The spillover effects of China and EU sustainable development on Iran: an integrated sustainability approach

The concept of sustainable development is currently recognized as one of the most reliable scientific and practical definitions for human society, so that the United Nations, as one of the most important global institutions, has defined various goals to achieve sustainable development and divided it into three The component of social, environmental and economic affairs has been divided. The aim of this study is to estimate sustainability tensions to examine how the pillars of sustainable development in Iran should interact with the European Union and China. For this purpose, this research uses the SEY model including the system of simultaneous equations and Granger causality in the period of 1993-2020 annually with two limited and complete information approaches. Based on the results, there are high sustainability tensions among these countries, which indicates their significant spillover effects and confirms the integrated sustainability perspective. In addition, the results show that there is a significant flow of spillover effects between Iran and China, and also, Iran has failed to apply and activate potential flows of sustainable spillover effects from the European Union. Therefore, in order to improve and accelerate the progress of sustainable development, policy makers in Iran should also maintain their relations with China as the world's second largest economy, while improving their relations with the European Union to avoid possible spillover effects between the pillars of Iran's sustainability and Activate the European Union.