Sociological Explanation of the Causes of Goods Smuggling in Iran's Border Areas and Ways to Combat it (A Mixed Meta-Analysis and Meta-Synthesis Approach)

Smuggling of goods is one of the important and serious social and economic issues, which is caused by many and complex factors and brings devastating consequences to the society. In terms of its objectives, the current study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered descriptive-analytical. The current research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach, synthesis and meta-analysis of researches conducted in the field of smuggling inside the country. A total of 33 studies were found and used in the meta-combination, but for the meta-analysis in order to sample from the mentioned society, 19 research documents that met the conditions and selection criteria were selected to quantitatively combine the results and obtain single results. Statistical analysis was done using the second edition of the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software and the effect size random combination method. The results of the meta-combination of the researches in the field of the consequences and solutions of combating the smuggling of goods were calculated and presented in the form of selective codes and the results of the meta-analysis show that the effect size is divided by the factors (economic, socio-cultural, geographical, political-legal and security-administrative) at an error level of less than 1% and with 99% confidence, have a strong and significant effect on goods smuggling, and based on this, it can be concluded that goods smuggling is not a single-cause phenomenon, but the product and consequence of a series of the causative conditions are complex and therefore the control and reduction of smuggling also requires a comprehensive program in these fields.