نشریه زبان کاوی کاربردی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 7، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The manuscript of Nahj al-Balaghah belonging to the Safavid period is one of the treasures of the National Library's treasury of documents. of writing this work by the traditional way shows the visual knowledge of the calligrapher and his unique creativity in managing the written text. Its layout is written with distinct visual arrangements. The present study seeks to answer the question of what visual and semantic space creates a visual and semantic space in the audience in the manuscript of Nahj al-Balaghah belonging to the Safavid period and what visual principles and basics influence the creation of this sensory space. The hypothesis of researching the beauty of form and content in a linear work owes much to the heartfelt belief in Islamic-Shiite teachings as well as the creative use of framing and page layout management based on the principles of image organization to convey meaning to the audience Creating a relaxing and amazing atmosphere for the audience of the present age. The purpose of this research is to explain the semantic and visual aspects of influential page layout of Nahj al-Balagheh manuscript as part of the traditional graphics of the Islamic period. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the method of collecting library materials is through phishing and image reading. Based on the studies, it can be concluded: The creation of this manuscript by Shiite calligrapher is associated with love of beauty and enlightenment to the truths of divine existence and self-cultivation, and provides the background for the creation of aural writing on the page, the beauty of form in the Nahj al-Balaghah manuscript, it owes much to the use of conventional and creative frameworks formed the basis for the formation and management of writing. There is a harmony between gilding and writing in conveying a soothing sensory meaning on some pages. Visual arrangements follow the transmission of special meanings such as harmony and calmness, visual movement and effervescence, rhythm and rhythm, darkness and light, distance and proximity, contrast and contrast. The author of this work has used the principles of image organization such as harmony, contrast, balance, mastery, movement and proportion, to convey the sensory meaning, attract the view and visual guidance of the audience.

Borrowing words from one language to another has always happened. some words both in meaning and in pronunciation may change from the source language to the destination language over time and in the process of borrowing. Laki is one of the ancient languages  observed in the provinces of Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Central Hamedan, Khuzestan and Qazvin. Geographically, they are located between Lorraine and Kurdish lands. The main centers of Laki speakers are the cities of Selseleh (Aleshtar), Noorabad (Delfan), Kuhdasht and Darhshahr. There are some words in Laki whose roots can be found in Arabic. The purpose of writing this article is to study the meaning and phonological processes of Arabic words involved in Laki (the language of a part of the people of the west of Iran) in the framework of reproductive phonology. The method of work in this research is descriptive-analytical in which a limited number of words have been examined and have been transliterated based on IPA international transliteration. The results of the study indicate that the most important phonological processes in Arabic to Laki words are the process of omition, weakening, inserting vowel enhancement and recurrence. In the semantic study of words, it was found that some words such as " baua, hap, huz, hwal, Xef, zaqom, Rasan, etc." indicate the same Arabic meaning, some words such as "Lakh" have intensified their meaning and some words in Laki, like "Vera", they adhere to one of the past meanings of the Arabic language, which is in opposition to the modern meaning (in Arabic).

The issue of time including passing of time, how to conceptualize language and expressed has been constantly considered by philosophers and from another perspective, semioticians, and has attracted them to study how the concept of time is formed and its passing in various texts. This descriptive-analytical study studies the interaction and correlation of the element of time in the form of cryptographic layers with other sign systems in the Midnight Divan of Al-Barghouti. The purpose of this study is to discover the most important temporal signs and how to represent them, as well as to investigate the function of other levels of signification in explaining and advancing this type of signs in the poems of the poet. Findings indicate that, time as a social subdivision plays a very important role in identifying the latent talents of the text, secondary concepts and ideology that governs it in the Midnight Divan and has a close and meaningful relationship with other layers of semantics. It is influential in those layers; on the other hand, an extensive network of textual levels such as place, characterization, conflict, and action explicitly and implicitly reflects the concept of time. There is also a kind of non-linear and discrete time in illustration which is the result of the confusion of the poet's social environment, contradiction and irregularity of socio-cultural norms. Time in the Midnight Divan shows a semiotic process performed on objects, color Costumes and flags appear in some characters, including the realities of the poet's life.

Teaching and learning grammar in Iranian high schools based on the communicative approach of the newly published textbooks tend to lead students to apply the grammatical pattern in sentence patterns not to apply them in communication. That is, the grammatical materials used in the newly published textbooks have been used for the specific purpose of providing grammar practice. In a research done on authenticity of Iranian English high school textbooks by F. Zarrabi (2015) the feedback received from the teachers’ and the students’ responses, such textbooks lack the authenticity of natural English in terms of content and presentation. The materials are not generally presented from the easy to hard order and they are mainly void of cultural and communicative points. Therefore, the study is primarily aimed at discussing the effects of using authentic material in teaching grammar communicatively and examining the need for English language teachers and course designers to develop authentic materials for grammar instruction communicatively for Iranian EFL students. The results of the study indicate that the need for English language teachers to use authentic materials in teaching grammar to give the opportunity to the students to expose to the real use of language.

Magical realism is a new style in the literature of the story and one of the subcategories of realism.. Magical realism, a relatively new way to express social, political and economical problems and issues in the present world, which aims to expand reality. Mohamad Mustagab, a contemporary Egyptian writer, who is also known as the author of the magical realism of Egypt, one of the authors of Arabic literary literature has valuable works in the fields of novels, He wrote short stories and literary articles based on the style of magical realism. In this study, in order to understand the features of magical realism and the critique of short stories written by Mohamed Mustagab, the narrative elements were analyzed in the short stories of two books, "Al-huzn yamil lilmumazaha" and "Amir al-intiqam al-hadith" and examined in terms of magical realism who has shown magical realism more than any other works.  The result of this research, which was conducted in a in a descriptive manner, shows that Mohamed Mustagab uses tools such as magical characters, complex plot, both space stained, stink space-time, hyperbolic space and themes such as attention to popular believes, legends use of myths, folk believes, and the use of magic that contain magical realism in his stories. Regardless of the literary style of the magical realism of these  works ,they  are noteworthy in terms of critical themes to the social unrest and cultural poverty of the author society.

As a teacher of more than 20 years and as a curriculum developer, I found out that there are many commonly used teaching methodologies that are not related to our students. This does not mean that what we explain to them is useless. No, but it is that our students do not see the use of information presented to them which leads them to think of it as irrelevant to their lives especially with the new technologies and growing globalization world around us. In this article, I will introduce the two most common types of curriculum instructions which are: linear and holistic approaches in education. I will start with a short introduction to each approach and will present some explanation and discussion platform towards the characteristics of each methodology. Later, I will introduce some best practices that can be utilized in holistic approach classes to help teachers in developing their daily teaching practices. In this article, best practices refer to in-class teacher’s activities, methods or approaches used to improve students’ academic abilities, ways of thinking and desired outcomes. These methods will help students to connect what they learn with their daily lives.

Among the valuable works of the Innocent Imams (AS), the prayers and supplications of Imam Sajjad (AS) have an important place and are considered one of the prominent examples of Arabic texts, and its translation has long been considered by translators, but the important point is the importance of translation methodology as one of the most important parts of the translation process. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the methodology of translation of Sahifa Sajjadieh from the perspective of Fayz al-Islam and Ayati. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The data has been collected using library sources. After examining the method of the two translators in translating the Sahifa, the principles and foundations and finally the process of translating Sahifa Sajjadieh have been analyzed. The results of the research indicate that Feyz al-Islam has provided fluent translations using the literal and free method and Ayati with the literal method. In the translation of Fayz al-Islam, the translation of metaphorical terms and expressions, extra-textual reference, and the presentation of an interpretive description are preferred over verse translation. In recognizing linguistic elements, the aesthetics of translations counterfeit, Ayati's translation is preferred. The translation of the element of pre-reference, in-text reference and translation of the attributes of God's creation have been done correctly in both translations

Computer communication has played an important role in the present age in the field of teaching language concepts. This type of communication, or in other words, "CALL", which stands for computer-assisted language learning, is served by new technologies such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, audio playback platforms such as mp3s, interactive whiteboards, etc. . But a useful method, especially for newcomers, is to divide the use of the computer according to the practical roles of the teacher and the tool. Where the computer has some kind of educational function, a program regularly displays words or a set of online grammar exercises that can be used by the teacher. Other language learning activities include social media, an email program, or a web search engine such as Google, which in turn represents the use of a tool in which the computer has no obvious educational function. Topics that are not covered here include digital resources such as text, audio, video, and other multimedia media that are readily available on the web or through proprietary applications. They provide language content for learners to support a person's reading and listening skills and to act as a gateway to receiving target language cultures. They are also able to provide content to support interactive two-way discussions. This study tries to discuss the new opportunities and advances provided by computers in language teaching. This study also tries to analyze the dimensions of modern computer communication as a facilitator of language learning. New computer communications are making a significant contribution to language learning in the present age.

This study seeks to answer the question of how Persian translations of the euphemisms of Nahj al-Balaghah have been presented using the second level of the Garcés translation evaluation model - the syntactic level of lexicography by a comparative, analytical and descriptive method. Garcés translation evaluation model: Garces suggests four levels for comparing similarities between the source text and the target text, which are: semantic-lexical level, second grammatical-lexical level, discourse-functional level andfourth stylistic-practical level. The second level of this theory includes literal translation, syntactic and grammatical change, implication, explanation or expansion of meaning, compensation. Garces argues that when literal translation goes beyond words, it becomes more and more difficult. He distinguishes between literal translation (word-for-word) and one-to-one translation.He believes that one-to-one translation is more common than literal translation. When literal translation becomes problematic due to differences in culture, it should be avoided. Evaluating the translation of these euphemisms in four well-known translations of literal and formal Persian translations by Faiz al-Islam, Jafari, Shahidi and Dashti, especially in the use of slang examples bespeaking decline of reason, stinginess and anger indicates that the cultural differences between the two languages of Persian and Arabic, finding equivalence at the lexical and grammatical level is one of the most important challenges in this area. Also, structural rhetoric of these euphemisms are lost in literal translation and the meaning intended by Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS) is hidden by relying on this type of translation and the verbal similarities with the Persian language limits and adequacy and acceptability is reduced

The manuscript of Nahj al-Balaghah belonging to the Safavid period is one of the treasures of the National Library's treasury of documents. of writing this work by the traditional way shows the visual knowledge of the calligrapher and his unique creativity in managing the written text. Its layout is written with distinct visual arrangements. The present study seeks to answer the question of what visual and semantic space creates a visual and semantic space in the audience in the manuscript of Nahj al-Balaghah belonging to the Safavid period and what visual principles and basics influence the creation of this sensory space. The hypothesis of researching the beauty of form and content in a linear work owes much to the heartfelt belief in Islamic-Shiite teachings as well as the creative use of framing and page layout management based on the principles of image organization to convey meaning to the audience Creating a relaxing and amazing atmosphere for the audience of the present age. The purpose of this research is to explain the semantic and visual aspects of influential page layout of Nahj al-Balagheh manuscript as part of the traditional graphics of the Islamic period. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the method of collecting library materials is through phishing and image reading. Based on the studies, it can be concluded: The creation of this manuscript by Shiite calligrapher is associated with love of beauty and enlightenment to the truths of divine existence and self-cultivation, and provides the background for the creation of aural writing on the page, the beauty of form in the Nahj al-Balaghah manuscript, it owes much to the use of conventional and creative frameworks formed the basis for the formation and management of writing. There is a harmony between gilding and writing in conveying a soothing sensory meaning on some pages. Visual arrangements follow the transmission of special meanings such as harmony and calmness, visual movement and effervescence, rhythm and rhythm, darkness and light, distance and proximity, contrast and contrast. The author of this work has used the principles of image organization such as harmony, contrast, balance, mastery, movement and proportion, to convey the sensory meaning, attract the view and visual guidance of the audience.

Poetry, in addition to expressing the poet's inner feelings and emotions, is a translation of his teachings that are expressed in different ways in the language. In this way, the Holy Quran and its valuable concepts, as one of the religious teachings, have had a significant role in the works of poets of each period and have given a special sanctity to their language. Ahmad Azizi is one of the poets who is influenced by the word of revelation in his poems and has combined the literary aspects of Quranic verses with his poetic texts and has presented novel images to his audience. What we will explain in this research with an analytical-descriptive method is the study of how Ahmad Azizi was able to apply the Qur'anic teachings in the context of his poems? And how successful is he in this field? The results of this study show that Ahmad Azizi skillfully used the contents, compositions, themes, thoughts, characters and events of the Qur'an in the service of modern thoughts inspired by the subtleties in the heavenly verses; He also has given a special effect to his poetic language, while the poet sometimes contented himself with the interaction between the "absent text" and the "present text", in which the role of creativity is not very significant.

The language of prayer used by Imam Sajjad (AS) in creating culture is in fact one of the common and important elements between all human beings and cultures and has a special place in Shiite culture. The truth of the language of prayer has given it characteristics distinguishing it from other languages. The condition sentence is one of the syntactic styles used in Sahifa Sajjadieh. Due to the frequency of conditional sentences in Sahifa Sajjadieh, such sentences have been considered by scholars of religious texts. In this article, conditional sentences are investigated. Because understanding this type of sentences helps to understand and comprehend the text of Sahifa Sajjadieh. Examining conditional sentences is the key point that lie behind such sentences and every researcher should pay attention to them in his studies. This article identifies and examines these points as much as possible by referring to Sahifa Sajjadieh and tries to answer the following questions: Are conditional words used only for the ambiguous? What conditional styles are used in the Holy Quran and what do they mean? Part of the result of the present study shows that the meaning of condition sentences varies depending on the conditional word. The condition "ان" is not always used in the meaning of doubt and ambiguity, and it is also used in the sense of certainty by considering goals.