Kant's Failure in "the Miscarriage of all Philosophical Trials in Theodicy"; Criticism of Kant's Negative Approach to Theodicy

The problem of evil from Kant's point of view and theodicy accepted by him at the end of the critical period has been depicted with two negative and positive approaches. His negative approach is to end any kind of theodicy of theoretical reason and his positive approach is to deal with original theodicy from the perspective of practical reason. " On the miscarriage of all philosophical trials in theodicy" is the title of an article that Kant wrote in 1791 with the aim of strengthening his epistemological position in adopting a negative approach towards theoretical theodises. From his point of view, the philosophical trials in theodicy is a rational answer to the challenge that reason has created against God in the issue of evil. This is while the erason does not have the competence to theoretically criticize God for the problem of evil, nor does it have the competence to answer it. But he himself is now evaluating these challenges and theodicies from the point of view of an impartial judge, in order to depict the inability of theoretical reason to respond to this theological problem. This article deals with the design of these theodicies, Kant's problems with them and criticism and evaluation of these problems based on the Imamiyyah theology with a descriptive-analytical method and it shows that in this article he criticized many theodicies that he accepts before this or puts forward his original theodicy in his project. Also, some of these theodicies are in agreement with the Imamiyyah view, and proofs of their confirmation will be presented from the point of view of reason and narration.