Inequality of income and consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy in the provinces of Iran

Inequality of income and consumption of renewable and non-renewable energies is one of the important issues of many countries and has many economic, social and environmental dimensions. Also, income inequality is one of the most important obstacles to the development of different societies. In this research, using data from 1389 to 1398 and the method of generalized moments (GMM), in addition to income inequality, the effect of economic growth and urbanization on electricity consumption in the provinces of Iran has been investigated. The results show that a 1% increase in the Gini coefficient reduces electricity consumption by more than 5%. Also, a 1% increase in GDP increases electricity consumption by more than 1.5%. This is despite the fact that the square of gross domestic product has a negative and significant effect on electricity consumption, and an increase of one percent causes a decrease in electricity consumption by more than 0.03 percent.   Therefore, the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product and electricity consumption in Iran's provinces is confirmed. Finally, the results show a positive and significant effect of urbanization on electricity consumption, so that with a 1% increase, electricity consumption increases by more than 0.2%.