthopedic surgical technologists of selected hospitals in Isfahan have optimal clinical skills in both circular and scrub roles. In addition, there is a significant correlation between factors such as age, gender, and work history and education level with the clinical skills of the personnel. Therefore, it is suggested to plan and implement specialized training courses by respected hospital officials to improve the clinical skills of orthopedic surgical technologists in both circular and scrub roles and achieve an ideal level of skills.

One of the basic principles in the safety of drug therapy for patients is the correct registration and labeling of anesthetic drugs, which can lead to the reduction of drug errors, the increase of drug and patient safety, the reduction of drug consumption and the environment, and the optimization of hospital costs.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional research was conducted in February 2022 in the operating rooms of Iran University of Medical Sciences hospitals. The participants included 177 Anesthesia experts working in the hospitals’ operating rooms, who were included in the study by census method. The data was collected using the checklist for evaluating anesthetic drug registration and labeling guidelines and analyzed using SPSS software and one-way ANOVA, Fisher, and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical tests. The significance level was considered P value < 0.05.

The average compliance with the guidelines for registration and labeling of anesthetic drugs in all hospitals was 3.559 out of the total score of 16. The average adherence to guidelines in 8 hospitals was significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). Hazrat Ali Asghar Hospital had the highest compliance rate, averaging 10.333 out of 16. Firouzgar and Shahid Akbarabadi hospitals were in the next rank, averaging 10.11 and 6.65, respectively. There was a negative and significant correlation between the level of compliance with the guidelines and the average work experience and age of the experts (P=0/17); However, gender did not significantly correlate with the degree of adherence to the guidelines(P=0/596).

According to the obtained results, compliance with the guidelines for registration and labeling of anesthetic drugs in most hospitals was assessed as weak and at an unfavorable level. Considering the importance of this issue in reducing medication errors and increasing patient safety, it is necessary to use empowerment and retraining courses for Anesthesia experts according to the latest guidelines.

Training and improving the surgical team's awareness of radiation protection is necessary to prevent severe and irreparable damage. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compile and psychometrically evaluate (content and face validity) the educational booklet on the principles of radiation protection to promote the knowledge and culture of radiation safety of the operating room staff and prevent injuries.

 The current research is a methodology carried out in Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2022-2023 in three stages: first, the content of the educational booklet was selected based on the needs of the target audience, and the related articles and sources were reviewed. Then, the initial draft of the educational manual was designed and prepared. After that, expert judges in related fields as well as anesthesia and operating room technologists evaluated the formal and content validity of the manual. The content validity index at the item level (I-CVI) and the content validity index at the scale level (S-CVI) equal to or greater than 0.78 and 0.9, respectively, were considered as criteria for validity of the booklet. The binomial test was used to check the reliability of the content validity index of the items so that the significance level was 0.05 and the expected agreement ratio was 0.8. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 software.

In this research, 22 experts in related fields and 22 anesthesia and operating room technologists with an average work experience of 13.8±4.3 years and 15.6±6.3 years participated, respectively. After sending and receiving the draft version of the booklet along with its evaluation scale, the specialists and experts participating in the study were given the minimum values of I-CVI and S-CVI values for the desired scale items to check the face validity and content of the booklet. According to experts, it was equal to 0.9 and 0.97, respectively. The minimum observed agreement ratio of the binomial test was 0.9, which was more than the expected agreement ratio (0.8). The values of I-CVI, S-CVI, and agreement ratio between anesthesia and operating room technologists were all equal to 1.

The present educational booklet has an acceptable form and content validity based on the research findings. Therefore, it can be used as a simple tool to promote radiation safety culture and prevent radiation damage in operating rooms.

Operating room is a stressful workplace. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the structural model of the relationship between psychological well-being and critical thinking with strategies to deal with stressful situations in operating room personnel, considering the mediating role of family process and content. The present research is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population included all operating room personnel in Mashhad, Iran as of 2023 winter; 200 operating room personnel were selected as the study sample. To measure the variables, the Family Process and Content Questionnaires, Psychological Well-Being Scale, Critical Thinking Questionnaire and Index Questionnaire for Dealing with Stressful Situations were adminsitered. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling with Amos22 and SPSS 22 software. The results of the structural equation model showed that the family process played a mediating role in the relationship between critical thinking and problem-oriented and avoidance-oriented strategies. Also, family content played a mediating role in the relationship between critical thinking and avoidance coping strategy (p <0.05). Finally, the results showed that the content of the family and the family process did not play a mediating role in the relationship between psychological well-being and strategies for coping with stressful situations (p >0.05). According to the results obtained from the research, it is suggested to use family therapy workshops for operating room personnel.

Operating room students are very similar in terms of  learning abilities and talents, but there is a significant difference in their academic progress during the academic year, which can reflect the difference in their academic motivation. Considering the importance of the motivation for progress, the learning-learning process, the planning and implementation of educational programs, the present study aims to "investigate the relationship of academic motivation with the expectations and outcomes of undergraduate students operating room operative in Khuzestan province ".

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 225 students of operating rooms of universities in different cities of Khuzestan province and using stratified sampling method. Then the demographic information form, the academic motivation questionnaire and the students' outcomes-expectations questionnaire were completed by the students. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The results showed that 83.6% of the students had a very good motivation, 15.6% had moderate motivation and 9.9% had moderate motivation. Percentage was poorly motivated. The mean and standard deviation of academic motivation score in all students were 135.62 ± 25.15, respectively. Finally, the relationship between all the sub-scales of academic motivation and the outcome of the outcome between Khuzestan operating room students in all academic years is significant.

Considering the significant relationship between academic motivation and expectation-outcome among students in operating room of Khuzestan province in general, motivational factors affect academic achievement. Obviously, educational systems should increase their efforts to promote students' academic motivation, education, and related components - inclusive, learner, environment and educational facilities.

One of the most important measures to reduce errors in operating rooms is to identify the causes of errors and their risk factors. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors affecting the occurrence of errors and the barriers to reporting them from the perspective of surgical technology and anesthesia students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences, 2022.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which all verified undergraduate surgical technology and anesthesia students were enrolled by census method. Data collection tools included demographic data and factors affecting the occurrence of errors, and barriers to error reporting questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26, descriptive, and analytical statistics with a significant level of 0.05.

270 undergraduate surgical technology and anesthesia students took a part in this study. Findings indicate that the mean of the factors affecting the occurrence of errors was 2.62±0.74, and for the factors affecting error reporting it was 2.90±0.92. The highest mean score related to the field of environmental factors (2.82±0.85) among the factors affecting the occurrence of errors; and the scope of the reporting process (3.04±1.01) was one of the barriers to reporting errors.

The results of this study showed providing standard clinical training fields can have a significant impact on reducing the occurrence of errors. On the other hand, reforming the error reporting process and encouraging students to report errors should also be a priority for the management of educational and therapeutic centers.