پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز 1399)

There are, of course, various factors involved in the process of creating a literary, intellectual, philosophical, and so on. Classical or romantic hermeneutics as a general technique of understanding and interpretation is no exception. One of the important currents that influenced the formation and development of romantic hermeneutics is the school of Romanticism, as Schleiermacher, the founder of Romantic Hermeneutics, was a member of early Romanticism and associated with Schelgel and other Romantic brothers. Designed in a descriptive-analytic manner using library tools, this study seeks to examine in greater depth and breadth the relation between classical (romantic) hermeneutics and the German Romantic school. And analyze it. According to this study, and as reflected in the principles of Schleiermacher's school of Romanticism and interpretive ideas, this influence on fundamental concepts and concepts such as "the possibility of misunderstanding or misunderstanding of the truth", "Individuality and genius" and "relying on imagination, discovery and intuition" are more prominent. The first theme is the point of departure for romantic hermeneutics in understanding and interpretation. In the psychic realm.

Using a symbol is an artistic, indirect and hidden way of expressing thoughts and ideas. By using symbols, writers deepen their works and express their mental and inner affairs in this method. Modern story, with its special features, is a suitable platform for the emergence of symbols; "Symbol" is basically the main component of modern story. Kazem Tina, (one of the leading authors of modern and different works in Iranian short stories) uses "symbol" in his works continuously, frequently and intelligently. In a way that the frequent presence of the symbol in his stories has made his works deep, mysterious and sometimes even vague! ‘Aftab-e-Bi-qorub’ (The Sun without sunset) is the first of Kazem Tina's collection of short stories and a summary of her worldview and other works. All of Tina's stories are written in a modern or postmodern style. In these stories, which revolve around the circle of death, immortality, and resurrection with a "special mystical thought," a bold and effective representation of symbolism can be seen; Because on the one hand, mysticism and on the other hand, modern story are the place where symbols and signs appear. The author of this article, considering that the works of Kazem Tina have not been carefully studied so far, especially at the level of ‘symbol’ intends to study and analyze mystical symbols in this collection of modern stories. We use inferential content analysist to find the symbols; and finally focuses on the importance “modern and mystical properties” in these stories.

Postmodernism emerged from the womb of modernism and in response to it or as its successor. The postmodern novelist seeks to evoke in the reader the sense that all the solid foundations of life in the contemporary world have collapsed. Poststructuralism paved the way for the formation and emergence of postmodernism; Criticism of the postmodernist current stems from the efforts of poststructuralists who have provided the most important and instructive techniques for this current. Due to the incoherence and uncertainty in poststructuralism, the postmodern school has destroyed the traditional conceptions of language, identity, writing and the like. This paper aims to examine descriptively-analytically the most important components of the poststructuralist approach in the postmodernist novel "Night Orchestra of the Wood Orchestra" by Reza Ghasemi to clarify the aspects of the novel's adaptation to the poststructuralist approach. Be. According to the research achievement, the most important elements of the poststructuralist approach are:the postmodernist novel "Night Orchestra of the Wood Orchestra The question of language, the extent of the author's authority, the identity, the determinability of the texts are challenged in the novel The Night Orchestra of the Wood Orchestra.

In study of trend of modern Persian poetry, social symbolism, along with Iranian innovation and far from superficial adaptation and imitation, appeared for the first time in the poetry of Nima Yoshij. Nima Yoshij, more than being the founder of neo-Persian poetry, should be called a theorizian in New Poetry, which consciously and based on poem poetic, created a field for change in the field of Iranian symbolism. The usage of social symbolism in deep concepts, high capacity of linguistic elements of language,semantic multiplicity according to the nature of Persian poetry and deepening of Persian poetry through symbolic tendencies, are among the factors of Nima Yoshij's conscious and intelligent approach to symbolim. In this research, which has been done by collecting information of library type and data analysis method of quantitative and qualitative type, based on cognition of study of trend, poetic developments of Nima from romanticism to individual symbolism and then social symbolism and the effect of extra-textual texture. It explores social symbolism. In this way, the reflection of culture and thought in the era of Persian poetic modernity on Nima Yoshij's approach to the literary and artistic school and the ritual nature of the new poetry becomes more transparent. None of the new poets following Nima Yoshij, neither poem poetic ,nor the ability in literary theorizing could be equal to him in this field and with this wide range of quantitative and qualitative in the framework of social symbolism, create a poetic system that has remained indigenous .

David Lynch, the profound contemporary filmmaker, is known by uncanny, dreamlike narrative of his works. To the extent that he is called the resuscitator of the Surrealism school of 1920s. On the other hand, Jacque Lacan, the controversial Freudian psychoanalyst, who was also largely influenced by the movement, decided to exert its ideas in his researches and innovations of psychoanalysis. Based on the hypothesis that Lynch represents psychoanalysis ideas in his corpus, we can discern intelligible narrative structure with appropriate Lacanian themes. In that respect, I would argue that both Lynch and Lacan seek to illustrate the unrepresentable. The realm Lacan named the Real, that which is outside language and that resists symbolization absolutely. I would show Lynch’s works can be read as the presentation of the unrepresentable. He does so, by the immersion of the viewer in fantasy world of cinema, as an object of our desire, but he also would sharply punctuates the transitory nature of this world. Hence the deadlock inherent in desire shows itself at the end: the Real. The subject/viewer in Lacan’s theory and Lynch’s works traverses the fantasy to face the threatening absence of the desire deadlock. The Blind Owl of Sadegh Hedayat, the Iranian writer of Modern prose fictions and novels, could illuminate the path for Iranian reader of this article to comprehend what we means by the surrealism style.

Feminism is generally defined as the "equality of rights for women", "advocating for women", and "freedom movements for women". Despite the fact that it has a long traditional in human history, feminism is considered as a modern word in its contemporary meaning. Feminism focuses on the women's rights, political, social and economic equalities between men and women, and their attempts to these ends. This can be observed in many literary works, the reflections of which are manifested through expressing experiences and emotions of women in literature, all of which being the focus of feminist criticism. In feminist literary criticism, different aspects of women's exploitation are investigated, one significant aspect of which is "women's occupation". This study, accordingly, attempts to present a feminist criticism of the novel Steel Heart written by Moniro Ravanipour considering the variable of occupation. First, general issues regarding family and occupation are presented from the sociological and feminist perspectives. Then, different feminist views are discussed accordingly. The findings indicate that so far as the positive aspects of occupation and the encouragement of employed female characters are concerned, Ravanipour's views on women, their social activities, and occupation are consistent with those feminists who consider women's redemption from exploitation through occupation