نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال هفدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 68، شهریور و مهر 1394)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder diagnosed in primary school children's psychiatric outpatient clinics. Many researchers have used the data provided by parents and teachers in diagnosing children with ADHD. The aim of this meta-analysis study is to estimate of prevalence of ADHD through the perspective of teachers and parents in school children in Iran. Overall 16 articles were extracted, by searching the databases: SID, Magiran, GoogleScholar and etc. in the years 1996 to 2011 in Iran. Data were analyzed by random effects model of meta-analysis. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 index. To investigate the relationship between years of study and sample size, meta-regression was used. Data analysis was done with R and Stata software version 11.2. In 16 articles, in a total sample of 14,891 primary school children aged 7 to 12 years, the pooled prevalence ADHD by parents and teachers agreement was 8%, prevalence of ADHD was 20% according to parents and 20% according to teachers. This study shows that the prevalence of ADHD is moderate. This issue indicated the necessity of students’ mental health care as the future of the country, and the need to identify and treatment groups at risk by revealing and responsible institutions.

According to some studies, play therapy and story-telling affect on children’s attention and concentration so the purpose of the present study aimed to assess the effect of combination of purposeful play therapy and narrative therapy on attention and concentration of preschool children in a nonclinical sample. The statistical community of the clinical trial with pre-test, post-test design is all pre-school children of region 2 in Mashhad. Four kindergartens were selected through multi cluster sampling method and 60 children with IQ score in range of 90-119 (6-6.5 years old girls and boys) were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to 4 groups (10 persons) play therapy, narrative therapy, combined purposeful play therapy and narrative therapy and control group. The research instruments were Wechsler IQ test, test of every day attention for children and continuous performance test. Experimental groups received 12 sessions of interventions and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multi variable analysis of covariance. Children's attention increased significantly more in combined play therapy and narrative therapy group than the other groups (P=0.004). However, children's concentration did not increase significantly more than other groups in the combined play therapy and narrative therapy group (P=0.31). According to the results, purposeful play therapy and narrative therapy as attractive and educational tools can promote attention factors and prevent to attention defects among children.

Internet addiction can have a negative impact on the social and emotional function of peoples. Therefore, the present study was carried out to compare the social intelligence and prosocial personality in the medical students with and without internet addiction. The study has a causal-comparative design. The study population included all students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2013-2014 academic years. A random cluster sampling procedure was done and following the initial screening, 120 students with and without Internet addiction (60 persons for each group) were selected. The data collection was carried out by Yang Internet Addiction, Thet Social Intelligence, and Penner Prosocial Personality Questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS software version 20. The results showed there is significant difference between the groups in social intelligence (P=0.001) and prosocial personality (P<0.0005). The levels of both variables were lower in the college students with internet addiction. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the groups in terms of the ascription of responsibility (P<0.0005), perspective taking (P=0.007), mutual-concerns moral reasoning (P=0.002), other-oriented moral reasoning (P=0.036), and personal distress (P=0.007) subscales. Due to the lower level of social intelligence and prosocial personality in the medical students with internet addiction, social and communication skills training could possibly lead to improvements in mental health of this group.

Detailed assessment of behavioral disorders is of high importance, especially in preschool children. The present study aimed to compare the prevalence of behavioral disorders between preschool boys and girls and suggestion about strategies for reduction these problems.

Statistical community of this descriptive study was all preschool children aged 1.5-7 years residing in Tehran during 2010-11. The study population included 2000 children were selected through multistage sampling. Each child’s mother completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square and SPSS software version 18.

Total cases are 1977 persons included 957 boys (48.4%) and 1020 girls (51.6%). Findings indicated that attention problem was the most common disorder among preschool boys (6.1%) while emotionally reactive was the most common problem among preschool girls (17.2%). In addition, the most prevalent disorder before age 5 was emotionally reactive (11.3%). The most common disorders between ages 5 to 7 were emotionally reactive (10.7%) and somatic complaints (10.3%). In most of the behavioral problem subscales, girls experienced more problems compared to boys (P=0.001).

Based on the results, in most of the behavioral problem subscales, girls experienced more problems compared to boys. The prevalence rate of behavioral disorders is relatively high in preschools. The issue therefore requires serious attention from mental health services authorities.

Pornography can inflict major damages on people, insofar as the role of normal marital relationship is downplayed. This leads to a growing disenchantment in spouses. Love and marital satisfaction are among the factors contributing to the progress and achievement of one's goals in life. This study investigated the relationship of love and marital satisfaction with pornography in married university students in Birjand, Iran. This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 310 married students studying at private and public universities in Birjand, in 2012-2013 academic year using random quota sampling method. Data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire, Enrich Marital Satisfaction Inventory, Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale and a researcher-made pornography scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-t test, Pearson correlation test, multivariate regression analysis and SPSS software version 15. Results indicated a significant negative relationship between the components of love (i.e. intimacy, passion, commitment) and marital satisfaction (P<0.001). In addition, religious orientation and commitment could together determine 23% of pornography variations. Other components were excluded from the equation. Findings also indicated that the mean scores of intimacy, commitment, financial management, and sexual relationship were significantly higher among female students. On the other hand, the mean scores of personality, marital relationship, and religious orientation were significantly higher in male students (P<0.05). There was no significant gender-difference in overall mean scores of marital satisfaction (P>0.05). It appears that pornography has a negative impact on love and marital satisfaction.

Prevention and treatment of children’ mental disorders are important, not just to reduce their present problems but to improve their performance in adulthood. The nation-wide epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in terms of lifetime prevalence is not adequately known in Iran. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of 6-18 year-old children and adolescents in Mashhad province using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). 2012 children and adolescent (6-18 years old) were selected from 10 cluster heads from different municipality areas of Mashhad, Iran. Parents and adolescents filled out the SDQ. The prevalence of symptoms and the relationship between the obtained scores and demographic factors were determined. In this study, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant for statistical analysis. Analyzing the self-report form of the SDQ indicated that 34% of the participants were abnormal. In other words, 34% of children had psychiatric problems. In the parent form of the SDQ, 67.7% of children had psychological problems. Determining the subscale score in the self-report form revealed that peer relationship problems (44.4%) was the most common problem in children and adolescents followed by conduct disorder (44.1%), impairment of prosocial behavior (26.8%), emotional problems (15.9%) and hyperactivity (5.8%). In the parent form, impairment in peer relationships (75%) was the most common problem followed by emotional problems (69.6%), conduct disorder (64.5%), impairment in prosocial behavior (52.7%) and hyperactivity (6.3%). In the parent form of the SDQ, the total difficulties score was higher in children and adolescents aged 14-18 and primary school children. There was a significant difference between different age groups and grades in terms of the total difficulties score. In the self-report form of the SDQ, no significant difference was observed between demographic features in terms of the total difficulties score. Our findings showed that mental health of children in Mashhad, especially peer relationship problems, needs more attention.

According to formation of emerging communication tools and their effects in community, this study aimed to investigate the use of these tools (cell phone, internet and satellite) among young adults in Torbat-e-Heydarieh and its relation with anxiety, depression and stress. In this descriptive-correlative study that conducted in Torbat-e-Heydarieh (summer 2014) numbers of 209 young adults (129 men and 80 women) were selected through randomized sampling method and they fulfilled the questionnaires of Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), Yang Internet Addiction, Cell Phone Internet Addiction and demographic form. Data analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test sample group, one factor variation analysis and Pearson coefficient. The use of cell phone, internet and satellite among young adults in Torbat-e-Heydarieh were higher than mean of our community. Also the use of these tools among men and range of age 20-30 years were higher significantly (P=0.000). In addition, results showed that the anxiety scores were higher in use of cell phone and the anxiety and stress scores were higher in use of internet, and the depression and stress scores were higher in use of satellite significantly (P<0.05). Based on the results the use of emerging communication tools is high and increase of use of them relates to higher scores of stress, depression and anxiety.

Burnout is syndrome common among psychiatric nurses and lack of attention can lead to depression, low job satisfaction, reproach, blame, and lack of empathy towards patients, decreased job performance, increased interpersonal difficulties, family dysfunction, and consequently affect the care of patients. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of psychiatric nurses regarding burnout in psychiatric hospitals in Mashhad in 2013. This research is a qualitative study with interpretive phenomenological method. Participants were selected from psychiatric nurses based on inclusion criteria through purposive sampling to reach data saturation (n=12). Data collection was done by in depth and unstructured interviews and every interview was tape recorded then data analysis was done by the method of Diekelman et al. (1989). The results of this study were categorized into three main themes and 10 sub-themes: 1- Walking on glass (violence, to confront unusual behavior and speech of patients, physical and psychological needs of patients, the unwanted interventions), 2- Living in a spider's web (high volume of work, lack of understanding of managers, shortage of personnel) and 3- Dark clarity (financial needs, life responsibilities, family problems). Many of the symptoms of various conditions affecting burnout in this study suggest that interventions should be individualized and attend to all domains of life such as behavior, social, and the work. Also, further support and involvement of managers in the prevention of burnout is a necessity.