نشریه علوم و فنون مرزی
پیاپی 44 (بهار 1402)

The proximity of Mehran border to the center of Iraq and the possibility of movement of terrorist groups, the distance of border checkpoints from each other, the presence of mined fields in this area and the high volume of traffic from the border during certain days of the year, especially the month of Muharram and Arbaeen Hosseini, in turn, can make the Mehran border regiment vulnerable. The aim of the current research is to identify the areas of vulnerability of the Mehran Border Regiment and to determine the effect of passive defense measures on this vulnerability. In terms of its objectives, the current research is of an applied type and in terms of data collection it is a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of the research is all the commanders of the I.R.I. border guard area who have a history of service in the Mehran border regiment and other border regiments, as well as the staff managers who are familiar with the vulnerabilities of the border regiments and the commanders of the companies, outposts and border guard bases of Ilam province, in the number of 118 people. The sample size is equal to the statistical population based on the census method. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The content (face) validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, 0.914. SPSS version 24 software was used for data analysis and AMOS version 20 software was used for structural equation modeling. The findings of the research showed that passive defense measures in terms of manpower, vulnerability in facilities, and environmental vulnerability are effective in reducing the vulnerability of the Mehran Border Regiment, and 27.5% of the changes in the vulnerability of this regiment are related to passive defense. Also, the effect of passive defense measures on the vulnerability of Mehran Border Regiment is also significant. After identifying the damaging factors, it was concluded that passive defense measures in the dimensions of dispersion, camouflage, deception, fortifications and positioning are effective in reducing the vulnerability of the Mehran border regiment. The mentioned vulnerability in terms of manpower, facility vulnerability and environmental vulnerability is explained by passive defense measures.

People's capacities play a major role in strengthening the authority and security of the country's border areas. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the methods of getting the participation of clans and tribes in dealing with drug trafficking in the border zone of East Azerbaijan province. This research was carried out in the framework of a qualitative approach and by using the research method of directed thematic analysis to obtain the views of the participants regarding the research topic. . Two library and field methods were used to collect the data of this research. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview that was conducted with questions between 35 and 55 minutes. After conducting 13 interviews, the relevant factors in the previous interviews were repeated and the researcher reached thematic saturation. In order to ensure the validity of the research tool from the researcher's point of view, valuable opinions of professors familiar with this field and relevant experts who were knowledgeable in this field were used. To calculate the reliability, the reliability method between two coders was used, and the reliability obtained from the two coders according to the calculations was 87%, which indicated the appropriate reliability of the questionnaire. In this research, thematic analysis method was used in MAXQDA software platform to analyze qualitative data. The findings showed that the number of 4 comprehensive themes and 8 organizing themes in the form of 37 basic themes can be used to attract the participation of clans and tribes in fighting drug trafficking in the border strip of East Azerbaijan province. Emphasizing trends and values, creating social-cultural solidarity, focusing the authorities on improving job conditions, improving livelihoods and social welfare, promoting specialized knowledge, promoting border knowledge, attracting individual and collective desire, and creating grounds for the participation of ethnic groups. And clans were identified as effective components in attracting participation to deal with drug trafficking.

Kermanshah province is facing various economic, social, cultural, and political challenges, which has caused the lack of development of the province, especially in the border areas. In this province, the border towns are in a bad situation. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to investigate the development obstacles in the border areas of Kermanshah province. In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of method descriptive-analytical and in terms goal it is considered a developmental study. The data collection was done through both library and field study, where interview and questionnaire tools are used. The statistical population of this research includes local experts in the field of border studies and senior managers of the province and border areas of Kermanshah, from which 350 individuals were selected using targeted sampling method. The reliability of the research was checked and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and validity by a panel of experts. In this research, underdevelopment and deprivation were discussed from economic, political, spatial, social dimensions, tourism, and healthcare. The obtained results indicate that the border areas are underprivileged in terms of wealth. The results of Spearman's correlation show a significant relationship between economic, social, political, tourism, and health variables with the underdevelopment of the border areas of Kermanshah province. Finally, the regression findings showed that among these variables, social variables and then economic variables had the greatest impact on underdevelopment.

Due to its socio-economic profitability, drug trafficking has become one of the policing problems of the society and the current social problem of the society. According to statistics, the amount of drug trafficking in Ardabil border province has been increasing. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to study the effect of sociological factors on the tendency to drug trafficking in Ardabil province. The research method is of survey research type (quantitative). The research instrument is a questionnaire. Its statistical population is 408,322 individulas and the sample size is 384 individuals (Cochran's formula) selected by random sampling among the citizens. After the conceptual and operational definition of the variables, the level of validity (experts) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha above .7) of the research were confirmed. According to the research results, between formal and informal social control (r = -.423), differential cohabitation (r = .320), family disorganization (r = .289), social anomie (r = -.412), relative deprivation (r = .380) and gaining social status (r = .200) have a significant relationship with the tendency to drug trafficking. The adjusted determination coefficient is equal to 28% and the multiple correlation coefficient is equal to 25%. According to the research findings, by reducing socio-environmental disorganization through re-creating formal and informal control related to law enforcement institutions, elimination of defenseless urban-environmental space, strengthening the new business environ- ment (increasing job participation and reducing unemploy- ment and sense of social alienation) and creating social capital (strengthening trust and family cohesion, religious affiliation) can reduce the tendency to drug trafficking.

In order to predict the country's security situation in the coming years, the economic and social challenging factors of the country's eastern borders will be identified in the horizon of 2025 and then probable and related scenarios will be drawn. In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of data collection it is considered descriptive-analytical. According to the future research approach, the statistical population of the research is in the form of a panel of experts. The number of experts based on the panel method is 15 individuals. In order to analyze the findings of the research, cross-matrix future research and scenario writing methods were employed using Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software. The findings indicate that 7 economic and social scenarios with compatibility and high score are facing the future of the eastern borders of the country in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, among which 1 is very strong and likely and 6 are weak scenarios. Based on the results of the research, 5 variables of development, poverty, unemployment, construction of border terminals, and drug trafficking were obtained in the state of continuation of the existing trend, and this confirms that the status of the continuation of the current trend for the 5 variables mentioned in the time horizon of 2025 is probable. However, the human trafficking variable was obtained with the increase in human trafficking and it confirms that the increase in human trafficking from the eastern borders is likely in the time horizon of 2025.

Smuggling of goods is one of the important and serious social and economic issues, which is caused by many and complex factors and brings devastating consequences to the society. In terms of its objectives, the current study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered descriptive-analytical. The current research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach, synthesis and meta-analysis of researches conducted in the field of smuggling inside the country. A total of 33 studies were found and used in the meta-combination, but for the meta-analysis in order to sample from the mentioned society, 19 research documents that met the conditions and selection criteria were selected to quantitatively combine the results and obtain single results. Statistical analysis was done using the second edition of the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software and the effect size random combination method. The results of the meta-combination of the researches in the field of the consequences and solutions of combating the smuggling of goods were calculated and presented in the form of selective codes and the results of the meta-analysis show that the effect size is divided by the factors (economic, socio-cultural, geographical, political-legal and security-administrative) at an error level of less than 1% and with 99% confidence, have a strong and significant effect on goods smuggling, and based on this, it can be concluded that goods smuggling is not a single-cause phenomenon, but the product and consequence of a series of the causative conditions are complex and therefore the control and reduction of smuggling also requires a comprehensive program in these fields.

Political-military developments and turmoil in the two countries of Afghanistan and Ukraine caused by the civil war and foreign invasion in the last two years, in addition to countless pains and sufferings and extensive losses, caused a wide wave of migration of the people of these two countries to other countries. became. Apart from the serious and multifaceted dimensions and consequences of this situation on both the immigrant community and the destination countries, the focus of this article is on the representation of different and sometimes conflicting border policies of Europeans towards immigrants, which is measured by identity criteria and is the basis of confronting them.
Borders as multifaceted phenomena; In addition to the territorial-geographical and political aspects, they have cultural-identity aspects and are identified simultaneously with the two functions of "cooperation and unification" within national societies and "differentiation and segregation" with other societies. In addition to this approach, some border studies experts, relying on identity considerations, today emphasize new functions and dimensions of the border, such as the effect of migration on borders.
This article, by adopting a qualitative approach and relying on secondary statistical analysis, in the framework of descriptive and deep analytical method, while examining the relationship between the issue of borders and immigration, by asking the basic question why, contrary to the human rights obligations of European governments; Are asylum seekers and immigrants valued and divided into "civilized Europeans" and "non-civilized Middle East" in the European border regime? And why and how according to this category, the way of dealing with each one is different?
By choosing a critical approach and examining dual policies in dealing with immigrants and refugees, the author of the article proposes the hypothesis that the adoption of dual approaches by these countries is based on identity considerations and preventing immigration in various ways, including settling in third countries. As for security, it includes preventing the entry of immigrants and fencing the borders against Asian and African immigrants on the one hand, and warm welcome and temporary protection in the face of Ukrainian immigrants.