فصلنامه برنامه ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 34، پاییز 1398)

Today, most countries of the world face the rapid expansion of urbanization. In each urban system, there are cities with different sizes, functions and characteristics. Each of these cities has different degrees of social vulnerability. Their vulnerability varies depending on social and economic systems and any changes in these systems can reduce or increase their social vulnerability. This is an applied research with descriptive - analytical methods based on library and statistical information. This research examines the social vulnerability in all cities that have over 10,000 populations in Iran by using factor analysis method. In the first phase, all cities were classified according to their size in 7 floors and the degree of vulnerability was identified in each population class. Then, the relationship between city size and social vulnerability was presented in the form of a graph. In the next step, the results demonstrated in the template of spatial analysis by using the GIS software. The results showed that social - economical criteria had the greatest impact on the increasing of  social vulnerability. Subsequently, facilities and equipment and physical critoria had the most impact on the increasing of it. It was also found that as population increases, the social vulnerability also increases. Due to this topic that the most populous cities of Iran are in the western and central part of the country, it became clear that the most vulnerable cities are located in the western and central parts of it.According to what was said it should be noted that vulnerability is the result of all factors and cannot be considered in a one-dimensional way and merely focus on one criterion, and for achieving the goal of reducing vulnerability and prevention the occurrence of a humanitarian catastrophe in the country,paying attention to all these criteria is necessary.

The critiques of modernism in urbanization has led to the emergence of post-modernist approaches; consequently, environmental and sustainable urban development. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is one of the examples of sustainable urban development, whose main goal is to solve traffic problems of cities, based on land use planning, and  public transportation development. In the new comprehensive plan of Tabriz, in addition to the central core of the city, two sub-cores in the east and west of the city are proposed as the focus of the city concentration cores; while, a transport-oriented development approach and the creation of a nodal-transit model, were chosed as the traffic-policy of the project. Obviously, the lack of coordination in focusing these areas with traffic plans, and turning these centers into transport-oriented development centers, will create new traffic problems. Therefore, the main aim of the present study is to measure these centers in terms of space, and their capacity to turn them into TOD centers, and in the cases available, there are solutions delivered, to improve the situation. The purpose of this research is applied; while is descriptive in terms of method. The work process generally consists of two stages of library studies and field research. The most important tool for collecting and analyzing information, were GIS softwares, like ARC GIS 10.3 software. The Morris uncertainty coefficients, the linear non-scaling method (special vector) and hierarchical analysis method (AHP) are used for ranking and comparative comparison of the studied areas.
Innovation: The present paper's innovation was standardizing and categorizing the transport-oriented development approach; while using the analytical functions of GIS software such as Arc GIS and Autodesk MAP for field analysis of indices.     results of the research show that the railway part has relatively better status than the university neighborhood; and none of the proposed kernels of the comprehensive plan in the current situation, are in good agreement with the TOD indices, and to transform into TOD, there should make major spatial changes in their structure.

Reducing the share of the country's rural population and reducing the number of villages over the past decades, have raised fundamental questions about the future and the position of the village in the national planning system, also the settlement system. In the earlier period, villages had a large share of the country's domicile; but with the transformation of the livelihood and economic system, resulting from the growth of capitalist relations and the transformation of many human-space relations, the capacity to reside and activity was dramatically concentrated in the cities. Considering the value and socio-economic status of the village in the previous and current form of the Iranian society, the necessity to pay attention to the sustainability and preservation of the rural population, has always been one of the regional and national planning and management concerns. In this regard, the question is that while most of the country's villages are faced with population decline, what are the characteristics of the villages possessing the capacity to maintain and preserve the population? This research is designed to answer this question, using descriptive-analytical methods, based on secondary data analysis. Required information was extracted based on library studies and statistical publications of the Statistical Center of Iran, then statistical analysis has been performed. Results and innovation: In this research, through reviewing the demographic evolutions and services and conditions of all rural areas of Bijar city in different statistical periods, we have paid to the correlation of the differences between rural areas. Results of the research show that, despite the apparent conception of the development and provision of services and infrastructures, the mere existence or absence of services cannot be considered as a major factor in maintaining rural populations, but also other factors such as access to urban centers, agricultural conditions and ability, also the village position as a central location, have significant impact o n this trend. In this process, in the sample of Bijar city, only three points (Zaynl Khan, Azaghaj and Sidan balls) show population increase; and few population points with the potential to keep the population, have been turned into a city, the factor which has accelerated the decline in rural population in the county.

One of the main concerns of city planners and managers is how to distribute and allocate resources, and provide urban services fairly in different parts of the city according to the needs of the urban community. The lack of optimal distribution of services between different regions and areas of the city, provides for the emergence of problems aroused by injustices and socio-economic inequalities. This paper aims to investigate and determine the allocation and concentration of resources and urban services; emphasizing on spatial inequality approach in different regions of Yazd. The research method was descriptive-correlative, using library methods for data collection, and utilizing statistical techniques and Williamson's utility models, Shannon Entropy, Topsis, LQ Factor, and Spearman-Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results indicate unequal distribution of a number of urban facilities and services among different regions of the city. Finally, the way of urban-services spatial distribution indicates the tendency of urban land uses, to focus and polarity in some parts of the city; while there is also no relationship between the services and population-density of the regions. Findings show that this relationship has been existed in the past. Finally, in order to increase spatial inequality in differen regions of Yazd, the priority of suggested land uses was determined, using local-coefficient.

Places form part of people's identity. But today, urban places, including neighborhoods –affected by urbanism and urbanization- have lost their meaning, resulting in the weakening of today-citizens’ place identity. However, some old neighborhoods -as Identity-maker elements- may still maintain and enhance citizens’ place-identity, and due to this important role, this calls for double attention.
Regarding the importance of this subject, the aim of this research is to analyze the place identity level, and its affecting factors, in one of the oldest neighborhoods in Sabzevar, named Kolah Farangi Neighborhood .This is a survey research, the required data of which, have been collected by questionnaire with simple random sampling, then analyzed using one-sample T-test and Pearson correlation and Lambda correlation. In the paper, place-identity has been evaluated with five components, including external evaluation, familiarity, past-continuity, place commitment and attachment. Results show that, except of the external evaluation component, other components of place-identity are at the appropriate level and despite the changes that have taken place in the physical context of the Kolah Farangi neighborhood, the neighborhood still has a high level of identity for its inhabitants. Also, the length of residence in a neighborhood, housing ownership status, social interactions and the sense of security, affect the place-identity.

Air pollution with suspended particles of less than 2.5 microns –due to the special combination and particles' dimension- is one of the most important hazards, threatening human health in large cities such as Isfahan. The purpose of this study is monitoring and investigation of contamination incidences due to less-than-2.5-microns dust particles in thy city, with the aim of providing proper grounds for opposing its effects in Isfahan. Autocorrelation and Dorbin-Watson's tests were used to examine time alterations and behavior of less-than-2.5-microns dust particles. For this purpose, the daily statistics of less-than-2.5-microns dust particles of 7 pollutant stations in Isfahan, during the statistical period of 2012-2016 (1391-95) , were used. findings of this study show that due to the dust particles' densities affectability of various factors with different trends; there is no time concomitance of dust particles during the year. Data-fitting with the model also manifests un absence of time autocorrelation of dust particles, also approved its being completely random. Investigation of frequency of pollutant days from years 2015 to 2016 showed that the number of days with unhealthy conditions for sensitive groups, and days with very unhealthy conditions; had decreased by about 7.7% and 2.7% respectively, indicating improvement of air quality in Isfahan. Considering that one of the main causes of mortality in polluted cities is less-than-2.5-microns dust particles, the investigation of this phenomenon, based on long-term documented information and statistics, based on the pollution standards; is assumed as the innovational aspect of this research. However, the number of days with severe contamination in Isfahan has been reduced, but the days with more pollution level, have been driven to the east and northeast areas of Isfahan.