The Identification of Human Hazards Effective in the City of Ardabil’s Vulnerability by using partial squares least (PLS)

Nowadays, cities have been widely exposed to the various types of the human hazards and this instability has resulted in their vulnerability. Therefore, in order to make cities resilient, it is necessary to identify these hazards and plan to reduce them and prevent their occurrence. The city of Ardebil is not an exception in this regard and it has been exposed to a variety of these human hazards. With regard to these issues, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important human hazards which are deciding factors in Ardabil's vulnerability. According to the rules of research models and the experts available in the city, 200 participants completed the questionnaire purposefully. The data was analyzed by applying parametric statistical methods. Moreover, in order to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses and the conceptual model, the variance-based structural equation was used (by using partial least squares). The results indicate that all of 11 variables (human hazards) account for the city of Ardabil’s vulnerability (0/781). The high values of t-statistic and path’s coefficient Alpha are related to economic risk factors, diseases and street accidents, respectively. In addition, the results indicate that all of the human hazards discussed in this study (except fire) have significant positive effects on Ardabil’s vulnerability.Therefore, his study makes it clear for managers that they can not only reduce the vulnerability of the city, but also they can make the city resilient by identification and planning of the human hazards and the variables explained them.