The fields of philosophic pessimism and discouragement in Iraj Mirza's education and lyrical poems

Pessimism or despair is a psychological condition which occurs in people's rational and emotional area, and is common in almost every society. A sharp form of this which is seen in poets and the enlightened is called "philosophical despair". The bases of this condition can be sought in the people's personal life events and the society's political, social and economical transitions. In the beginning of the twentieth century and after the failure of the constitutional movement, parts of the hearts of poems turned into pessimism and despair. Iraj Mirza is one of the prominent poets of this era whose thoughts and literary works are affected by despair and pessimism. The bases of this pessimism are under the influence of the unkindness of friends, the death of the young child, the lack of societal situations, the loss of governmental positions and the decline of the aristocratic place of his family.