Principles and techniques of surgical incision in the Ophthalmology in the Islamic period (From second to twelfth A.H)

Surgery is a specialized and important branch of Persian Medicine from third to twelfth A.H. because of the delicacy and sensitivity of eye surgery. So this field is needed to know with lots of expertises and clinical experiences. So some proven principles and techniques can be drawn by examining the writings in the field of eye surgery in the Persian medicine. That laws have been proven and accepted by the majority ophthalmic surgeons. The main objective of this research is extraction of this principles and techniques. Methodology is descriptive - analytical method, based on the collected information from the basic texts of eye surgical, and drawn with inductive method in extensive specified time, principles and techniques of this knowledge. According to this important principles of ophthalmologists for differential diagnosis Criteria have been listed below: appearance, place the rise, due to illness, precaution stop the bleeding, suturing and use of singular and composite herbal medicines. The first pillar in the main techniques in surgery was survey tools and the incision width down by strip and without strip. Admittedly, in a final conclusion, 2 to 5 A.H has been a brilliant period in the eye surgery with incision method. After this period, with the decline of Islamic civilization in all aspects, this knowledge was also stagnated. Most sources have been description and summarization base texts from this knowledge, such as: Al-havi fi al-tibb Razi, Kamil al-sina’at al-tibbiye Ali Ibn Abbas Ahwazi, Qanonfi al-tibb Avicenna and Chapter thirty Al-tasrif liman "ajaz" an al-talif Zahravi. Perhaps the most important reason have been lack ofdevelopment of the means and change from the macroscopic to the microscopic thoes delayed both, in theory and practical evolution of this knowledge until the twentieth century and the arrival of modern medicine.