نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی
پیاپی 55 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

This article re-examines the socio-political context of foundation of The Institute of Social Studies and Research, its relationship to the power structure, and public intellectuals as well as its rise and fall in the first two decades of activity from the beginning to the Islamic Revolution. The Institute is the first social science institution in Iran, emerging quarter century after establishment of Tehran University, which founded to act as a research aid of the Shah administration for accomplishment of modernization programs. The Institute, like the social sciences itself, was bounded with three dimensions: academy, political power, and the public sphere. So, its ups and downs were highly dependent to its relations with theses three domains. Despite its paradoxical situation, the Institute was very successful in the first decade, drawing the attention of statesmen and intellectuals to the importance of the social sciences, so that the social research became a focus for converging interests of the regime and its opponents. However the gradual change of these relations, as well as changing government's viewpoint on the Institute, pushed it to the margin of academy. Nevertheless, the Institute's contribution to the consolidation and expansion of the social sciences in Iran is undeniable.

The aim of the present study is to understand this question that how youthfulness has been visible in Iranian human sciences? With emphasis on archaeology and genealogy, present research seeks to discover the original moments of youth formation as an object for knowledge-power. In another word we sought to the springs which youth has become problematic. On the one hand, non-discursive practices, and in the other hand discursive propositions were analyzed and excavated. Historical excavations suggested at least four different discourses are objectifying youth: religious, legal-juridical, sociological, and psychological. These orders of discourses making youth as a pathological object which needs cure and policymaking. In this sense, the early moments of youth formation as an object of knowledge-power are accompanied by the pathological reading of youth. These findings are discussed in light of the current area of social pathology studies in contemporary Iran.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of female-headed households in many developed and developing countries, In recent decades, more than one-third of households are made up of women due to divorce, definitive lonely and immigration.The method used in this study is documentary and library research and meta-analysis and including 59 articles and theses related to the topic of female-headed household.The results on the four dimensions of economic status, education and skills, social networks and relationships, mental health have show that the first and most important concerns of female-headed household are economic and employment problems. Other important problems for these women include all kinds of physical and mental problems, illiteracy, illiteracy, lack of education, low-income or informal employment opportunities, unstable and low income, lack of security in social interactions, Relationship violence experience, social exclusion, lack of economic socialization, lack of self-confidence, lack of social and occupational skills, lack of access to resources and while these women have little legal protection.Female-headed household have to play multiple roles in society that often they are in conflict with each other, and this causes them to have physical, psychological, and economic, communication and ... problems. Therefore, considering the issues facing them, it is necessary to supportive institutions and policymakers intervene to develop protective programs to improve the economic, physical and psychological well-being of these women.

The relationship between value and the social sciences has always been a subject of debate among sociologists as well as philosophers of the social sciences. It is clear that this debate is essentially a philosophical debate, and when the sociologist wears the philosopher's cloak, he discusses it. Many thinkers have maintained that social science must be independent of values ​​in order to maintain the objectivity of the social sciences. Others have cited two sources of discovery and justification for better explaining this purpose or going beyond this radical reading. The lack of clarity in the concepts involved and the inaccuracy of the dispute have added to the ambiguity of the debate. This article examines the meaning, value, objectivity and disaggregation of the social sciences into six positions, discoveries, concepts, justifications, acceptance of theory, recommendation and application. While explaining the requirements of each official, we try to take the path of clarification by using the foundations of muslim philosophers.

Doctor-patient relationship model is one of the determinant factors that can prompt patients to file a lawsuit against doctor. The study aimed to determine the relationship models between physicians who had history of medical malpractice lawsuit and patients. In this qualitative study data collection conducted by participant observation method, and the researcher referred to the doctor as a patient. She noted and analyzed the results of her observations after leaving the office. Three categories of doctor-patient relationship were identified: first, medical office as a small business enterprise with physician/tradesman-patient/customer relationship; second, medical office as a small palace with physician/Bourgeois man- high class patient relationship; third, medical office as a government office whit physician/manager-patient/client relationship. The findings of this study showed that the relationship between physicians who had history of medical malpractice lawsuit and patients is based on financial interests and authority that can leads patient to make a medical malpractice lawsuit against doctor.

This study aimed to identify the components of women's social security in a historical sociological context and to fulfill this goal, after reviewing existing literature on this subject, it collected historical data. The results of the study showed that social security has two subjective and objective dimensions which their dialectical consequence leads to its improvement. There is a great deal of evidence of women's activities, especially of upper class women in the Iranian imperial history. Women in the Qajar period did limited activities in the court and had some participation in charity and religious ceremonies as a result of the family support and support from religious organizations. In Reza Shah' period the objective dimension of the social security was restored. Women's associations started to be active again but due to non-existance of the recall of subjective & objective dimensions of social security, their activities and partnership were not expanded. The period of Mohammad Reza Shah was a period in the Iranian imperial history when the state support for establishing the subjective & objective dimensions of social security was formed, strengthening laws protecting families and women's rights also assigning the right to vote for women. Opening up the space for social, cultural and political activities created a sense of security for women. The important point is that social security is linked to women's class background and class origins. Social support from family, state or social organizations plays a major role in shaping women's social security.

Artwork, including film, is a tool to represent and identify discourses in any society. Cinemas of various genres, including social, drama, sacred defense or war, have serious, transcendental contexts that reflect the qualities of social relationships and the daily lives of people. This study seeks to study the representation of the social relations commodity in cinema in the 2000s and 2010s. The conceptual framework is inspired by the ideas of Marx, Lukacs and Polanyi who have long been concerned with the domination of commodity logic and market relations over the social sphere of the modern world. Five of the films were purposely selected and reviewed. The findings show that in all the films studied and in different genres the dominance of commodity logic and market system values in individual, social, emotional, and so on relationships is evident and the social and ethical spheres are dominated by economic logic and favorable intentions. But the most common in the social and sacred genres has been the emphasis on differences in samples of the two genres.

Democratic Political Institutions, includes institutionalized ways of replying to political requests, such as citizenship and civic institutions, election and elective institutions, freedom of expression, newspapers and magazines, and etc. could result to democratization (as Tilly’s theory, they could increase breath, equality, protection, mutually binding consultation between the state and the citizens). In the modern history of Iran, including various critical junctures from Naser’i Era to the Islamic Revolution of Iran, there were numerous opportunities to give birth and develop those democratic political institutions, while as the chain of the events of the modern history shows all of the opportunities were missed. Regularly speaking, one of the main obstacles that always considered is the Authoritarian State, but, in this article, we argue that other variables must be seriously taken into account. To do so, we present a combined theoretical method that make a configuration of those variable to explain the problem. Besides, we use the method of Comparative-Historical Analysis (CHA) to study the obstacles of development of democratic political institutions in the Juncture of Constitutionalism and Nationalism in Iran to develop our study. As a result, we believe that the variables of World-System, Political Culture and Political Organizations are as much imperative as Authoritarian States. In this article, we try to explain these variables in the modern history of Iran by the method of CHA.

Upgrading the epistemic context of modern science from mechanism to organism in German idealism allows Émile Durkheim to establish academic social science in France. The philosophical formulation of necessity and freedom (from Kant's dualism to Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy of nature) evolves in German idealism to the extent that it is possible to legalize the social affairs in the essential field of positivist science. Basic concepts and ideas of Durkheim's sociology, such as organic solidarity and division of social work, can be realized with the features of an organic approach such as a priori unity, internal consistency, and the necessity and legitimacy of the organic affairs, in a way that a prerequisite for understanding Durkheim's fundamental difference with English social science, as Durkheim repeatedly states, is to understand the quality of his thinking within the German tradition. Moreover, ethics, which prior to Durkheim, are independent sciences, are based on the organic approach to positivist science; therefore, the ethics of science is established with Durkheim.

The understanding of economic relations in the context of family firms is correlated with the pattern of management, their entrepreneurial and heritability characteristics. The purpose of this research was to study the behavioral patterns of Haj Khalifa's and Sons' management of sweetmeat as a successful family owned company in Yazd. The expression of the characteristics and the space of social, cultural and managerial relationships in this family firm and the reasons for its historical success as a brand has been the central issue of the research. The method used in this research was qualitative method of ground theory which was conducted through targeted sampling among 11 managers and confectionery staff of Haj Khalifa and boys. The results of this study show that the fragmentation from the total number of interviews conducted consists of 14 selective categories and one main category that has been the final explanation of the logic of the behavioral behaviors and the pattern of pastoral management of Haj Khalifa and boys; these categories include selective categories of "customer orientation" "Social commitment", "preserving originality and product quality", "creative and participatory management", "importance to the workforce", "updating the production and sales system", "creative and participatory management", "entrepreneurial and innovative personality" , "Family cohesion in corporate governance", "becoming a family business", "providing facilities to the workforce" , "Packaging diversity" and "positive interaction in the workplace", "becoming brand" and a core category of "sustainable livestock entrepreneurship" as the ultimate explanator.