Application of opinions and philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in medical education

Undoubtedly, Rousseau's ideas in the field of application and practice can be given a prominent role in education. As in France itself, they recognized him late and understood his thoughts, and 16 years after Rousseau's death, his body was transferred to the Pantheon (the mausoleum of great men of that country) by the decision of the French Revolutionary Assembly and was buried here, perhaps for a period of time. It takes a lot to put his ideas into practice. But what is clear is that in the matter of teaching and learning, this theory can be greatly benefited in the following dimensions:1- Learner: Rousseau's emphasis on knowing the student is comprehensive and he believes that one should have the necessary and sufficient information about the student before any effective action. Modern psychological theories also emphasize the importance of knowing the student in the medical education group or other similar groups, the first step for teaching and learning should be the foundation of knowing the students. The teacher must know the learner in terms of cognitive processes, previous experiences, intelligence and talent, background, motivation, emotional maturity, etc. because all these things will be effective in his teaching and communication methods, and without the knowledge of these processes, he will build an intellectual scaffolding. And the pre-organizers cannot have high hopes for the results of their work. The teacher should know the needs of the learner and guide the curriculum in that direction, and the most important thing is to take into account the individual differences of the learners. It is also important to pay attention to the cognitive development stages of learners and what should be provided to Anna at each stage. 2- Instructor: The role of the instructor should be a facilitator and guide. The teacher should be a complete practical model for the learners. Even in theories of social-cognitive psychology such as Bandura, the role of the model and the fact that the giver must perform well in his position are mentioned. The teacher should motivate the students and according to Rousseau, the art of a teacher is to make his student enjoy the lesson. If a school is chosen for teaching a subject, it must have the necessary expertise in that subject and discipline and start it with sufficient motivation. The teacher should be able to establish a good relationship with the learner or learners and play the role of a friend and helper, and the learner should be able to learn by his side. 3- Environment: The environment is something that Rousseau is very sensitive about and he is forced to grow and cultivate his desire even in solitude. Rousseau does not accept an educational environment that imposes negative training on the individual or is not stimulating enough. Today, new theories of psychology have confirmed the correctness of Rousseau's theory. In the matter of teaching and learning, creating suitable, creative, and stimulating environments, suitable emotional atmosphere, suitable physical environment, sufficient facilities, and tools, etc., have a great impact on the amount and desirability of students' learning and it is necessary to create a dynamic environment. 4- Curriculum: the content presented to the learners should be consistent with their natural needs. Using learning with the help of the senses and applying the experimental method in teaching and learning was one of Rousseau's philosophical principles, which later became the basis of Dewey's theory of pragmatism. Curriculums should be comprehensive and should allow learners as much freedom in learning as possible. Also, curricula should be flexible and far from monotony and dryness. Emphasizing new teaching methods is one of the principles of this philosophical theory and teachers should not insist on traditional teaching. Curricula should be problem-oriented and make the learner think and reflect. Provide him with an objective and first-hand experiences. It is very important to include moral content in lessons and one should not ignore its hidden effects. Learning how to think should be included in the curriculum. Giving learners independence and freedom of action to touch and experience what they like to learn should be done with teacher facilitation.