نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

The purpose of the present study was to monitor the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant used in Shahinshahr lands to investigate the heavy metal concentration and quality parameters based on environmental standards in wastewater during 1396-97. In this study, samples from seven stations were collected during one year. The samples were subjected to standard concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cobalt, chromium and nutritional heavy metals zinc, copper, iron and manganese, and acidity, electrical conductivity and total solids content. The results were statistically analyzed in two ways: measuring seasonal or monthly (temporal) and stationary (spatial) changes. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the wastewater was lower than the permissible limit. Comparison of the concentration of each heavy element with the standards of Iran Environmental Protection Agency, World Health Organization and Environmental Protection Agency showed that according to the relevant standards, the treated wastewater after chlorination is capable of irrigation for green space. There was no limitation on the acidity and total amount of suspended solids. Electrical conductivity was exceeded during the monitoring period and by standards the effluent had average electrical conductivity for irrigation.

Regarding the sustainable development goals and devastating consequences of climate change, considering the environmental impacts of products have found everyday increasing importance. One of the major sources of greenhouse gas emission is building industry. In the current research, life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings has been done at the production and processing stages, and corresponding impacts are estimated. To reach this aim, effect of replacing common decking systems with new decking system of steel-FRP are estimated on the rate of CO2 emission. Steel frame buildings with 3, 5, 7, and 10 storeys with different structural systems (including intermediate moment frame, special moment frame, special concentrically braced frame, and dual system) and different decking systems (concrete joist, steel joist, and composite steel concrete) are chosen and designed by considering all details. The results demonstrate the significant decrease in the weight of structural components in case of using steel-FRP decking system which will directly correlate with substantial decline in the CO2 emission. Moreover, precise emission functions are provided for different structural systems which exhibit excellent coefficient of determination with the provided calculation data, and can be implemented to estimate the environmental costs of buildings in terms of CO2 emission.

The project entitled "designing, engineering and establishing predictive emission monitoring system for power plants (PEMs)" was described and accomplished by energy and environment research center of Niroo Research Institute. The literature review related to Predictive Emission Monitoring system, designing and engineering of PEMs for power plants, implementation of PEMs for power plants, installation of PEMs for power plants, operation of Predictive Emission Monitoring system for power plants and the performance report of PEMs for power plants were the steps of this project. The predictive emission monitoring of the flue gas components at the selected steam power plant including, NO،SO2،CO,CO2,O2 was modeled and estimated. According to the results of this project it was found that the relative error of of the flue gas components except CO was fewer than 10% in comparison with the measured values. The uncertainty of estimation for Predictive Emission Monitoring system was calculated to be ±4% of measured value.

Soil contamination is one of the major problem in the world. Abyek industrial zone situated in Qazvin province. In these research soil contamination of surrounding area of Abyek industrial town has been studied. In these study arsenic amount as a soil contaminant were measured. Sampling of six contaminated and one control point were done. Soil parameters were measured too. Soil sampling at surface and depth of 5 and 10 cm were done. Result shown that with depth increasing the amount of Arsenic were increased. Lower amount of arsenic were reported at control point and higher amount reported at area between highway and industrial town. Higher amount of arsenic was on the south side of industrial town. Generally, the arsenic content of soil in the abyek industrial town is standard. first seems vehicles has an inmportamnt effect on arsenic concentration in soils but statistical results shown with 95% confidence that soil arsenic has an industrial origin.

Based on evaluation of rangeland management projects conducted by rangeland technical office on 2000, surveillance factor was recognized as important factor in correct executing of rangeland management projects. Having regard to lack of success of previous management operations in preventing of rangeland degradation, so giving rangelands to private sector and use of people contribution stated as novel method in rangeland management. It is essential to evaluation the efficiency of this method in applied areas in which wide field investigations by using scientific procedures is required and those results could led executives to obtain primary purposes in optimizing of giving rangelands to civil people. For evaluation of rangeland habitats, various procedures are presented which each of them has advantageous and disadvantageous. Present study with the aim of introducing Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) model as quick and reliable method which can predict undesirable changes and announce preventive and early warnings, and its application as new approach for evaluation of rangeland management projects in Iran. Results show that Landscape Function Analysis is simple, low-cost and fast method for consideration of surface soil indices and rangeland functional properties. Also, this method easily could be trained and learned and its execution is inexpensive

Heavy metals from different sources are continuously introduced into aquatic ecosystems and with a view to reinforcing each other's impacts are a serious threat to aquatic life and ultimately to human society. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of nickel, lead and zinc in Caspian kutum tissues in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces and also to compare it with world standards. Sampling was done in spring 2017 from Sefidroud and Shirood rivers. Samples were prepared by acid digestion method. The concentration of nickel, lead and zinc in some tissues was measured by ICP-OES and compared with some standards. The nickel value recorded in most tissues was significantly higher than the standards presented. The high concentration of nickel in Caspian kutum in Guilan is probably due to drainage of more effluents containing this metal in Guilan province and transfer of pollutants from oil and shipping activities of Azerbaijan by dominant marine currents to the coast. Due to the high concentration of nickel and the high catch of Caspian kutum from the north of the country, as well as the direct effect of heavy metals on each other, more care should be taken when feeding this fish.

Eshkevarat hunting prohibited region with 30347/46 ha is located in the middle of Roodsar city in Gilan. Due to habitat diversity and valuable species, this area has high conservation value. Land use/cover (LULC) changes resulted in human activities is one of the most important factors influencing the change of plant diversity in the region. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of LULC changes on the vegetation type and diversity in the period of (2009-2019) in the Eshkevarat hunting prohibited region‬. In order to analyze the LULC changes, the vegetation of the area was also investigated and a plant type map with 13 types or plant units was prepared. In this way, we can observe the effect of land changes based on each plant type. The results of Change detection show that the area of agriculture and semi-dense rangelands increased during 10 years while rainforest and dense rangelands decreased. The most damage and change were observed in two types, X and XI, including species such as Fagus, Acer, Quercus, Carpinus, Fraxinus, Carpinus, and Quercus as well as types V and VI, which include species such as Berberis, Crataegus, Pyrus, Lonicera, Rosa, Juniperus, Crataegus, Cotoneaster, Berberis, and Astragalus.

Electroplating industrial waste is one of the most critical industrial waste problems. There is a growing interest in developing methods for recovering metals and water from plating waste stream using membrane technology. In this project, reverse osmosis (RO) technology has been studied for electroplating industries wastewater treatment. in this study, nickel sulfate (20 percent) and nickel chloride (20 percent) were used with urban water. Pilot tests on nickel plating wastewater with 50,100,150 and 200 ppm Ni (II) concentration were delivered using polyamide thin film composite RO membrane. The results showed the average removal of nickel increase to 90.5 and 96.5 percent and the average removal of Total Dissolved Solids reached high to 97.4 and 98.4 percent when the working pressure increase from 3 to 4 and 5 bar, respectively. Based on the results, the reverse osmosis process with a yield of 60 percent at a pressure of 4 bar with a effluent at a concentration of 200 ppm gave a good result in the recovery of nickel and there-circulation and reuse of water. Therefore this method of nickel removal, when compared to other methods, is more suitable and effective.

The subject of this study is to investigate the effect of the physical and territorial qualities of urban areas on citizens' sense of belonging to them in local, urban and Meta -city scales. This research is a survey in three areas of Tehran in three dimensions, based on the analytical response to this question that how much the physical and ecological qualities and each of its elements and measurements in each field Local, urban and Meta -city are affected to the sense of belonging. The research method is a correlational survey that is conducted through interviews and questionnaires. Data are analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that, two variables of physical quality and quality of ecology have a significant and moderate effect on the sense of belonging citizenship. The physical and ecological qualities are solidly correlated with each other. “Scale “,“local Squres “,“Urban Squres “,“Meta- city squres “,“Sustainble Place “

The purpose of current study is to analyze the development of electrochemical methods in improving the quality of the environment and content prioritize of chemistry text-books of secondary high school by emphasis on electrochemical and environmental education. The method of this study is qualitative and quantitative. Document study and analytical hierarchy process are used for qualitative review and analyze the content, respectively. The population of quantitative study is the content of chemistry text-books of secondary high school. The sampling technique was census. The enumeration of many topics in electrochemical and environmental science showed that the content of secondary high school chemistry text-books focuses on the basic concepts of electrochemical science and little attention has been paid to how electrochemistry helps solve environmental problems. The findings of the study showed that due to the important role of electrochemistry in environmental protection, teaching this science in high school and familiarizing students with the basic concepts of this science can be effective in finding ways to deal with environmental crises.

Although environmental protection laws in Iran have a long history use of new economic tools and methods such as taxes is needed to achieve sustainable development. The present study aims to investigate the effect of environmental taxes on meat consumption in Iran. In this context, we analyze the effect of tax on pollution caused by consumption of red meat and poultry meat in the consumption basket of urban and rural households. Required information including supply and demand elasticities of red meat and poultry meat and the amount of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen released were taken from previous studies. The results reveal significant effect of tax on meat consumption, especially red meat. Thus, the government can control the spread of pollution by taxing meat consumption, and therefore prevents the destruction of the environment and achieves the goals of sustainable development. Therefore, the use of tax instruments as an effective solution in reducing environmental pollution is important.

Climate Change means a significant change during a long period of time such as some decades or more. Climate change is one of the most important environmental challenges that many researches concentrate on it. Yazd – Ardakan plain is one of the plains in arid areas that is encountering many climatic problems because of increasing industrial factories and air pollution in recent years. The purpose of this research is analyzing meteorological parameters in Yazd – Ardakan plain affecting by climate change and predicting temperature and precipitation data in future regarding by different scenarios. So temperature and precipitation data of weather stations of Yazd – Ardakan plain during 1974-2010 selected as basis period and changes of them simulated by using of two general circulation models of the atmosphere and small scale making process according to scenarios A2 and B1. Results showed temperature will be increase in all seasons and precipitation almost decreases in winter and autumn and will be increased in spring and summer.

Biodiversity estimation is one of the key issues in the management of the forest as one of the most sustainable and complete ecosystems and trees are considered the main members of forest ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the elevation on the changes of tree species biodiversity in a part of the Arasbaran forest. For this purpose, species richness, Simpson and Smith-Wilson uniformity indices, and diversity indicators included Shannon, Simpson, N1, and N2 were calculated by using the data obtained from sampling plots in different elevation classes and measurement of various tree species. The results showed that species richness decreased with an increase in elevation but uniformity increased. Also, the Shannon and N2 indices in low elevation and the Simpson and N1 in high elevation showed the most diversity in the study area. The final results of the present study indicated that elevation is effective on a variety of indicators of diversity, richness, and uniformity and will reduce them. Therefore, this is recommended to the study of environmental factors affecting this reduction.

Water quality index is an essential part of the water resources management system that is used as a numerical scale for evaluating and classifying water quality for various uses. The present study focuses on the application of the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) to assess the water quality of the Bashar River for drinking, agricultural, aquaculture, recreational and recreational purposes, livestock, as well as the use of the Schuler diagram to assess the quality of drinking water in this river. In this study, 3 sampling sites along Bashar River and in different seasons of 1398, 4 samples were taken from each site and examined. The results showed that Bashar's river's water quality for drinking is high and medium, and in terms of aquaculture and recreation and recreation is high and good in terms of agriculture and livestock consumption. Also analysis of Schuler plots showed that the quality of the water of Bashar River in terms of drinking is in the good and medium range.

The aesthetic evaluation of the landscape shows that in the process of planning and intervention in the community to promote a healthy and active lifestyle In evaluation, consider both the environmental structure and the views of individuals in relation to the environment and the landscape.The aim of this study was to determine the indices of visual and aesthetic landscape of landscape ecology approach to economic valuation of landscape was. The indicators considered include the complexity index, the index of naturalness, the monitoring index, and the visibility indicator. The method of valuation was used for economic valuation and the analysis of the parameters was performed using the Logit model. The results showed that the indicator of naturalness is better than other indicators of the status of the landscape surface. People who prefer to keep Preserving the natural landscape prefer to others. They are willing to pay a monthly fee of 21054.82 Rials to maintain the landscape. Finally, the total value of the landscape in the study area was estimated at 24,952 billion rials.

One of the factors contributing to the water pollution is heavy metals that excessive amounts of them cause problems for human health and the environment. In the present study, herbal extracts of Chamomile and Green tea as a manganese reducing agents were used to prepare adsorbents of sepiolite clay compounds and the effect of pH, ionic strength and adsorbent amount were investigated. Adsorbents were analyzed by FE-SEM and Nano-Mn were observed on surfaces. High amounts of Mn along with Si and Al revealed the modification of clay soil. XRF results demonstrated that adding Mn to sepiolite clay soil lead to reducing Mn amount. The results showed that with increasing pH, nickel removal efficiency increased. The highest amount of Ni ion adsorption was obtained by chamomile absorbent (8.64 mg/g). The adsorption values of heavy metal ion of Ni with its initial concentration is in the reverse trend. The results demonstrated that the adsorption rate of Ni in the solution has a straight relation with the amount of adsorbent, but there was no significant effect on the Ni adsorption when the amount of adsorbent is increased from 1 gram to 2 grams and then 5 g.

Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide into the water and molecular oxygen. This enzyme is important in the body's antioxidant defence. Lead is one of the most toxic and most important heavy metals. Lead poisoning is a public health problem in many areas of the world. Lead is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems and is particularly harmful to young children. In this study the effects of Lead(II) nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) on the structure of bovine liver catalase (BLC) were investigated by means of different spectroscopic (UV-Visible, FT-IR, and Fluorescence) techniques and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis results showed that the enzyme band did not change in different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2. The UV-Visible and FT-IR, fluorescence spectroscopy results showed that there is one binding site for Pb(NO3)2 and also some structural changes in enzyme happened after addition of Pb(NO3)2. Since BLC has efficient similarities with human catalase, this structrul changes could initiate harmful disease and should be used more carefully in industrial and other activities.

Identification of protected species and their distribution and hotspots is necessary for every conservation effort in terms of protected areas development. The decline of animal species due to various reasons has put them in the spotlight by conservation planners. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of threatened and protected vertebrates and their sensitivity priorities and then mapped species sensitivity classification, richness and hotspots in Iran. Then the distribution pattern of the nation’s wildlife refuges was compared with the sensitivity classification, richness and hotspot maps. We identified areas including “covering species distribution”, “highly sensitive”, “incorporating large number of species”, and “hotspots” and the results showed 61, 1.7, 3.3, and 0.84 percent of the country is covered by these areas, respectively. The coverage rate of species distribution by wildlife refuges is 4 percent while for hotspots it reaches 5 percent. Moreover, the results showed that Yakhab and Darband Ravar wildlife refuges are weak representatives whereas Dasht-e Naz, Semeskandeh, Fereydoonkenar and Miankaleh wildlife refuges are strong representatives of species distribution. Our findings provided information for conservation planners to systematically modify the existing areas and to select new areas. Using these results, planners can also more effectively protect the species and Iran's biodiversity.

In order to study the means of finding the attenuation coefficient in seawater we performed an experiment by the second harmonic of Nd: YAG laser and diode lasers in plasma physics research center .we measured the passing of the light by power meter in distilled water, and two samples of south Caspian Sea water. This research has been made in all seasons of a year. The absorption attenuation of water sample measure by spectrophotometer. The chalos river discharge, long shore currents, the slop of kapurchal beach, noshahr breakwaters and nearest chalos to the beach are the important factors to increase of sediment and suspended solids and increase of light attenuation coefficient in chalos region. It was found that in both stations green light have the minimum attenuation and maximum penetration while red and infrared wave length have much more attenuation and less than penetration. Also the contamination attenuation coefficient was measured in all seasons of 2010 in two stations. The value of contamination attenuation coefficient in spring for chalos and kapurchal stations higher than other seasons and in winter is lower than. Using fitting method an approximate formula for the coefficient and wavelength was derived.

One of the positive features of the South Caucasus region, unlike its neighboring regions, such as the Middle East and Central Asia, which are facing severe water stress and crisis, is that it has abundant water resources and at the same time has a small population. It is this fact that has diminished the scope of disputes between the independent Caucasian republics, at least in the context of common waters. The main problem in the field of water resources in this area is the pollution caused by the discharge of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater. In the present article, the threats that the independent states of the Caucasus region feel about ethnic issues and borders designed by the Soviet Union are the main reason for their divergence. Therefore, because water diplomacy in the South Caucasus region is not inherent and is affected by border and ethnic disputes, it has not been able to succeed in resolving regional conflicts.

In this study, removal of the Penicillin G antibiotic by using algae (Sargassum angustifolium) and the effects of algae concentration parameters (one in a thousand and two in a thousand), pH of solution (5, 7.5 and 8.5), contact time (1, 3, 9 and 27 hours), soluble temperature (17 and 27 º C) were studied. Initial concentration of the Penicillin G was 25 mg/L. The maximum adsorption efficiency was obtained at the exposure time of 27 hours, pH 8.5 and 27 º C and with the values of 31.56% and 36.92% in concentrations of one and two in 1000. According to the results of time (F= 10449.01) and temperature (F = 1046.06) the most efficient parameters involved in the removal of penicillin were by algae. The output of the regression analysis with the modified coefficient (Adj R2) 0.817 and F equals to 69.93, from the Y= 28.45- 0.39X1-0.19X2 -0.09-X3- 0.83X4. The present study showed that the microalgae (Sargassum Angustifolium) is a suitable and efficient adsorbent for the removal of antibiotics from aqueous solutions, which is due to its indigenous and access to it, it is possible to exploit it as a natural adsorbent in filtration systems.

BOD or biochemical oxygen demand is one of the old parameters for organic contamination of wastewater that has over 100 years of oldness. It is important is to the extent that all regulation organizations use it for inspection. BOD has some limitations that defined over the time. COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand introduced and used after BOD but with improvements in technology, replacement of TOC with BOD and COD was proposed. Considering the development of precision instruments in all aspects of life and the widespread deployment of instrumentation in various areas of the environment, decision makers should look for parameters that are rapidly obtainable with modern equipment as the timing of experiments will be ineffective. In addition, a general effort is needed to conduct this kind of research in universities so that the relationships between these parameters can be accurately investigated so that academic centers can be responsive to the needs of industry and society. This review paper wants to find the advantages and disadvantages of these parameters as well as to study the current situation of regulations, inspection, design, operations, control and monitoring of wastewater treatment plants and their future.

Sci-tech approach toward architectural design process as an emerging phenomenon is to support high-Performance architecture theory to outline future architecture and architecture of future. This manuscript is to develop the concept of the daylightophil architecture based on designerly approach to visual-thermal comfort in a form of a high-tech responsive canopy. Litreture review of the research shows that the concept of responsive canopy puts down roots in bio-inspired architecture, building performance analysis and daylight responsive shading. The methodology of the research is based on designerly approach to algorithmic architecture; it is an integrated programming to develp a space planning. The results of the research show that sci-tech petics in performance-based architectural design process has a lot to do with visual-thermal comfort, energy efficiency, integrated parametricism, agent based modeling, multi-objective optimization and smart shape grammar. The conclusion of the research materialized the concept daylightophil architecture in a form of a respomsive high-tech canopy wich might be seen as an exemplar for other buildings.

Because of the high groundwater level available in Guilan plain and the possibility of contamination of groundwater due to leachate from urban landfills, in this study, the quality of groundwater in 9 wells in the southern area of the landfill of Rasht was examined and the concentration of COD, TN, TP, TDS, EC, and other input of used methods were analyzed. In order to investigate the spatial and temporal changes in groundwater quality in the study area, the qualitative parameters used in terms of drinking and agriculture purposes in Schuler and Wilcox classifications were zoned into two dry and wet seasons using Geographic Information System. The results showed that groundwater quality in this area is good and acceptable for drinking based on Schuler classification and good and acceptable for agricultural purposes based on Wilcox classification. Comparison of zoning maps showed that all parameters in the wet season have decreased in the direction of groundwater flow. Also, the results showed that the landfill of Rasht has no effect on groundwater quality in the study area and it is most likely that the leachate flow is aligned with the flow of the surface leachate to the north and northwest.

In desert area, limiting factors such as salinity reduce the diversity and density of vegetation and consequently reduce the use of these soils, which can make the most reasonable use of these natural substrates if proper management is implemented. Cultivation of species adapted to the region's conditions is one of the managerial corrective measures to achieve this aim. The present study done with the aim of investigating the economic and social effects and environmental welfare of the planting three species of Tamarix aphylla, Haloxylon aphyllum and Atriplex lentiformis and investigated the view of residents and resource management experts of Yazd and Ardakan as experts, in Chah Afzal village located on the edge of the Siahkouh desert, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran. The results showed that from the views of experts the cultivation of the mentioned species had no effect on reducing runoff and increasing infiltration of surface water whereas it had a high impact on ground water, soil, pests and diseases, regional vegetation and climate and also had a low impact on livelihoods, utilization and satisfaction. From the perspective of the residents it had no impact on pests, diseases, vegetation and utilization and had a significant effect on other parameters.

to investigate the efficiency of Phytoremediation with sunflower corn and turnip, a study was conducted in 2016-2017 in agricultural lands in the south of Tehran using a complete randomized block design. Cadmium was present in all three parts of the leaves stems and sunflower seeds. the highest concentrations were observed in the leaves (0.54 mg / kg dry matter). The highest levels of iron uptake were in all three sunflower corn and turnip plants in the root zone, and its concentration in the root was significantly higher than in other parts of the plant. Cadmium biomass in sunflower and corn was 0.59 and 0.12, respectively. The manganese transfer factor in sunflower, corn and turnip was 1.88, 1.30 and 2.30, respectively. Among the three studied plants, the transfer of zinc, manganese and copper elements in the sunflower plant was 4.99, 1.88 and 2.21 respectively, which indicates the strength of its Phytoremediation . In most cases, the concentration of elements in the aerial parts of the studied plants was sufficient, but the use of plants with high adsorption capacity at the same time with wastewater consumption prevents the accumulation of these elements in the soil and the product will be usable.

Today, one of the current needs in municipal waste management system design communities is to monitor waste. However, in the waste management system, depending on the amount of waste generation and composition, there are different management options that involve different environmental burdens in addition to economic costs. Therefore, it is necessary to take a comprehensive look at the different ways of waste management in societies in order to find the option that has the least environmental impact. the present study investigates the environmental impacts of different waste management options in Chahar Bagh using life cycle approach. For this purpose, after reviewing and identifying the current status of waste management of Chahar Bagh and the quantity and quality of the types of waste and existing methods for waste disposal in the city, it has attempted to define and model different scenarios according to the conditions of Chahar Bagh. The results showed that out of the five scenarios modeled for the Chahar Bagh waste management system, the fourth scenario was selected as the best environmental option. Also the third scenario, which somehow reflects the current conditions of waste management in Chahar Bagh, was selected as the worst scenario in terms of environment

Citizens' participation in the waste management process is achieved by reducing waste generation and separating waste at source as one of the most efficient and economical processing methods in most countries today. Citizens play an important role in the success of this approach to municipal waste management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the factors affecting citizen participation in household waste management in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research tool is a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of this study were confirmed by previous similar researches and the opinions of theses professors and thesis advisors. The internal validity (reliability) of the tool (questionnaire) was also demonstrated through Cronbach's alpha with 0.84 for the questionnaires. Ranking of factors affecting the rate of citizen participation in household waste management showed a significant relationship and it was found that each of the factors had different ranking in participation. Also, one-sample t-test, Spearman and Spearman tests were used to investigate the research variables (including gender and education) related to participation in household waste management. There are positive and significant.

The International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS) is a well-established meeting scheduled to gather coral reef scientists from all over the world every four years. The aim of this study was to provide bibliometric assessment of papers presented in 13 rounds of ICRS. To achieve this goal, 30 papers were selected from each round (390 papers in total) and analyzed to determine trends in productivity, collaboration, citations, and study-topic distributions. Nearly all metrics showed an increasing trend. The mean number of citations received by ICRS papers was >26. In terms of study topic distributions, the papers presented at ICRS 2-7, 11, and 12 were to some extent similar in terms of topic distribution while others fall apart., the "coral bleaching" and "non-coral fauna and flora" studies were found to be the most common topics of presented papers. Papers presented at ICRS13 were highly devoted to conservations science. The United States and Australia were the most productive countries in the ICRS, and they made significant contributions towards the hosting of sessions.

Nuclear power plants have created many environmental problems for neighboring countries in the border regions. In this paper which is applied and descriptive-analytical study, we use the library method to answer the question. what are the remedies about international instruments for controlling and preventing the environmental problems of nuclear power plants in the border regions? In customary international law and some international documents regarding these power plants in the border areas, we are witnessing some procedures that have been used to control the pollution by these power plants. In the context of the establishment and operation of nuclear power plants in the frontiers, neither the conventions nor the rules of customary international law, we haven`t any general prohibitions. Most environmental rights, both internationally and in the domestic arena, there is soft and advisory nature and we have to remedy that the environmental rights will be out of the state of emergency and to be strict and binding. we are trying to explain the damages and problems of these power plants and to find solutions by reviewing international conventions and laws and applying these rules to the general principles of law and taking into account the rights of neighboring countries.