Physiological importance of glutathione in health and disease

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant low molecular weight- thiol and thus representing the first line of cellular defense against oxidative stress in biological systems. Other important functions of glutathione include regulation of gene expression, signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis, cytokine production and immune response. Intracellular glutathione concentrations vary from 1-10 mM with the reduced GSH being the predominating form. Consequently, the measurement of the ratio of GSH/GSSG is considered as an important index of cell functionality and viability. Glutathione deficiency has been implicated in aging as well as pathogenesis of many diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, AIDS, pulmonary and neurodegenerative diseases. Preventive measures against glutathione depletion include consumption of protein diet containing glutathione precursors, protection against ionizing radiation and avoiding smoking, exhaustive sports as well as overuse of over counter drugs.