Effect of nano silicon, bio and organic fertilizers on current photosynthesis and dry matter remobilization of triticale (Triticosecale Wittma L.) under salinity stress

Salinity is one of the most destructive environmental stresses, which affect almost every aspect of physiology and biochemistry of a plant. It is a serious threat for crop yield especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Several strategies have been suggested in order to decrease the toxic effects caused by salinity on plant growth, among them use of silicon and bio fertilizers play important role in yield improvement. In this regard, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse University of Mohaghegh Ardabili  in 2021. The investigated factors were included salinity levels [no application of salinity as control, application of 30 and 60 mM salinity (1.8, 2.76 and 5.53 dS.m-1 respectively)], bio and organic fertilizers (no application as control, vermicompost, mycorrhiza, both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza) and nanosilicon foliar application (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 30 and 60 mg.L-1 of nanosilicon). The results showed that both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza, foliar application of 60 mg.L-1 of nano silicon under no salinity decreased dry matter remobilization from the stem (209.01%) and aerial parts to grain (80.49%), but increased stomata conductance (50.47%), flag leaf protein (26.17%), current photosynthesis (153.41%), the contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield (89.56%) and  grain yield (88.88%) compared to no appllication bio and organic fertilizers and nanosilicon under 60 mM salinity conditions. Based on the results this study, it can be suggested  that the application of bio and organic fertilizers and nanosilicon can increase the grain yield of triticale under salinity conditions due to improving stomata conductance and current photosynthesis.