نشریه پژوهش سلامت
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، تابستان 1399)

The aim of this study was to investigate the main ways of transmission of Covid-19 disease. The collection of information has been done through published articles as well as official statistics of the World Health Organization. The results show that airborne particles are one of the main ways of transmitting this disease. Also, among all human groups, children have a special role. Because they have Covid-19 disease, they have no symptoms and in some cases the symptoms are very mild. Of course, there is evidence that children can only be carriers of the virus, and therefore it is necessary to examine the various cases of children who have been infected and hospitalized.

Due to the increase in hospital costs, financial resource management should be able to find efficient methods for calculating income and costs. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, instead of the activity-based costing method, the top-down method was used to determine the cost of MRI services.

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which all MRI services were examined through micro-costing method. The data collection tool was researcher-made information forms. The data were calculated using the accounting technique of sharing the total costs on the services provided, and finally analyzed using Excel software.

A total of 80 different services were identified, with 66.33% of the highest share of costs related to manpower and the lowest share of costs related to the cost of depreciation of medical equipment. Among the MRI services, one-sided and bilateral breast MRI were the most expensive services and lumbar spine MRI was one of the cheapest services in this section.

According to the results of this study, out of all services provided in the MRI department, 24 services were profitable and 56 services were unprofitable, and in general, the MRI department was profitable in terms of the difference between the total tariff and the cost price in the mentioned period.

Economic growth and sustainable development is the ideal goal of all nations and directly leads to improving the health of society. However, indirectly and through environmental degradation can have a negative impact on health status, so the main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of economic growth and environmental quality on health expenditures in Iran.

The present descriptive-analytical and applied study at the national level was performed using the autoregression econometric method with distributive intervals in Eviews 10 software. The data were of the annual time series that were extracted for the years 2006-2006 from the databases of the World Bank, the Statistics Center of Iran and Yale University.

There was a long-term relationship between economic growth, environmental quality and health spending in Iran. The long-term elasticity of health expenditures to GDP, environmental performance index and government health expenditures were 0.85, -0.13 and 1.18, respectively. Also, physician supply had a positive effect of 0.38 on health expenditures. The error correction factor was also estimated to be -0.22.

Increasing economic growth, government health expenditures and the supply of physicians had a positive effect, and improving the environmental performance index had a negative effect on health expenditures. Therefore, policies to maintain sustainability and reduce environmental pollutants, as well as invest in advanced equipment to purify pollutant gases will be useful.

Health psychology based on the bio-psychological-social perspective was proposed when the biomedical perspective did not meet the needs of treatment systems for the management of chronic diseases and behavior-related health problems. This course examines how behaviors and lifestyles affect on health. Health psychologists often help patients and their families in medical situations to correct their maladaptive behaviors and beliefs and to manage illness-related issues. A health psychologist in these situations often faces a variety of ethical challenges that are sometimes the same issues that a physician or psychologist faces, such as respect for individual independence, profitability, non-harm, and justice. But sometimes it deals with issues such as equal access to health-related services, the efficiency of services provided, attention to current issues such as the elderly population and measures appropriate to different age groups and the use of technology to improve health services. Ethical guidelines are not really a set of principles and rules that are used only when there are moral dilemmas or on special occasions, but every action in the field of health also has an ethical dimension. As a member of the medical treatment team, the health psychologist faces special ethical challenges, such as maintaining confidentiality and sharing patient information with other members. Accordingly, health psychologists need accurate knowledge of ethical medical and psychological guidelines and their application in providing professional services.

Unnecessary health care is a service that provides with a higher amount or cost. In addition to harming service recipients, these services also impose financial costs on them and the health system. Due to the importance of the subject, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the media and related documents in the field of using unnecessary services in the Iranian health system.

This research was conducted by reviewing upstream documents and interviews with officials in the media about unnecessary service. Search for relevant documents was conducted through databases, country reports, or related sites, as well as interviews conducted with reputable domestic media. To analyze the data, situational content analysis method was used, which after reading the texts, codes and categories were extracted directly from the textual data.

11 documentaries and 81 news codes were included in the study. Factors affecting the prescribing of non-essential services were classified into four groups: economic factors, infrastructure, service delivery process, and monitoring and evaluation. Also, prevention strategies were classified into three groups including structural strategies, economic strategies and performance level solutions. Consequences of prescribing unnecessary services included two categories of individual and social factors. Paraclinical health services such as imaging and laboratory facilities were the most unnecessary services prescribed in this study.

Due to the existence of non-essential services in the Iranian health system, identifying these unnecessary services, factors affecting its prescription, prevention methods and consequences can prevent the loss of resources in the health system and impose costs on patients and families. Preventing unnecessary services in the health system will free up resources that can be spent on essential services that cannot be provided for reasons such as limited resources and access.

Covid - 19 is a pandemic respiratory disease that recently has arised global health problems. Due to the changes in physiological state and the immune system function in pregnant women, they are more susceptible to this disease. Little is known about the effects of this disease on pregnancy and its complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the presented articles on the prevalence, severity and complications of this disease in pregnancy and childbirth. According to reports, the symptoms of this disease in pregnant women are similar to non-pregnant women. There is no evidence of intrauterine transmission of the virus to the fetus. Also, the presence of the virus in the amniotic fluid, placenta, umbilical cord and throat secretions of the affected infant and breast milk has not been proven so far. Common complications of this disease in pregnant women include miscarriage, preterm delivery, tachycardia and fetal distress, premature rupture of the bladder, cesarean section and death at birth. Covid-19 infection is not an indication for termination of pregnancy. The method of delivery depends on the obstetric indications. In order to prevent the baby from becoming infected after delivery, the mother should wash her hands and use a mask while caring for the baby. Since the only way to prevent this disease is to follow health tips, its management during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum is vital in maintaining the health of mother and baby.

One of the problems of youth is the use of internet. Given the misinformation that is sometimes published in internet about the coronavirus and the fear of infection and the stigma of infection, the present study aims to identify the role of internet addiction in covid-19 anxiety and its post-stigma experience among students.

This research was a descriptive correlation study. The target population was undergraduate students of Tabriz Azad University, of whom 252 were participated in the present study through an online call for volunteers. They were given Youngchr('39')s Internet Addiction Assessment Questionnaire (Social Problems, Impact on Performance, Lack of Control, Pathological Use of Chat Rooms and Ignorance of Occupational and Educational Issues), Corona Anxiety Inventory (Mental, Physical) and Social Stigma Researcher Questionnaire (Corona stigma) they replied. Pearson correlation test and multiple regression were used to analyze the data.

The results of regression analysis showed that from the dimensions of Internet addiction, the effect on performance with a significant coefficient (P=0.029) and lack of control with a significant coefficient (P=0.005) are able to predict changes in Covid-19 anxiety. Also, the dimensions of lack of control with a significant level (P=0.001) and neglect of job and educational tasks with a significant level (P=0.010) and the total score of Internet addiction with a significant level (P=0.002) are able to predict change of the rate of the corona virus anxiety among students.

Therefore, by providing the right support factors in the media to encourage the reduction of addictive Internet use that directly affects Covid-19 anxiety and stigma, students can be made more resilient to anxiety about sudden events such as Covid-19 and its resulting stigma.

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world and is the cause of many deaths in humans. But by controlling the risk factors in diabetics, its complications can be largely prevented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Oligopin plant extract on the control of systolic blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes.

This recent study was performed as a clinical trial with selective double-sided blind sampling (patient-therapist) and comparative supplementation and placebo. The study population consisted of 30 women with type 2 diabetes with a history of mild to moderate systolic blood pressure who took a supplement or placebo in two groups of 15 for six weeks, simultaneously with drug therapy. Blood pressure was measured and recorded using the same digital sphygmomanometer. In order to control the normality of data distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and then the data were analyzed by paired t-test.

The mean systolic blood pressure in the supplement group before the test was 138 mm Hg and after the test was 131.9 mm Hg and in the placebo group before the test was 134.1 mm Hg and after the test was 134.4 mm Hg. The decrease in systolic blood pressure was significant in the supplement group (P = 0.022) but there were no significant changes in the placebo group.

Concomitant daily use of 100 mg Oligopin supplement for six weeks as adjunctive therapy is effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes.