نشریه پژوهش های زبان و ترجمه فرانسه
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 3، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Realism is one of the significant turning points in art and especially literature. Narrative literature can be studied from different literary perspectives. Among these, realism seems to play a particularly important role. In fact, various discussions and arguments put forward by critics and theoretician all have emphasized that realistic novels do not ignore the structural essence of the reality and do not take reality for granted. The important role of realistic novels in our society and the fact that they have been influenced by the French realism cannot be denied. Balzac, the French writer and thinker, is a pioneer in realism in literature who has observed different subjects from realistic perspective. In fact, realistic features are quite evident in his works. Persian realistic novel as a new phenomenon has definitely been influenced by both domestic events and Western literature which can be an indicative of the qualitative as well as quantitative influence of the Western literature and especially French realism. In Iran, Jalal Al Ahmad, as one of the most well-known contemporary writers, has been influenced by realism The must research aims at studying the realistic features of 'The Peasants. by Balzac and 'The Cure', dame Eat. by Jalal Al Ahmad.

The objective of this study is to compare the effect of distance education and face-to-face instruction on the academic achievement of French language learners in terms of both oral production and comprehension. In terms of applied object, this research carried out pre-test and post-test and in terms of research methodology it utilized the quasi-experimental method. The population of this study consisted of 891 learners who applied for the TEF test in Iran in 2018. The sampling method was convenient sampling consisted of 30 people. The experimental group participated in a 10-session distance learning courses; on the other hand, the control group was trained face-to-face during these 10 sessions. To measure students’ academic achievement, the cumulative grade point average of scores on the two-skill trial TEF test was used as a pre-test and their average of the main TEF test was used as the post- test. A statistical analysis of covariance test on the data from this study shows that the distance education method is effective and that its effectiveness is not different from the face-to-face instruction method.

Since the purpose of children's literature is to establish an effective communication with children, in order to study this literature, one must first study and define the nature of this communication. The language and images of Gougou's stories are symbolic and convey a child-friendly sense of beauty. Symbolism in children's stories is so important because the author can use symbols to instill concepts in children’s minds. But, the main issue is to know how imagination and symbols can reduce child’s stresses, worries, fears, and to show him the right behavior and action in facing such feelings. This prompted the authors of the present paper to study the symbolism of Gougou’s stories by examining the psychological impact of these stories on children's minds, according to analysis of Young and Betelheim. It seems that symbols and concepts in these stories are taken from myths and archetypes which have inspired the author's imagination.

Translating animal names in literary works has always been a challenge for translators of all languages. Difference in languages, cultures, history, geography, living experience, religions, symbols, myths, and so on, have caused different designation and different background images. In fact, in this research, we tried to demonstrate that the translation of animal names has not always been successful. For this purpose, we have first classified the names of animals then, by glancing the definition of meaning in linguistics and benefiting extra lingual parameters such as culture, history, myth, etc., we have analyzed some problems in translation. The corpus of this study has been literary and artistic works; we refer to several translated works of Persian and French language, in order to prove that translating even simple words like these could be really challengeable for a translator.

The press plays a crucial role in transmitting the news and information in today’s world in the sense that public opinion is formed and directed by reading it. Today, those in political and economic positions of power control the media so as to influence people. In this article, by integrating some translation critical tools with the general model of Van Dijk, we intend to provide a suitable model for review and analysis based on meaning through their combination. Teun A. van Dijk offers solutions and strategies for the manifestation of power and ideology, including surface structures and semantic structure. In many cases, translators of political texts change the content of the press in their favor with a subjective and fanatical view, thus changing the ideology that governs the source text. In this research, we intend to determine the true meaning and ideology of political news based on the proposed constructions and ideas and through extracting implications, presupposition, word sketch, lexical style, speech act, semantic coherence, rhetoric, and so forth. And through comparing and contrasting it with the translations, we can see the extent to which the changes have been made and ultimately the rotation of the ideology of the text, and can also find out what linguistic and translational strategies the translator has employed on the basis of the meaning to align it with the target audience's beliefs. The results of this research indicate that translators, in many cases, alter the semantic structures of the source text by using dissimilar equivalents and structures.

Providing an introduction to the formation of magical realism, first in Latin America and then in Europe, in response to questions regarding the characteristics of this movement, the reasons for the supernatural elements at the same level as the realities and the objective of the changes in the tales fairies and myths, we comparatively and analytically explored three main factors of magical realism in the Ndiayian's novels. First, we determined the role of fairy tales in this kind of literature and the process by which the reader becomes familiar with supernatural creatures. In the second part, we discuss the role of myths and their use in changing human cultures and beliefs. The third part is devoted to the third factor, namely the Fantastic. After discussing different definitions of this word and its differences with the Marvelous, we study its role in this French writer's work and explore what goes on in the reader's mind when doubting. In this article, whose main objective is to study these three factors, we also demonstrate how the author modifies messages transmitted through fairy tales and the fantastic to subvert paternal models and gives women independence to establish a new reading.

Despite many of the nineteenth-century narrative texts that seek to use various techniques to conceal narration and foster referential fallacy, The Songs of Maldoror constantly reminds the reader that it is fiction and prevents them from drowning in the world of fiction. This can only be done by using two frequent tricks that interrupt the flow of the story and engage the reader into a discourse space; the strong presence of metafiction in text and the constant dialogue between the narrator and the audience. The current study tries to show the aspects of metafiction in Lautréamont’s text and analyses its various functions in different levels of the text. This study will allow us to understand the fundamental ideas on which this text is based and at the same time challenges the foundations of traditional narrative literature. Therefore, this study combines two fields of narratology and theory of literature. This research suggests that the emergence of The Songs of Maldoror is a turning point in the history of the evolution of literary text and utterance since the reader finds himself reading a modern text constantly showing it’s forming process and demands an active and literary reading. The study also shows that a modern text like The Songs of Maldoror and narratology have the same interpretation as literature and basically texts like this provide the ground for text-analyzing researches in the twentieth century.

Translation has been for long, the focus of many researches as a meaningful activity and a means of establishing relations between communities and nations. Given the promotion and spread of communications in the current era, the need for translation and building ties between cultures and languages is more notable than any time before. Translation of expressions and terms has a particular status in this regard. Expressions and terms carry with them cultural baggage; hence their usage and the rhetoric produced in that language reflect the culture, linguistic features, and even traditions, costumes and rituals as well as temperaments of the corresponding nation. Therefore, translator bears the great responsibility of conveying cultural features in addition to linguistic characteristics. This research intends to study and analyze the translation of the expressions and terms used in Zoya Pirzad’s We’ll Get Used To It, translated by the prominent French translator Christophe Balaÿ, based on the theories proposed by Mona Baker and Peter Newmark. It also seeks to assess the efficiency of the methods applied and the conveying of the cultural and linguistic features as well as the author’s style of writing.

Language learners faces with important challenges during reading such as how to decode words, how to understand the message of text and how to know French’s phonetic especially prosody. This study tries to analyze two factors that influence comprehension: punctuation and inappropriate pauses which are related to the prosody during reading process. Using a descriptive-analytical method, six of second year students of bachelor’s degree from Tabriz University were chosen. Selected text of The Little Prince with its audio file were given to them to read while their voices were being recorded. These students were asked to read the text and explain what they understand. Then we analyzed their voices with Praat software. The students who respected the punctuation during the reading had better understanding of the text even though they had some inappropriate pauses. On the contrary, students who read quickly and monotone voice without pause, couldn’t understand the texts.

It is an undeniable fact that Honoré de Balzac was an influential and well-known writer of nineteenth century who was known as one of the founders of realism in Europe. He helped to establish the traditional form of the novel and is generally considered to be one of the greatest novelists of all time. The novel La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus. Iranians are familiar with Balzac thanks to translators and translated books. Many of Balzac's works have inspired Iranian and writers and they are a continuing source of inspiration. The aim of this study was to discover the reason of Balzac's reception in Iran since the publication of his first translated book (the Girl with the Golden Eyes and Colonel Chabert). We will represent and use the reception theory; moreover we will have a brief look at the list of his translated books into Persian considering the social and cultural condition of Iran.