نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social justice and social pessimism among citizens. The theories of Durkheim, Giddens, Ted Robert gurr and Merton were used to formulate the theoretical framework. The method used in this study was survey and the sample size was 385 people based on Cochran formula and the samples were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The questionnaire was researcher-made and the validity of it was content and its reliability was measured by calculating the Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS softwares. Findings showed that the mean of social justice (1.84) is low and the social pessimism of the majority of respondents (68.8%) is moderate. There is an inverse relationship between sense of social justice (independent variable) - the dimensions of which are "distributive justice, interactive justice and procedural justice"- and social pessimism (dependent variable). As a result, as social justice decreases, so does social pessimism. Analysis of the structural equation model showed that the sense of social justice explains 17% of the changes in social pessimism. The results indicate the need to pay more attention to the discussion of social justice in order to prevent the spread of social pessimism.

This study focuses on the Impact of the commercialization policy of the West border provinces of Iran on the youth educational inhabitants using grounded theory approach. Hence, using group and individual semi-structured interview techniques, observation and documentation, data collected based on the grounded theory, processes, interactions and consequences of the market hegemony on the youth educational achievements have been analyzed. Through theoretical and purposive sampling, with 3 different groups of merchants (n= 13), teachers (n= 14) and students (8 groups and 7 people), the individual and group interviews have been conducted. The collected data have been classified into three main groups, 265 concepts and 54 categories. Then categories arising from the perspective of each group of participants were re-combined, and a higher level of abstraction achieved. Finally, all major categories, in 13 main categories classified again and the final core categories were coded and analyzed. Results show that, chronic poverty, environmental and industrial constraints and inefficiency of higher education as causal conditions, mental image of important others, and money are the most meaningful objectivity, cultural-educational weaknesses at the local level as intervening conditions in the hegemony of money and economism are influential factors in life. Young people encounter such a situation -the strategies of economic agency, actions of earning financial status- have adopted. This hegemony had cultural consequences such as worthlessness of education, cultural change of educational status and dropout.

The imposition of Iraq's invasion and the unified protection of people from their land and their beliefs are the complex multifaceted crises in contemporary Iranian history. One of the foundations that reflect the evolution of the discursive formations of this historical practice is dramatic texts. In this research, based on the critical discourse analysis of Fairclugh, the main characters of the "Attending Time" (Hossein Jafari), "Drop of Voice of the Sea" (Mohammad Mehdi Rasooli), "Komayl Channel" (Seyyed Hossein Fadaei Hussein) And "31/6/77" (Alireza Naderi), written between 1981 and 2006, aimed at achieving the fundamental components of discourse and how they interact with the critical conditions of war. These plays have been selected base on a selective targeting method from works published at various levels of warfare performed by professional groups and honored at national festivals.The findings of this study revealed three key discourses in terms of representing warriors and the crisis of war: war and revolutionary / Islamic ideology, sacred defense, and ultimately post-antiwar. In the context of the first discourse, the self-prescriptive image of the warriors in the explanation of the ideology of the Islamic Revolution, the history of Shi'ism, and the defense of the land comes with the ruling discourse. In the second stage and after the continuation and expansion of the cultural sphere of war, this approach has become a form of epistemological and divine self-expression, and the mystical aspects of it become more intense in the framework of the will of the power institution. But after the end of the war and the advent of widespread social changes, there is a critical look at hiding the values of the sacred defense discourse and confronting confiscation and exploitation, and ultimately brings about an anti-war approach and a questioner through The entropy of the ruling discourse offers an alternative relationship to the underlying background of the war event.

Marginalized identity is a fluid concept and is associated with many forces and conditions and is formed through different processes. Accordingly, the present study attempts to explore the process and how to Appearance of Balochi students' Marginalized Identity. In this research, grounded theory of has been used Strauss and Corbin. Sampling is based on two types of theoretical and purposeful sampling. The research participants were Masters and Ph.D. Baloch students at state universities. Of these students,4 Ph.D. students and 11 senior students. Data are obtained through in-depth interviews. Data analysis was performed using open, axial, and selective coding. The results of the study showed that participants saw forces and conditions such as Religious dissonance and disparity, Bureaucratic rejection; Bureaucratic Removal of Baloch identity, Negative representation and stereotyping of the Balochi identity, Education and cultural hegemony and language fanaticism, Legitimacy of marginalization; the role of law in the Appearance of Marginalized identity, Undesirable location; the role of geography in the Appearance of Marginalized identity, The mismanagement of government executives and politicians, Undevelopment and deprivation and The Inefficiency of provincial forces in the Appearance of Marginalized Identity. The main consequence of the emergence of Marginalized identity, including erosion and the rupture of national identity, is the rise of identity boundaries. According to the research findings, a theoretical schema has been presented.

One of the problems of iranian society, which is characterized by multicultural life and the diversity of social groups,is how different social identities are related to each other and the transition from singular identities to multiple identities. The Singular identities of society, by tightening the boundaries of identity, intensify the potential for social and identity conflict and fragment society. Civil associations as intermediary communities have a valuable role in modifying identity boundaries as well as expanding and generalizing cognitive and practical orientations of civil activists and transforming them from local “We’s” into collective and universal “We’s”. Via lived experiences of social activists, participating in NGOs, the present research is going to identify the grounds, strategies and identity consequences of sample civil activity of the City of Sanandaj. The present research has been conducted, using a qualitative approach and grounded theory method, among civil activists of Sanandaj. In order to select the samples, purposive sampling and maximum diversity method, and for collecting the data the semi-structured interview is used. In sampling research, 27 civil activists of Sanandaj, aged 28 to 48 participated.Based on the present study, Proud of Kurdish identity, Self Rethinking (reflexive social involvement), Iranian identity: Iranian and pluralistic descent,Crossing the border of the insider and the outsider have shaped dimensions of identity of activists in non-governmental organizations.According to the present study civil activities experienced by citizens of Sanandaj entail interethnic tolerance, dissatisfaction from the superiority of nonlocal ethnic groups, sense of discrimination, Kurdish identity representation, self-confidence, and inner peace. The core category signifies the reflexive identity in which implies the individual, collective, pluralistic, requirement and reflexive aspects of identity.

Suicide, as a conscious action in hurting oneself causing death, is among the social issues of human society that is increasing day by day. Suicide epidemiological studies in Iran has shown that attempting suicide and committing an act of suicide is increasing. Using a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory of the social and cultural reasons behind suicide attempt, the current study aims to investigate the interaction between the person who suicides and his/her family, group and society as well as its relationship with suicide attempt. Through this, the study seeks to find a more vivid image of the relationship between the factors affecting suicide attempt. A purpose-based sampling was applied in this study; the data was collecting by interviewing the subjects who attempted suicide (8 females and 2 males( and were treated in the hospitals of Tehran, Iran. The findings demonstrate that the following factors can explain the reason behind attempting suicide from the viewpoint of those who attemptedit: showing arbitrary behaviors, prohibited behaviors, and valuing romantic relationships and psychic attitudes towards marriage on an individual level. In addition, the following factors were identified as the causal conditions of attempting suicide: collapse of the power hierarchy, lack of involvement in family discussions, parental conditional support, limited interactions, individual's unwillingness to meet the needs of his/her spouse, domestic violence at family level, belief in gender differences in the expression of feelings, and lack of youth freedom in choosing favorite wife or husband in macro level. The results of the study indicated that the most obvious reason behind the suicide attempts of the subjects were being placed in the elimination cycle; a cycle that is caused by special causal, interventional,and contextual conditions.

On the base of ethno-methodological approach, this article tried to find the common patterns that middle class followed during thinking and making decision to separate from their spouse. interviewing with 9 men and 9 women living in Tehran, demonstrated that separation is an identical issue for them.they have made decision to get a divorce only after reviewing three significant parts of their life: period of thinking about marriage, period of marital life and finally when they determined to get a divorce.after this three review, it concluded that the cost of remaining in that kind of marital life is much more than the cultural and psychological cost of a divorce.

Infidelity that has always been interested in psychologists as an unacceptable event in interpersonal relations, it has proposed as a social issue in recent decades and gets the sociologist's attention. This study done by a qualitative approach and its goal is recognize and represent infidelity process according to betrayed women. In this study, we used the grounded theory to gathering and analyzing the data. The sampling method was based on purposeful sampling from theoretical sampling. Semi-structure interviews were conducted with 20 women in Isfahan in order to data gathering. 8 mains categories were made as 1. Abnormal navigation; 2. Inefficient marital; 3. Interactive fears; 4. Untested trust; 5. Scaping from life; 6. Sinking in the environment; 7. Sinking in the past; 8. Life with backstage, after open, axial and selective coding. At last, a central category as “marital life poor circuit” appeared as the paradigm model core. Based on the results of this study, it can be claimed that the formation of infidelity is the result of weakening the attractive forces of the family in such a way that these forces cannot keep men and women in the orbit of living together. Accordingly, infidelity can be defined as escaping the marital life poor circuit.

Considering the spread of western modernity and some of its pathological consequences like individualism, consumerism and secularism and its conflicts with Islamic culture which is based on theology, spiritualism and equivalence in consumption, in this research we have investigated the factors influence the life style of Families in our religious society, to understand the most important factors affecting the family life style in Tehran city arise the Islamic or modern culture.  We have used Bourdieu‘s distinction theory for explaining the life style and verified the effect of cultural capital(including religiosity), social capital, economic capital and the preference system on the Family life style.   Current research is conducted by the questionnaire survey method on 150 married women at the age of 30 to 49 whom had children at home and reside in Tehran The findings represented that 64 percent of the families (of the studied women) had traditional life style. Concerning the components of life style 64 percent of the families had compassionate relationships with each other which promote in either modern and religious cultures, 93 percent of them had gender based division of labor which deny in both cultures, spending leisure time in 78 percent of the families was passive and traditional, and in 22 percent of them was active and programmed in advance. The findings show that modern values and attitudes prevailed among 57 percent of the studied families and religiosity has no effect on lifestyle which altogether show some gradual evolution toward declining the religious culture is occurring.

Unemployment of university graduates and their employment in jobs unrelated to their academic field of study is one of the growing problems facing the society. This incompatibility has many destructive consequences, one of the most important of which is the psycho-social effects that happens as an effect of not realizing transcendent/complicated human abilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the attitudinal and emotional reactions of employees unrelated to their academic educational background. These reactions include the three components of job satisfaction, job stress and alienation from work. Based on the existing theoretical literature, it is assumed that jobs that are less appropriate to the academic background of employees are at an undesirable level. Since people with different characteristics are employed in organizations, it is also assumed that this relationship is affected by three categories of factors, including the respondents' socio-economic background, internal and external organizational elements. The data was collected from a total of 400 users of the Telegram social network using the online survey method. Overall, the findings indicated that all three groups of the above factors have a significant relationship with adverse attitudinal and emotional reactions. Comparison between these factors showed that socio-economic and extra-organizational variables have a stronger relationship with employees' reactions compared to intra-organizational variables.

Peddling is one of the most common and long-standing activities that take place in various fields in various forms in urban life. The purpose of this paper is to identify various areas of peddling as an effective phenomenon in urban management. In this paper, the lived experiences of peddlers, buyers, managers and city officials are extracted by the qualitative approach. In this regard, a purposeful sampling has been used, 31 interviews have been conducted and the main concepts have been classifiedd by using thematic analysis methods. The results of this study show that the formation of peddling is influenced by various components that can be divided into three categories: creating, encouraging and intensifying. These contexts are intertwined in such a way that the peddling in urban life has both positive and detrimental consequences. These factors allow peddling to occur under a variety of individual and social conditions. On the other hand, they motivate people by meeting their needs or interests. Ultimately, they intensify the occurrence of peddling in the community by continuing to it.

Current study seeks to Phenomonography peddling among street vendors in Sanandaj City, In addition to interpreting their positions in the informal economic system, they should analyze the factors that shape and build peddlers in their social and cultural fields. In this way, we have used the relevant conceptual framework as a guide to work and conceptualization. This research has been done in the tradition of qualitative method, and the phenomenological method has been used to discover and extract categories in which participatory observation tools and in-depth interviews have been used to collect the required data. The current research field, the city of Sanandaj and Ferdowsi Street (between Azadi Square and Enghelab Square) are where we see many vendors offering a variety of goods and services. The sampling method of this research was purposeful, This means Talks have been held with people who, first, have lived experience of the phenomenon of peddling (vendors) and second, have deep knowledge and understanding of the creation of this situation (urban development agents). Based on this, using purposeful sampling and observing the maximum diversity based on age, sex and history of peddling, 21 sales and based on management history and type of device in charge, 6 interviews were conducted with urban development brokers up to data saturation stage. The information from the interviews in the phenomenological method and the principle of observing the consequential distance in this method were formulated in the form of 9 main concepts, so that based on logical communication and hierarchical character, the categories were shown in the form of a conceptual model. The concepts derived from the method studied are; peddling product of underdevelopment, The reality of borderline living (marginalization), Emptying society of social capacities, Tolerating social suffering, Invasion of prefabricated street economy, Impossible worlds of peddling, peddling as a life style, The formation of street policies, Stabilizing the underdevelopment of the informal economy. Historical conditions, geographical location, and the authoritarian and political view of development are among the important and influential factors that have made such a living world meaningful for the actors in this field.