فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 115 (بهار 1400)

Today Livability is an Introduction to Sustainable Development so much attention has been paid to assessment and evaluation in the field of planning and policy for rural settlements. Livability includes various dimensions such as environmental, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-management and physical that will evaluate and improve each dimension for achieving a livable habitat. The goal of this research is explaining environmental livability of villages around the Rasht metropolis. The research type is applied, used method is descriptive-analytical and data are collected using documentary resources and field studies. The statistical population of this research is villages around the Rasht metropolis. To assess environmental livability, recognized 5 components including green space, pollution(environmental quality), visual quality, landscape and rural perspective and resilient(28 items) that required information gathered by getting help of villagers, rural managers and identify the scope of study.

In this study Dehyars and supervisors of households living (using random sampling) selected as responsive to questionnaires which is designed. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, previous studies and the approval of experts in the field of rural studies and to assess the reliability of questionnaires Cronbach's alpha method were used.The result(0.731) shows the reliability of the questionnaire to conduct the research. After ensuring the results of the questionnaire, it has been designed to collect information and analyze descriptive statistics and then for inferential statistics try to create index. For this purpose, items first were rounded and then negative items was changed to positive ones, because we need same value indicators to measure in order to make correct comparison. In order to convert negatives items to positive ones, they must be reduced to a constant number or reversed. In this study, the inverse method was used. To complete the indexation process should fix scale differences for getting the numeric information. For this purpose we Use standardize method and then weigh the indicators. To assess the weight has used judgments opinion method. A questionnaire is filled up for each village with the help of well-known and expert people where it is considered to be one to ten numbers for each component and finally the average weights are obtained and then the numbers are considered in the range of 1-3 Where 3 is the most weight. Finally, the weight is achieved apply in the scaled-up indexes and mean and standard deviation of the indicators will calculate and further research steps these indicators are used to carry out quantitative operations.

results show ,respectively, the manner and quality of waste collection from the village surface with an average of 3.85, natural beauty eye with an average of 3.78, air pollution (no air pollution is aimed because the score is changed from negative to positive) with an average of 3.36 have the highest average and enjoyment and quality of children's play space with an average of 0.09, having a sewage disposal system with an average of 1.77, the quality of collecting wastewater with an average of 2.10 have the lowest Average. The high average shows the satisfaction of the respondents and the possibility of greater impact on rural viability. To determine the effect of independent variable (environmental dimension) on dependent variable (livability) used of bivariate regression (simple linear regression) with the same way method. Test results show that amount of determination coefficient statistics (variance explained by the set of variables) is equal to 0.593 and it means that 59.3 percent of the variation in livability is explained by the environmental dimension and this reflects the impact of this dimension. F statistic is 50.935 which is meaningful up to a thousandth and represents the dependence of the livability on this dimension. In other words, environmental indicators have an impact on livability. In the following, by examining the results of the indexation find that among the studied indicators, resilient index with a score of 9.49 is the highest and green area index with a score of 3.137 is the lowest score. Highest score of livability in the environmental dimension belongs to the Alman village and lowest score has been allocated to the Karchovandan village. And finally are Leveled villages which are studied in five levels including very desirable, desirable, moderate, undesirable and very undesirable.

With the help of field surveys and documentation and by identifying environmental components and items in rural settlements around the Rasht metropolis was found that villagers are satisfied from the type and quality of waste collection from the village surface, beautiful natural eye, non-contamination more than other components and in opposite they are not satisfied from the enjoyment and quality of children's play space, sewage disposal system, collection quality of sewage. After identifying the items and collecting data were taken indicative steps and with the help of a single sample T test identify that indicators can be generalized to the whole society and then with the help of regression analysis the effect of environmental dimension on livability is shown. By using the mean of indexes, resilient index has the most effective benchmark and greenhouse index has the least effective index, Alman village has the highest livability rate and Karchovandan village has the lowest livability scores. In the following, studied villages are ranked at five levels of livability (Based on average score). According to this level, the villages of Talamseshanbe, Alman, Bijarbane at very desirable livability level(6.60-7.17), Kasar, Pirkolachah at desirable livability level(6.04-6.60), Fashtam, Gilpordesar, Pasikhan, Piledarbon, Garfam, Shekarestalkh, Pachkenar at moderate livability(5.47-6.04), Dareposht, Keshalvarzal, Varazgah, Koleshtaleshan, Kheshtmasjed, Balakoyakh, Roknsara, Lachegorab, Shalkoh, Kizhdeh, Bijarpas, Kisarvarzal, Vishkavarzal, Pasvishe, Tazeabad, Siaestalkh, Komakol, Mangode at undesirable livability level(4.91-5.47) and Rodborde, Tarazkoh, Tochipaybast, Karchovandan, Gorabvarzal, Ravajir, Vishkamatir at very undesirable livability level(4.91-5.47) are located. Keywords: Explanation, Livability, Rural settlements, Environmental livability, Rasht Metropolis.

Spatial Analysis of Vulnerability Clusters in Physical Texture of Gorgan city against Earthquake Using Spatial StatisticsExtended abstract IntroductionEarthquake is one of the most natural hazards dangerous, destructive and unpredictable of the city. According to the country's Crisis Management Organization, 78% of the country's surface is in high seismic risk area and 10% of human-caused mortality is due to earthquake disasters. Golestan province, except the second-ranking provinces, is the earthquake hazard and in its category the first high-risk area. In general, four main theories are related to the vulnerability of cities. First, the human ecology theory that has emphasized the unbreakable bonding of biophysical processes and social processes. Second, the theory of political economy, which have integrated macro and micro perspectives and provides a better analytical framework for complexity and dependence comprehensive understanding of vulnerability-causing factors. Third, the theory of community-oriented compatibility, this theory is based on Identification, assistance and the implementation of community-based activities that have strengthen the capacity of local people to adapt to life in a risky and unpredictable situation. Fourth, Resilience which is the capacity or ability of the community to predict, prepare, respond and quickly against the effects and consequences of disaster. According to the country's Crisis Management Organization, 78% of the country's area has placed in high-risk seismic zone and 10% of the human losses resulting from the disaster is as a result of the earthquake. Golestan province is among the second-ranking provinces of the earthquake hazard and in its category is province first of high risk. The results of the surveys show that 840 earthquakes have been registered in Golestan and many areas of the province are susceptible to landslide. Seismic zoning maps has show that Golestan province has four zones, regardless of the effect of alluvial deposits. These zones have included of areas with very high, high, medium and low of seismic hazard. Gorgan has located in very very high and high areas. Accordingly, the aim of present research is measurement and spatial analysis of vulnerability clusters in physical texture of Gorgan city in critical conditions in order to points determination of immediate intervention. Seismic zoning maps for seismic rock placement, based on the background of the accelerated movement of the earth's powerful movement for the return period of 475 and 2475 years, show that regardless of the effect of alluvial deposits, Golestan province has four zones, areas with high, high, medium and The city of Gorgan is low in many areas. Materials and methodsThe current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Determinants criteria of physical texture vulnerability degree in Gorgan were investigated in five criteria including of number of floors, fineness, age of buildings and materials. After evaluating the criteria and converting them to comparable and standard scales, has been used from Analytic Network Analysis (ANP) for relative weight determination of each criterion. Prioritization of the indicators was done according to expert opinions and evaluation of the indicators. Finally, blocks have been classified with the VIKOR model in terms of vulnerability and was produced the physical vulnerability map of building units at the urban blocks level of Gorgan city. Then, was carried out vulnerable spatial clusters analysis of Gorgan city through the Getis-Ord model. Results and discussionThe results of the study show that the highest and the least effective factors in the vulnerability assessment of the Gorgan city blocks were related respectively to the index of building materials with weight (0/425), and the index of pettyness with a weight (0/126). Based on the results of the VIKOR model, the highest degree of physical vulnerability is related to the central and somewhat southern parts of Gorgan. Also, the eastern and western regions and somewhat north of the city have a better status in this index. The Hotspot analysis shows clearly the gap between the center, the south and the margins of the eastern and western regions with other parts of the city of Gorgan. As a result, the central and southern regions and the margins of the eastern and western regions of Gorgan are in an inappropriate situation in terms of vulnerability during the earthquake. At the same time, the northern, western and eastern parts of the city have less damage during the earthquake due to the physical characteristics of the building ConclusionResearches such as Ródenas et al(2018), Rusydi et al (2017), Ianoș et al (2017), Kushe et al(2017), Mehraban Motlagh and Motamedi (2018) and Paivastehgar et al (2017) has focused on the zoning of vulnerable sites in cities such as Palu, Bucharest, Karonga, Shiraz and Imamzadeh Hasan Tehran. However, the present study has also focused on spatial analysis of the vulnerable zones of Gorgan and the determination of clusters. At the same time, this research has not neglected to focus on vulnerability zoning. The comparative analysis of vulnerability in Gorgan indicate that the central region has less residential units than the peripheral region of Gorgan. Buildings in the central part are more ancient. The periphery buildings have a higher elevation than the center. Also, peripheral buildings are better in terms of access to passages and are wider than the central part of the city of Gorgan. In general, the buildings of peripheral parts are less vulnerable than the central part of the Gorgan city. In this regard, the following suggestions have been made: The establishment of crisis management centers and emergency services in the west and east of the city, preventing congestion, especially in hazardous areas, opening roads and giving incentives to worn-out buildings regeneration by the government and the municipality.By comparative analysis of vulnerability in Gorgan, it can be concluded that the central area has less residential units than the periphery of the city of Gorgan. Buildings in the central part of the old age are more. The periphery buildings have a higher elevation than the center. Also, peripheral building buildings are better off in terms of access to passages.

The central and old texture of cities, which were once the most important and best residential neighborhoods of cities and due to the presence of human communities today have many historical and memorable elements, has now suffered from inefficiency. Burnout, inefficiency and reduced efficiency is one texture compared to other urban textures. Erosion of the tissue and its internal elements occurs either due to antiquity or due to the lack of a development program and technical supervision over the formation of that tissue. The consequence of tissue depletion, which ultimately leads to the destruction of citizens, can be perceived and identified in various forms, including the reduction or lack of viability and safety conditions, as well as physical, social, economic and institutional disorders. Worn tissue is the whole or part of the urban space whose biological system is disturbed and inefficient both in terms of construction and function of its vital components. In other words, areas of the city that suffer from urban decline and spatial concentration and consequently suffer from the economic, social, physical and environmental problems caused by it are called declining and worn urban textures. Today, people's participation in renovating the old texure fabric of cities is considered as the most important factor for success in urban management. It is obvious that the participation of the people in the renovation of the old texure tissue requires the necessary motivations of the residents and the existence of the necessary motivations requires their conviction in this work. Jahrom, as one of the important cities in the south of Fars province, also has problems. It suffers from old texture tissues and over time has embraced old texure neighborhoods. The city has a population of 141,634; And about 104 hectares of it is the old texure fabric of the city. The population of worn tissue is equal to 22375 people. In this regard, the present study tries to investigate the role of public participation in organizing the old texure urban fabric in Jahrom.

This research is based on the purpose of applied-developmental type and using the library method, the theoretical foundations of the research have been collected and with field observations using a questionnaire tool, the required information has been collected. After compiling the questionnaire using simple random sampling method, these questionnaires were completed. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 250 people. Data were analyzed using SPSS and ArcGis software using factor analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The variables studied in this study include physical dimensions, social dimensions, economic dimensions and environmental dimensions.

Factor-heuristic analysis method has been used to prioritize the variables. To perform a satisfactory factor analysis, the KMO value must be greater than /5. .The results of the calculations show that more than /5. (KMO = 575) and sig (sig =/000), so the existence of correlations between variables is confirmed. In this regard, to process the data and identify the underlying factors of the research variables, the principal component analysis method has been used. According to the degree of correlation of each of the indicators, appropriate titles can be selected for each of them, which are discussed below. The first factor alone accounts for 16.287% of the variance and has the greatest impact among the four factors. Therefore, based on the accumulated variables, this factor can be called physical. The second factor accounts for 11.04.04% of the variance and is known as the second factor. Based on the loaded variables, it can be called a social factor. The third factor accounts for 8.972% of the variance and can be called an economic factor. The fourth factor accounts for 7.574 57 574% of the variance. Based on the loaded variables, this factor can be called an environmental factor.

The city of Jahrom is one of the cities that, while having potential capabilities in attracting population, has faced the problem of old texture tissue. In this regard, in this article, the role of public participation in organizing the old texure fabric of Jahrom was analyzed. Based on the results of factor analysis technique, physical factor including the variables of quality of communication channels, life of the residential unit, type of occupation of the residential unit, building materials, residents' satisfaction with the physical condition of the neighborhood, educational and cultural spaces and quality of buildings alone / 287 It accounts for 16% of the variance and has the greatest impact among the four factors. Social factors such as; Indigenous variables of place, previous place of residence in case of migration, family residence history in place and literacy, which account for 11.04.04% of the variance and is known as the second factor. The economic factor includes the variables of financial assistance to residents, monthly household income, monthly household expenditure and the job of the head of the household account for 8.972% of the variance and the environmental factor includes, how to dispose of garbage in the neighborhood, how to dispose of sewage in Neighborhood and lack of health facilities. This factor accounts for 7.574% of the variance. Also, the results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between the two variables of participation rate and trust rate according to the value of Pearson correlation coefficient (.168). In addition, there is a statistically significant relationship between the two variables of satisfaction and public participation. It can be concluded that the physical factor or in other words physical problems as the most important problem and subsequently social problems in the current situation of the worn tissue has been influential. Therefore, in the dimension of organizing the worn tissue, attention to the above factors can be considered as an effective way in planning and organizing them. 

Housing in the sense of a place of residence is exciting, relaxing and soothing, and in the term is a shelter between the life, the family and the surrounding environment, and has a role to play in meeting the biological, life, economic, social, cultural and psychological needs. Failure to comply with rural housing in the face of the occurrence of a natural disaster and the erosive texture of these homes has led the government to try to improve the quality of rural housing through policy and implementation of various solutions. The village housing improvement plan has been started in 1995 with the aim of improving the quality of housing and village infrastructure and improving the level of safety, health, well-being and comfort of rural housing. This project is a kind of urban housing facade and display in the traditional tissue of the villages. In the city of Dehgolan also has been operational. The city of Dehgolan, as one of the cities of Kurdistan province, has a significant part of the rural population and has five rural districts in terms of its divisions. This study is intended to assess the housing situation in the eilaghe jonobi Village. The number of residential units in this village is over 2.639 units, based on existing data and field observations, a significant portion of them are irresistible. In this regard, the present research attempts to answer the question of the effects and consequences of the housing development project on the cardiovascular and economic dimensions of the villages in the studied area.

The methodology of this study is a descriptive-analytic library-survey. The statistical population of the study is Southern ılagh village located in Dehgolan city and the sample is three villages of Qadarmars, Bashmaq and Bakarabad. The main method of collecting data, observing the field and using the tool of the questionnaire and considering the wide area of the study, from a total of 606 residential units located in the studied villages, using the modified Cochran method, 60 residential units were selected as the sample. Using randomized stratified sampling method, percentage and share of sample size of each village were selected. A questionnaire was used to collect field data. To assess its validity and reliability, experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha method were used, respectively, for economic indicators that consisted of 15 items, equal to 0/744, and for the physical index Which has 14 components, the coefficient was 0/897. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics methods such as chi-square test, one-sample t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used.

The evaluation of descriptive data obtained from the field study shows that the occupation of agriculture and livestock as well as labor is among the respondents the most, so that 38.3% of the respondents have jobs in agriculture and animal husbandry and 31.7% are engaged in work activities. They are The surface area of the residential unit renovated in 55% of the examined cases, less than 80 m and 45% have a residential floor surface of 120-200 m. The total number of respondents has one floor renovated housing and 51.7% of the responding households have a residential unit of 2 rooms and 48.3% of the properties surveyed have one room. The evaluation of three important components regarding the measurement of the quality of the physical dimension of housing suggests that housing renovation has a positive effect on improving the quality indices, such as building strength, increasing the level of satisfaction with the type of materials and structural strength, and observing the principles and technical standards in Has a construction, so that with a significant level of 0.000, the chi-square coefficient for the component of increasing the strength of the building was 13.300, for the overall satisfaction of the physical dimension equal to 24.933 and for the evaluation of the effect on the observance of technical principles, equal to 40.933. The results of t-test on the hypothesis indicate its significance and the negative effect of housing renovation on the participation rate of women in economic activities, so that with a significant level of 0.000, the coefficient of t-test is equal to 9.742- that confirms the hypothesis of the effect of housing renovation and Changing the functions of rural housing emphasizes the level of women's participation in economic activities.

 the present study, the effects of the implementation of a special rural housing improvement plan on structural-functional changes in rural housing in the southern part of the Dehgolan city were investigated. Despite the prevalence of the number of non-rugged residential units in this village, over the past two decades, many of the worn-out buildings have been renovated and renovated in the framework of this plan. The study of 15 economic categories indicates that, due to the type of rural livelihood that is often farmed, renovation of housing does not have a favorable effect on household economic status and has somehow undermined the diverse economic activities of rural households. Surveying the level of satisfaction with the physical aspects of rural housing has shown a relatively favorable situation, so that owners are pleased with the improvement of the level of safety and the degree of resistance of the building and the type of materials used in the manufacturing process and because of the benefit of spaces such as toilets, baths And the kitchen, consider the quality and sanitary level of the renovated housing as desirable. But they are not satisfied with the limited level of infrastructure and their lack of attention to the design of the interior plans of rural houses. Respondents have been of the opinion that the way of constructing new homes has changed the traditional landscape of villages and, by following the design and architecture of urban housing, minimize the environmental and climatic factors in the construction of new housing. 

In the routing, the most basic parameter is to find the shortest path and in the ideal mode of linking the source and destination posts with a straight line. Because by shortening the route, the amount or quantity of equipment needed, such as foundations and foundations on the one hand, and the cost of operational operations such as mapping, geology and soil mechanics, and road asphalt costs, will be significantly reduced. The operation of roads as one of the infrastructural structures in the development of the national economy does not need more emphasis, but nevertheless, the development of inappropriately designed roads will have a significant negative impact on the environment and, in some cases, damage The damaging effects of road development are so great that it undermines the benefits of increased communication and access. The environmental impact of roads on the environment can be attributed to air pollution, noise, surface water and altered patterns, or even the destruction of local communities by displacement. On the other hand, the sensitivity of communication routes in terms of security, economic and social, doubles the importance of this issue, and it is very necessary to pay special attention to the correct and optimal route for the construction of roads. Most routes with conventional methods do not have all the technical and engineering, economic and environmental considerations and standards, and this leads to increased costs of building communication paths and in addition, it can destroy environment by crossing unauthorized areas.

The present research is a descriptive-analytic study which was first studied through library and documentary studies, theoretical frameworks, and literature on route and routing, and then, with field observations and surveys, the required information was completed and by integrating existing maps and collected information is provided in the ArcGIS software environment. In this regard, the use of modern principles based on the GIS can play a significant role in the routing problem solving. In designing the route by GIS, we can model effective factors such as technical, engineering, economic and environmental factors and, by performing the required analyzes, determine the optimal route. In the process of determining the path, the first step in the practical steps of research is the extraction of information layers. Information about the study area, such as roads, faults, health centers, areas of each user's ... file shap format was prepared and collected on a scale of 1/25000 from the municipality. Among the criteria mentioned above, because the desired criterion is the distance from the centers and the zones, the Raster layer must be produced from them and the maps are transformed into a raster format for analysis, using the Analyst extensions commands and functions spatial such as distance and convert raster to features, and ... in ArcGIS10.5 software.

After designing the route by GIS, each route should be evaluated in terms of compliance with the environmental characteristics of the other routes, so that it can select a path that has a lower environmental impact as an optimal route. The choice of the optimal route among the planned routes is in fact a kind of multi-criteria decision making in which the decision goal is the optimal route selection and the criteria for choosing the optimal route including the slope of the route, the land of the road, the type of soil Crossing the route, the intersection of the route with the rivers, the type of land cover, the area of the passageway in the region. Since decision making is about the choice of the optimal route, the issue is very important and the occurrence of the error may cause irreparable losses, it is necessary to adopt reasonable and appropriate methods for choosing the optimal choice and the correct decision. In this research, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) process, introduced by Professor Sahyati in 1980, has been used.

Suitable road design and road planning are among the factors influencing the sustainable development of cities, which increase the efficiency of the road network, reduce costs and shorten paths. Establishing an offshore road network with a variety of goals from the executive branch of scientific management and optimization in the field of road safety and the road to sustainable development. Urban roads, in addition to being costly in designing, constructing and maintaining, as well as negative environmental impacts, have a special economic, environmental and public opinion sensitivity. Therefore, proper design and compliance with the necessary standards in this regard will be necessary. In order to build any new way, the first step is to select an optimal route. It's wise to always choose the best route with minimal cost. In order to determine a path, it is often necessary to evaluate several criteria and since, in the routing process, there are several quantitative and qualitative parameters that are practically independent and mutually interacting, it is necessary to use the multi-criteria evaluation method as One of the decision support methods used in this research is the use of GIS capabilities in building a database and performing various analyzes on it, the possibility of interfering with all the effective parameters in determining the optimal route was provided. In order to determine the optimal route, 12 criteria including geology, police stations, power lines, landslide, residential areas, distance from the road, distance from faults, erosion, elevation, slope, flood, land use were used. Based on the research, it was found that the designed road passes through less relative obstacles such as rivers, urban and rural areas and avoids all sensitive areas of the environment. As a result, the total cost of collecting the cost of different information layers is less due to the observance of privacy and the reduction of adverse environmental effects. Also, with regard to all the tracks, it can be said that the restrictions, especially their distribution, play an important role in determining the route, in other words, the main role, and the range of the route is limited by these factors and taking into account the shortest distance of determination gets.

The structure of a city as a spatial form is the result of the interaction between environmental, economic, social and political processes. Within the context of urban political economy, each country creates a special urban constructions to rebuild the dominant economic system. According to the Growth Coalition theory, the base of the coalition for the growth of local power elements in cities is mainly based on land factors. In this context, active actors in the land market and urban property become key actors in urban development and production of rented space. This paper, based on theoretical literature on urban land rent, and relying on real data, while introducing rent-seeking mechanisms in urban residential land supply process, studies the production of urban space derived from it. Then, the urbanization of rent process with emphasis on redistributional rent-seeking as the main attribute of the economic system of rentier in Iran and its impact on the structure of Zanjan city is explained. In cities of Iran, rent-seeking from urban land, happens in the available spaces with a great deal of different rent, or creating new spaces contrary to urban development standards with the aim of achieving absolute rents in cities The second, according to Lefebvre's readings, is the production of space or spatial expansion. "The first is the so-called" space constraint. In the cities of Iran, the rent-seeking mainly due to the production of new space, in comparison with the space constraints, plays a major role in the urbanization and construction of cities. In this regard, one of the fields of space production, urbanization of rent and rent-seeking in the cities of Iran is inefficient allocation The scarcity of land in the form of undeveloped land in the form of ineffective implementation of land development policy as one of the most important and prevalent urban land policies since the 1980s and introducing it into the residential land speculation system. Land speculation is exchange of space as a commodity, with the mediator of money as a pure redistributional rent-seeking. This economic action is one of the characteristics of the urbanization of Iran, which is directly related to the economic structure of the country, called the Rentier system. The residential land supplied in this way, with varying degrees of underdevelopment level and more than the use and actual demand of the city, creates the ground for the high exchange value. So that for a long period of time, without complete development of residential land, it provides the space for redistributional rent-seeking resulting from the absolute exchange value created on the land.

This paper, using descriptive-analytical method, the role of the factors affecting the production of rented space in Zanjan city within a rentier economic system is examined by residential land development plans. Data collection have conducted with library and field studies. For analysis of data, the path analysis, Multidimensional decision-making model, toward multi-criteria decision-making model, Delphi analysis method with fuzzy weighting were used in DPSIR model. At first, the research data were ranked by Delphi process and fuzzy weighting. Then, the data were weighted and ranked using a multi-criteria decision making model. In the next step, using the path analysis method, the effect of each of the components on the production of rented space analyzed. Path analysis method is a kind of regression analysis that is used to understand the causality and display the causal relationship patterns among a set of related variables using multivariate linear regression test. Also, Excel software and SPSS software have used for research needs.

Regarding to the influence of different forces on shaping the urban rented space, field surveys also showed that the urban growth boundary control indicators with direct effect of 0.527 have the most relationship with city construction based on urban land rent. In other words, the statistical community, in explaining the relationships between independent and dependent components, believes that what can control urban construction resulting from rented space production, are components based on controlling the city's boundaries. So that, It can be more effective in optimal organizing urban space. In contrast, macroeconomic indicators that are influenced by the performance of the rentier government, with direct effect of 0.359, have less effective compared with the other components. These components undermine the structure of urban management. With the weakening of urban management and the lack of control of the macroeconomic processes that create the rents, the local government and non-government actors involved in land and housing can’t control the flow of land and urban housing, so that the production of rented space in the city through rent-seeking behavior of the economic-social elite is intensifying.In this regard, statistical findings indicate that the share of land prices at the cost of housing with a coefficient of 0.794; the share of oil added value in GDP with a coefficient of 0.792; the ratio of liquidity in GDP with a coefficient of 0.774; the duration of the permits The construction for more than 80% of residential lands in land development plans with a coefficient of 0.749 has the most impact on the production of rented space according to the Todim Model.

The results of the research showed that the economic structure of the country has a significant role in producing rented space and urban management and urban residential land supply policies in cities, including Zanjan city. Considering the findings of the research on the impact of different economic, social and managerial forces on the production of rented space in Zanjan city, in order to improve the status quo and move towards the production of urban space in order to suitable response to the real and use needs of housing, it is necessary to consider the following.- Managing oil revenues, liquidity and government assistance to create productive urban economy.- Prevent buying and selling or speculation land plots Through proper implementation of residential land development policies based on real and use needs of land.- Attention to urban regeneration policies - Facilitate the issuance of building permits for vacant land.

Mostly cities and settlements have been created in places exposed to all kinds of natural disasters and hazards, and managers and urban planners have been confrontational and reducing hazards. In recent years, a new concept has been introduced in the face of unknowns and uncertainties called resilience. Knowledge of resilience and resiliency status is particularly important. Resilience can be introduced as a concept of disruption, surprise and change. There are two types of disaster management strategies: Predictive and Resilience strategies, one for dealing with problems, and the second for dealing with unknown problems. The neighborhood is white soil.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. To compare the indices, a questionnaire was prepared by 20 faculty members and experts in environmental planning, urban planning, rural planning and urban planning (in decision making and ranking techniques according to the researcher's opinion). And the nature of the topic and the range of experts and experts in the field are chosen, as well as the number of samples considered to reach a theoretical saturation, ie the greater the number of matched answers, the more weighted the criteria were by FANP. The weight of each of these criteria is influenced by the degree of resilience in the layers and The maps were combined to determine the resiliency.

According to the findings of the study, the informal settlement area under study is not in a good condition in terms of resiliency, indicating high vulnerability of this tissue to natural disasters and hazards. Survey of spatial resilience status shows that resilience rates in each of the indices are different at different levels of the neighborhood and do not have a uniform trend. Areas of low resilience have the most socially disadvantaged, are less valuable in land prices, and more economically vulnerable, the poorest, and the most vulnerable. They have room.

In general, the result of this study was that the resilience of white soil neighborhood and informal settlement textures to environmental crises is poor. When examining the spatial status of each of the resilience indices at the neighborhood level, we find different resilience conditions that result in different status in the physical, social, and economic characteristics, so it can be deduced that different resilience indices have different effects. On the resilience rate of the white soil neighborhood and with changes in the status of these indices at different levels of the neighborhood has also changed the resilience statusIntroductionMostly cities and settlements have been created in places exposed to all kinds of natural disasters and hazards, and managers and urban planners have been confrontational and reducing hazards. In recent years, a new concept has been introduced in the face of unknowns and uncertainties called resilience. Knowledge of resilience and resiliency status is particularly important. Resilience can be introduced as a concept of disruption, surprise and change. There are two types of disaster management strategies: Predictive and Resilience strategies, one for dealing with problems, and the second for dealing with unknown problems. The neighborhood is white soil.MethodologyThe research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. To compare the indices, a questionnaire was prepared by 20 faculty members and experts in environmental planning, urban planning, rural planning and urban planning (in decision making and ranking techniques according to the researcher's opinion). And the nature of the topic and the range of experts and experts in the field are chosen, as well as the number of samples considered to reach a theoretical saturation, ie the greater the number of matched answers, the more weighted the criteria were by FANP. The weight of each of these criteria is influenced by the degree of resilience in the layers and The maps were combined to determine the resiliency.Results and discussionAccording to the findings of the study, the informal settlement area under study is not in a good condition in terms of resiliency, indicating high vulnerability of this tissue to natural disasters and hazards. Survey of spatial resilience status shows that resilience rates in each of the indices are different at different levels of the neighborhood and do not have a uniform trend. Areas of low resilience have the most socially disadvantaged, are less valuable in land prices, and more economically vulnerable, the poorest, and the most vulnerable. They have room.ConclusionIn general, the result of this study was that the resilience of white soil neighborhood and informal settlement textures to environmental crises is poor. When examining the spatial status of each of the resilience indices at the neighborhood level, we find different resilience conditions that result in different status in the physical, social, and economic characteristics, so it can be deduced that different resilience indices have different effects. On the resilience rate of the white soil neighborhood and with changes in the status of these indices at different levels of the neighborhood has also changed the resilience statusIn general, the result of this study was that the resilience of white soil neighborhood and informal settlement textures to environmental crises is poor. When examining the spatial status of each of the resilience indices at the neighborhood level, we find different resilience conditions that result in different status in the physical, social, and economic characteristics, so it can be deduced that different resilience indices have different effects. On the resilience rate of the white soil neighborhood and with changes in the status of these indices at different levels of the neighborhood has also changed the resilience statusIn general, the result of this study was that the resilience of white soil neighborhood and informal settlement textures to environmental crises is poor. When examining the spatial status of each of the resilience indices at the neighborhood level, we find different resilience conditions that result in different status in the physical, social, and economic characteristics,

Analysis of Javanrud Urban Land Use Vulnerability to Earthquake Using Network Analysis (ANP) and Geographic Information System (GIS)Extended AbstractNatural and human memories are always a threat to human life. In recent decades, despite scientific advances and prediction of disasters and crisis management, natural disasters continue to cost significant costs to human societies. Where Iran is among the 10 most blasphemous countries in the world and among the natural disasters of earthquake in Iran, It is of particular importance to its attention, Because of its many other natural disasters, it also has many casualties and injuries.Javanrood city located in western Iran, It has a unique position and special conditions for earthquake hazards. In the present study using ANP and Super Decision and ARC GIS softwares using Javanrood land use data, 30 * 30 m DEM and ground map Geology 1: 100,000 After explaining the principles, the objectives of the vulnerability maps needed to identify the danger zones were achieved. The results indicate that about 20% of Javanrood urban areas are moderately vulnerable to this type of hazard and do not provide a good physical structure within the context of earthquake management; The seals of the city are more vulnerable due to being located on the high margins of the city and inadequate bedrock, high elevation and slope and more floors than other units.methodology Material: In this research, using ANP and using super decision software and ARC GIS software, using Land area data, 30 * 30 meters DEM and geology map 1: 100,000, After explaining the principles, objectives and considerations of inactive defense and analysis of the passive defense approach in urban areas, the vulnerability maps needed to identify risk areas were identified and, finally, strategies for inertial defense measures related to urban management Provided.

Network analysis process (ANP), method used in this research is one of the multivariate decision-making techniques Which is very similar to the AHP method and in a better way, this is The expanded form of the hierarchical analysis process. This was proposed by Thomas El Saaty in 1996, Also this process, new theory is that the network structure of the successor to the hierarchical structure has been. This method takes into account the complex relationship between decision elements through the replacement of a hierarchical structure with a network structure. For this reason, in recent years, the use of ANP has increased in most areas. The network analysis method consists of 4 steps.Step One: Modeling and Explaining the ProblemStep Two: Matrix Pair Comparison Matrix and Estimate Relative WeightStage Three: Formation of Primary SupermatrixStage Four: Formation of Weight SupermatrixStep 5: The weighted supermatrix is large enough for the matrix elements to converge and their row values to be equal.Step 6: Calculate the final weight of the criteria.

The research results show that Javanrood city can be divided into three old, new and marginal areas. In the central part of the city, due to the ancient texture of the city Also, the vast majority of administrative, commercial and service centers in these regions have been of special importance since the last periods. In general, the longer the life of the building, the greater the wear resistance of the materials as well as the use of low materials in the past, the resistance of the buildings to the earthquake is reduced and the level of vulnerability will be higher. Relief centers and health centers are among the most important urban services in the event of accidents for citizens and residents of the city. As the distance from these centers increases, timely relief to citizens is reduced, resulting in a higher level of vulnerability. Existence of open spaces and green spaces in the city's neighborhoods, In addition to affecting the ability to escape and shelter residents and reduce the number of injuries, it can also be temporary accommodation centers. So, both during and after the earthquake, it is effective in reducing damage. Slope as one of the factors affecting the vulnerability of residential buildings and urban facilities to natural factors such as earthquakes, As the slope increases, the vulnerability to earthquakes increases and vice versa. The bedrock type is the most important environmental factor in the earthquake waves are affected by moving away and passing alluvial layers. The bedrock factors are known as the effect of the site. effects of the site as a resonance of earthquake waves, changes in the characteristics of seismic waves such as amplitude, Frequency and durability of the strong movement.

In general, the longer the building life, the more the building will be resistant to earthquakes and the greater the vulnerability due to the increased material burnout and use of past durable materials. Also, the buildings have moderate vulnerability in the suburbs, which has the most statistics and high vulnerability buildings are mainly related to the housing of the city's seals, due to their higher margins and height and the number of bedrock and more floors. Finally about 20 percent of the built-up spaces of Javanrud city have a moderate to high vulnerability to these types of hazards does not provide a desirable body structure within the framework of the earthquake management discussion. Marginal neighborhoods in the area of high vulnerability, as well as seals of the city, are more vulnerable due to the high elevation of the city and the inappropriate bedrock and the height and slope and the number of floors more than other units. The residential space and land use of this city are represented and presented in a way that can lead to a great human catastrophe and disaster in case of lack of attention and proper planning with the approach to earthquake control. Therefore, it is imperative that the city's management and institutions take action plans and measures to reduce the vulnerability of these areas by looking at passive defense.

After many years of experience, the world has realized that countries need specialized motivated human resources in order to be among the leading countries, and human resources is considered the most important factor determining and accelerating countries' growth and development process. Agriculture, industry and services are of particular importance because they are three main sectors of the economy of each country.This study sets out to identify the factors affecting the human resources (HR) challenge of the agricultural sector in rural areas of Malayer and the priorities and actions that are necessary to maintain the human resources in the agricultural sector of rural areas and consequently achieve the sustainable development of villages and the whole country and supply sustainable food resources and livelihoods. In other words, it seeks to determine the factors leading to a challenge in the human resources of the agricultural sector of rural areas in the central district of Malayer. For this purpose, the following hypotheses are formulated:• Economic factors, including lack of employment due to inappropriate policies in rural areas have led to the greatest HR challenge.• Service-related and infrastructural factors affect the HR challenge of the agricultural sector in rural areas of Malayer.• Socio-cultural factors affect the HR challenge of the agricultural sector in rural areas of Malayer.

This study was conducted through a descriptive - analytical method in several stages. The desk-documentary research method was used in the first stage, which was related to the theoretical part of the research. The data were collected in the second stage using field methods such as observation, interviewing, surveying, and attending residential areas. The third stage was related to the analysis of data and providing suggestions. The statistical population of the study was 73 villages of the central district of Malayer. Due to the large number of population, 100 households from 5 villages in the center of the district were selected as the research sample. The main instrument of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by using the views of a panel of experts, calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and other approved methods. Data were analyzed in SPSS. Thus, considering factors such as administrative political citizenship, distance from the city, population, and cultural differences, 5 villages of Joozan, Joorab, Aznav, Mehrabad and Alavi, as the centers of the rural districts of Malayer, were selected as the sample. The heads of the households under study were the surveyed population of the study. For a more accurate analysis, the number of households was determined using quota sampling from among the households of 5 sample villages, and finally, a survey was conducted using the simple random sampling method. This part contained descriptive and analytical (inferential) statistics. In the first part, the demographic characteristics, as well as the variables related to the research hypotheses were presented in descriptive statistics tables and figures. In the analytical statistics part, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-sample t-test, Friedman, Kendall's Correlation, Chi-square and Eta tests were used. SPSS was also used to analyze the extracted data.

Economic factors such as lack of employment due to inappropriate policies in rural areas have given rise to the greatest challenge in human resources with the highest mean score. This suggests that these factors are the most important factors in creating HR challenges in rural areas in the central district of Malayer, and the next ranks belonged to socio-cultural factors and service-related and infrastructural factors, respectively. Moreover, the significance level obtained from the Chi-square statistic from Friedman test indicates that the confirmation error percentage of the significance level of the above test is significant at the 95% confidence interval. It can, therefore, be said that economic factors such as lack of employment due to inappropriate policies at the village level have created the greatest challenge in human resources. Therefore, the first hypothesis is confirmed and the null hypothesis is rejected.H2: Service-related and infrastructural factors affect the HR challenge in rural areas. The parametric one-sample t-test was used to test the above hypothesis. The significance level obtained from the t-statistic was less than 0.05, which shows that there is a significant difference between the value score (standard limit) and the mean value of the population. Given that the mean of the sample presented in the table is higher than the value score (mean difference = 0.14), so the effect of service-related and infrastructural factors on the HR challenge of the rural areas is confirmed, thereby confirmation of the second hypothesis of the research.In relation to the third hypothesis, the significance level obtained from the t-test was much smaller than 0.05, which shows that there is a significant difference between the value score (standard limit) and the mean value of the population. Moreover, considering that the mean of the sample is higher than the value score (mean difference = 0.445), so socio-cultural factors are effective in the HR challenge in rural areas and the third hypothesis is confirmed.

According to Friedman's test, economic factors such as lack of employment due to inappropriate policies in rural areas have created the greatest challenge in human resources with the mean rank of 2.3. The second and third ranks go to socio-cultural, and service-related and infrastructural factors with the mean ranks of 2.08 and 1.63, respectively. Keywords: Human Resource Development, Rural Areas, Agriculture Sector, Malayer.ConclusionAccording to Friedman's test, economic factors such as lack of employment due to inappropriate policies in rural areas have created the greatest challenge in human resources with the mean rank of 2.3. The second and third ranks go to socio-cultural, and service-related and infrastructural factors with the mean ranks of 2.08 and 1.63, respectively. 

Spatial Analysis of belonging 'sense to a place in Restoration of Deteriorated Texture using the Geographically Weighted Regression in the region three of TabrizHassan Mahmoudzadeh1, Osman soufi Bobakran2, Sohaila Normohammadi31. Associated Professor of Geography & Urban Planning, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Email: Hassan.mahmoudzadeh@yahoo.com Tel: 091431492522. MSc of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS), Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranEmail: osmansoufi@gmail.com Tel: 093826399093. MSc of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS), Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranEmail: nsoheila14@gmail.com Tel: 09335409265IntroductionThe sense of belonging is a dimension of the totality of the sense of place and the positive attachment that is created between the individual and the place. In the meantime, worn-out textures and old neighborhoods, as the dominant beating heart of cities, are the most important public spaces that need to be taken care of and kept by residents within the texture. Today, the revitalization of these textures has been the focus of many planners and designers by prioritizing the needs of residents and communicating with the physical space as well as issues related to location. Considering the issues raised, attention to worn-out urban contexts, both spatial and psychological, seems to be essential to increase residents' satisfaction. For example, worn-out urban contexts are one of the problems that, outside of the legal system, have diminished the appearance and quality of urban life, and have created many roads and densities of services, infrastructure, and urban facilities. The issues raised indicate that the need to intervene in aging tissues to improve their quality of life is crucial. In Tabriz, worn-out textures account for one fifth of the city's total area of 2,530 hectares, making it the second largest city in terms of worn-out textures. According to the latest estimates, 400 to 500,000 Tabriz citizens live in these areas. Studies show that the rigid regulations of urban planning, lack of adequate financial resources, lack of ingenious and strategic management in the worn-out textures over time, swallows Tabriz. On the other hand, the worn-out texture of Tabriz as a vibrant, vibrant urban location has obvious physical, semantic, and functional differences among its neighborhoods, which has had a significant impact on the sense of belonging. Therefore, based on many scientific studies, research on the subject involves the use of numerical and statistical information that is influenced by the concept of space and environment. Spatial data are therefore the most basic and important data used by environmental and geoscientists in their research.MethodologyThe conventional global regression method assumes a constant relationship between spatial variables for modeling the area that does not take into account spatial instability of the variables. The major advantage of GWR geographic weighted regression over conventional regression models is its ability to investigate spatial instability. Spatial instability indicates that the measurement or estimation of relationships between variables varies from place to place. The GWR method is a regression technique that significantly improves ordinary regression for use in spatial data. Therefore, the maps generated from these analyzes play a key role in the non-stationary spatial description and interpretation of the variables. In this method, the coefficients of the explanatory variables are estimated using weighted matrices. The weight of each variable in this method is determined based on the distance of each observation to the estimated position of the variables. One of the methods of estimating model parameters when there is dependence between observations of each point in space is GWR. The main idea of geographic weighted regression is that the study of independent and dependent variables in the study area is done in places where their position is known.Result and discussionSince different indices can be used in regeneration of worn-out tissue, in this study, sense of location is considered as dependent variable and other parameters in three social, physical and environmental indices as independent variables. They have also been used to obtain goodness of fit indices (R2). The VIF index was used to determine the linearity of the independent variables. VIF is a feature used to know whether or not there is a linear relationship between independent variables. This index shows the intensity of the linearity between the independent variables (multiple linearity).In fact, the index indicates how much of the change in the estimated coefficients for each end. The minimum value of this positive index is one and its maximum is infinite. As an empirical rule, if the VIF value is greater than 7.5, it represents a high multiplicity of linearity. Based on the results, the VIF index for the variables used is not so much that they cannot be involved in modeling (VHF> 1, VIF)

The present research aims to explain how and why the application of the genealogy approach has been developed to analyze the evolution of the role of cities over time. Various approaches have been suggested by economic and urban geographic theorists to analyze the "the role of city" developments. From Foucault's genealogy perspective, city and its role are influenced by the power and power relations in space and the space is created by the interaction of knowledge and power. Genealogy of the role of city aims to answer the following questions: what are the current dominant roles of city, regardless of the initial formation of city and its geographical and political background? How did these roles develop over time and what discourses have been made of? And finally, what is the power and capacity of city to diversify the new roles? The dominant role of city has developed in various historical time periods, and in the middle of historical discontinuities, as a result of spatial links between micro and macro components of power and knowledge in urban space. The interconnected network of knowledge-power in city, influenced by the political philosophies governing the historical periods, creates different discourse zones over time that have different social and physical effects on urban space, and affects the process of urban development, physical changes, human and environmental resources.Cities have unique cultural and architectural features, quality, comprehensive social and power resources, as well as many opportunities for economic development. They are the centers of knowledge and the resources of growth and innovation. However, they also host a population that suffers from problems and inequalities and social deprivation (a particular social group), high housing prices and environmental problems .The urban space is a social outcome, the result of an historical process, an unequal accumulation of time. The space is also a presupposition and a milieu of social production. From this perspective urban spatiality – cities – represent the crystallization of earlier patterns and also the possibilities towards future events that were brought up previously. The spatial configuration and the territory, are the key to read the past, learn the present and to envisage the future. The interest of geographers in relations between knowledge, power, and space has a long tradition but it was reinvigorated by critical engagements with Foucault and GramsciCenters can function as truth spots, and sites of knowledge generation, information control, and power execution. where there is no evidence, field techniques such as interviews and historical memory of individuals are also used. Methods of data analysis in this type of research are;• Historical analysis: the study of the history of the development of discourses about the role of city, the historical discontinuities in the formulation of macro and micro discourses formed in discourse zones• Genealogical analysis: the past and present roles of the city, through the study of discourse zones, historical discontinuities, and the analysis of the effects of the dominant discourses on urban space and power-knowledge relations forming the role of city are analyzed• Content analysis: the analysis of national, regional and local (city) development documents as well as related scientific research.The genealogy of cities and their role and function is a very good way to explore the spatial reflection of social relations and discover their historical (time) roots. It has higher ability to search, discover, and describe considering the conditions and in comparison with other methodologies such as hermeneutics and relativism. Since historical descent analysis of city and its role requires contemplation and selection of an approach that can identify the historical descent shaping the role of city and its evolution over time by avoiding mere historicism and taking into account all the factors creating the complex spatial relations based on power and knowledge, it can be selected as a turning point of the research on the recognition of past, present and future role and function of cities.The genealogy of the role of city attempts to understand and analyze the power relations and forms of knowledge in the city, in order to understand how the city and its role has been shaped throughout the history. The genealogy of the role of city seeks to identify the historical descent of the subject which is itself the cornerstone of the birth of modern human being that has converted human into subject and object at the junction of power and knowledgeThe description and analysis of how the current dominant roles of city have been developed can be conducted by the use of power -dependent tools and products of knowledge. The study of macro-evidence of development at national, regional and local levels, historical documents, scientific research projects, plans, policies, and development strategies of geographic areas (city) provide an opportunity for identifying power / knowledge discourses in city. Then, the genealogist can suggest supplementary roles for city by identifying infrastructural potentials and characteristics of city (natural, cultural, physical, political, etc.) with the aim of improving the quality of life for the residential and mobile population (tourists), and economic, social and cultural dynamism and diversification of urban functions, in line with city sustainability. The diversification of the role of city aims at enhancing the cultural and economic status of city at the national, regional and international levels and to promote the urban quality of life. The problem many cities currently face is that they are becoming immersed in the structures of power based on particular ideologies, leading ultimately to the complexity of the defined social and political space, and the single product economy, which gradually and definitely creates unsustainable and uncertain economic conditions for the cities; this uncertainty has a significant impact on the strategic responses of the elements of power (the owners of financial and economic resources) and, consequently, the social space of the cities will be affected.

The City is a social right and the role of urban space in producing daily life rhythm, and reproducing social relations, creates an approach in citizenship rights that the city residents must be the main players and beneficiaries in the production of urban space. Meanwhile, increasing the lives of humans and adding elderly populations are considerable results of the 21th century. Elderly as a biological process rather than a disease is a vital phenomenon that gradually covers everyone. The phenomenon of aging creates significant changes in all aspects of the life of human societies, including a wide range of age structures, values and criteria, and the creation of social organizations. It is very important to confronting the challenges posed by this phenomenon and adopting appropriate policies for improving the physical, social and mental status of the elderly. In this regard, with propounding of the city age-friendly space, seems Lefebvre ideas can be appropriate criterion for spatial intervention in the cities for the benefit of the vulnerable group. The idea of the right to the city of Lefebvre is a powerful response to all cities, especially cities those citizens, in different forms (Deprivation and depriving groups of people from the right to peace, security and solidarity) suffer from extreme conflict. Since the right to the city belongs to all the inhabitants of a city, the study of the right to the city of elderly in cities as vulnerable group that needs support, adds to its importance.

The research is descriptive-analytical and in the terms of time domain it considered as present sectional. Following the study of Lefebvre ideas to extract the spatial manifestations of the idea of the right to the city as a conceptual model of research, the condition of the elderly resident in the worn-out texture of Zanjan city was investigated. Due to the lack of clarity of the number of elderly resident in the worn-out texture, sampling method of missing statistical population is used to determine the sample size and the sample size is 170 people. The locative sampling method of the study is clustering and the clusters have been systematically selected. The studying condition of the elderly resident in the texture was done by the SF-36 standard questionnaire with Likert spectral ranking and face-to-face interview method by researchers. Research indicators have been compiled in two parts: independent and dependent variables and contextual variables. The dependent variable includes "the right to the city" and independent variables include the "the right to appropriate of use urban space" with 3 indicators and the "the right to participate" with 3 indicators. The contextual variables also include the individual characteristics of the statistical population. To analyze the data, descriptive tables and charts, Kruskal-Wallis test (to investigate the differences between the statistical groups on the subject of the research) and the path analysis test (to study the effect of the indicators of the right to use urban space and the right to participate on the urban right component) with the help of SPSS software have been used.

Findings show that the right to the city in the worn-out texture of Zanjan city has not materialized and the average satisfaction of the statistical population from the right to the city index is 2.94, which is below average. Meanwhile, the right to appropriate use of urban space has a rating of 3.01 and participation right has a rating of 2.87. Study of the statistical population with Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the elderly with different physical characteristics do not have a single understanding of the status of the right to the city index in the worn-out texture of the city of Zanjan. But there is no disagreement between other different groups of gender, socioeconomic status, and length of stay in the city, which adds to the importance of the right to the city concept. The study of the right to the city indicators and the effect of each on urban space with the path analysis test showed that the total effect of the right to appropriate use of urban space component on the right to the city component is 0.827 and the total effect of the component of the right to participate is 0.823. This trend shows that in terms of statistical population, the components of the appropriate right to use and the right to participate have a favorable effect on the right to the city component and by strengthening these two components, one can create the favorable urban environment in the central worn-out texture of Zanjan and adapt it to the needs of different groups, especially the elderly.

From Lefebvre's view, the right to the city manifests itself as a privileged form of rights, and it is without a doubt that the concept of the right to the city today is used as an umbrella term for sustainability, and its meaning has become much wider compared to Lefebvre first apply. According to the research findings, the component of the right to participate with a score lower than the right to appropriate use of urban space should be considered and planned based on the needs for upgrading the urban space production /citizenship right, urban decision making and then urban organization in order. In this way, the group of elderly people who enjoy more leisure time than other members of society can be active and productive members in creating vibrant urban spaces and experience dynamic aging.The right to appropriate use of urban space should also be considered based on the needs for upgrading the control and ownership of space, physical share, and ultimately urban vitality, in line with the right to participate in order. Because the elderly as a group with mobility limitations need to adapt to the environment in order to be present in the community and urban spaces.

In the last two decades, China and India, with high economic growth, huge economy and extensive trade have emerged as two Asian powers and even global powers. The two countries have great regional and global ambitions. China is pursuing a new system of power relations and international relations through its Belt and Road Initiative. India also is trying to create a new convergence of power relations with its Asian policy, while expanding its sphere of influence. Both countries pursue a policy of connecting and accessing Eurasia''s geopolitical areas by adopting a geo-economic strategy. In this context, Pakistan and Iran have chosen appropriate options for the creation of connection corridors in Eurasia by China and India, with two main points being Gwadar and Chabahar ports. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the geopolitical and geo-economic competition between China and India in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the International North-South Transport Corridor and to investigate the role of the two Chabahar and Gwadar ports in this competition.The two major Asian economies and powers have focused on connection corridors to expand the sphere of influence, export surplus products, access large consumer markets, secure and sustainable energy supply, and pursue national interests in peripheral areas. Chinese government decision makers and strategists have proposed the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project, based on the Port of Gwadar. This corridor is an important part of a major Silk Road rebuilt project called "One Belt One Road" or "Belt and Road Initiative". In contrast, the Indians proposed the "International North-South Transport Corridor" with the focus on Chabahar Port and the land of Iran. China''s presence in the Gwadar Port and India''s presence in the Chabahar Port are analyzed and explored in the context of China and India''s geopolitical and geoeconomic competitions in South Asia and access to Eurasia. Therefore, this study seeks to explain the geopolitical and geoeconomic competitions of China and India in these corridors and the geopolitical role of Gwadar and Chabahar ports in this competition.

This study focuses on two China-Pakistan economic corridors and International North–South Transport Corridor in Pakistan and Iran. The two oceanic ports of Gwadar and Chabahar are at the heart of this article. The research has done by descriptive-analytical method and the data is collected in a library manner.

The starting point of the International North–South Transport Corridor onshore route is Chabahar Port in southeastern Sistan and Baluchistan province. The closest Iranian city to India is the Chabahar Port. Theis city is only oceanic port in Iran. The geographical location and the high potential of transit make the Indians pay special attention to Chabahar port. In addition, India''s long-standing rivalry with Pakistan in the Gwadar port and the massive Chinese investment in the port have increased the Indian government''s incentive to develop the Chabahar port to access Central Asian and Eurasian markets. Accordingly, Chabahar is India''s "golden gateway" to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Afghanistan and has broad potential for connecting business centers in South Asia (India), the Gulf region (Dubai), Central Asia and Afghanistan. Therefore, Chabahar port in India is of particular geostrategic, geopolitical and geo-economic importance. This is especially evident when the Chabahar port is seen in the context of the geopolitical and geo-economic competitions of China and India. From this point of view, Chabahar port is a focal point and gateway for the Indians who do not want to miss it easily.The two governments of China and Pakistan signed an agreement in 2013 to activate the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor whereby the Corridor Development Project will include the establishment of a rail, road and energy pipeline linking the port city of Gwadar in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. It connects to the Chinese city of Kashgar in Xinjiang province in western China. The Gwadar Port plays a central role in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This port will be the key to China-Pakistan strategic relationship and the key to the future of China-Pakistan strategic relations and sustainable economy. China''s widespread investment in the Gwadar port, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Karakoram Highway is more than just an economic issue. China pursues broad strategic, geopolitical and geoeconomic goals in the project in the medium and long term. Geopolitically, China''s relationship with Pakistan to build the Gwadar Port is a strategic focal point in Belt and Road Initiative. On the one hand, it is a gateway to the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, Western Asia, South Asia and Indian Ocean, and on the other hand, the starting point for easy access to western China and the Karakoram plain and the ease of trade with Central Asian countries.It connects to the Chinese city of Kashgar in Xinjiang province in western China. The Gwadar Port plays a central role in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This port will be the key to China-Pakistan strategic relationship and the key to the future of China-Pakistan strategic relations and sustainable economy. China''s widespread investment in the Gwadar port, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Karakoram Highway is more than just an economic issue. China pursues broad strategic, geopolitical and geoeconomic goals in the project in the medium and long term. Geopolitically, China''s relationship with Pakistan to build the Gwadar Port is a strategic focal point in Belt and Road Initiative. On the one hand, it is a gateway to the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, Western Asia, South Asia and Indian Ocean, and on the other hand, the starting point for easy access to western China and the Karakoram plain and the ease of trade with Central Asian countries.

The results show that India is working to improve its geopolitical and geo-economic weight against China and Pakistan through the Chabahar port and Iran’s Corridor. India try to achieve a regional balance of power with China by Iran’s space and Chabahar port.

Citizenship is seen as an advanced model of "urbanization". According to some experts, urbanites have been promoted to 'citizens' when they respect each other's rights and fulfill their responsibilities to the city and society. Citizenship is a membership that includes a set of rights, duties and obligations, citizenship of an active or inactive individual in government with specified universal rights, and equality of obligations at a specified level. Citizenship is a social status associated with the state with three types of rights, including civil rights, political rights, and social rights. Citizenship represents the status granted by law. At the same time, this concept shows that individuals have the right to be credited with their status in society or a political unit. According to this approach, because people share a common life, they also have rights and responsibilities. Therefore, because of the same life together, whether in economic activity or in cultural affairs and in political commitment, they all have ethical obligations to one another. Citizenship is in fact the condition of membership in a political unit (usually the national government) that protects the rights and privileges of those who perform certain duties. More than citizenship, theory is a concept that formalizes the conditions for full participation in a society. The concept of citizenship represents the connecting point between social, cultural and political geography. Through a broader literature of citizenship theories can be found that these definitions have a common core: a kind of modern social base and role for all members of society, an interconnected set of duties, rights, duties and responsibilities, rights, obligations, obligations. Metaphorical and cultural equality, equal and equal sense of belonging and modern social membership for active and active participation in society and in the economic, political, social and cultural spheres, the just and equitable enjoyment of all members of society by social, economic, political, social and economic benefits, resources, Legal and cultural, regardless of class, race, religion And Ethnicity (Sarrafi, 2008: 118-120). The present study has attempted to present citizenship rights and its challenges in Qazvin as one of the important cities of Iran which has different citizens in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, language, literacy and physical health, etc. To investigate. The main question, therefore, is: What is the relationship between the four dimensions of socio-cultural, economic, environmental and civil service development with citizenship rights?

The present study is of applied purpose and descriptive and analytical. Also in this research, according to the content and nature of the research subject for data collection, both documentary and survey methods were used. Interviews were conducted with 18 professors and experts on the most important concepts of citizenship law, and the key key concepts about citizenship were categorized into 41 parameters. The reliability of the questions was confirmed by experts and the validity of the questions among the sample citizens (0.78). The statistical population of the study is 402748 citizens of Qazvin according to the latest census of the country. To determine the sample size, Cochran formula with 5% error coefficient was used and finally 384 people were obtained. Questionnaires were distributed in the form of closed-ended questions and Likert scale in 5 completely appropriate, appropriate, average, inappropriate and completely inappropriate scales and then the average rating of the collected information. In order to analyze the research findings, the data collected by SPSS software and Pearson and Friedman correlation tests were used for descriptive and inferential analysis of the findings and finally the distribution of the phenomenon space (case study) was presented.

The results of the indicators and criteria examined in Citizenship Law in Qazvin show that among the studied criteria the indicators of employment with high averages are about 4 most satisfied. These indicators are: • Right to choose a job (4.06 average) • Right to manage and maintain a job (4.10 average) • Right to Job Creation Services (3.96 Average) • Right to Occupational Safety (4.24 Average) • Right to family living expenses (3.92 average) In contrast to the index that achieved the highest average, the indicators of social dimension are in poor condition, with the lowest scores being as follows; • Right to choose friends, companions and companions (2.31 average) • Right to higher education, vocational training and school education (2.60 average) • Right to elementary education, guidance, high school (2.38 average) • Right to religious and traditional rituals (2.47 average) • Right to preserve and disseminate traditional rituals (2.55 Avg.).

In relation to the independent variable of the present study (citizenship law) consisting of four dimensions of social, economic, environmental and physical rights with utilities and services, among which the most effective and determining factors among these factors related to social dimension And its related criteria, and it can be said to play a key role in citizens' satisfaction with the city and urban spaces, with employment and occupational safety measures based on the Friedman test giving the highest score and in descriptive statistics with Criterion of average satisfaction with citizenship rights in the field of employment, job security and freedom The job has been the right choice. It can also be noted that the facilities and services of the city are among the least effective factors in creating a sense of citizenship in the citizens of the city under study. Also, based on the results of the research, the problems related to the realization of citizenship rights in the study city can be categorized as follows: The right to access to court and counsel, the right to equal treatment, the right to choose friends, companions and associates, the right to freedom from unsafe and violent environment, the right to citizenship, the right to personal and family counseling, the right to primary education, counseling , High school and the right to access to utilities and services.

China has become an important and influential player in Asia-Pacific in recent years. the economic, political and military development of this country was introduced by an open - door policy in the 1970 s, as this country has become one of the most influential players in the international community. In the meantime, one of the issues that has been and continues to be discussed and discussed for nearly a decade, as is the relationship between the two countries, is the question of modernizing and expanding China's military capabilities. This brings the United States to the fore by pursuing two strategies of containment and accountability, seeking accountability and balance against China. The United States, therefore, has strengthened its ties with China by concluding treaties with India and, on the other hand, has pursued a strategic alliance with Japan, encouraging it to strengthen its military force and play a greater role in the international arena. It is trying to balance its power with China. US security alliances and extensive military relations with countries around China, including Singapore, Vietnam, South Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan and so on, can also be assessed. The North Korean missile crisis is also seen as an acute security dilemma in Washington's foreign policy in the East Asia region. In doing so, Pyongyang is reluctant to carry out nuclear tests.MethodologyThe purpose of this study is qualitative and practical. This study also describes, studies, and analyzes what it is; therefore, it is a "descriptive-analytical research" in terms of method of implementation. The information required for this research has also been collected and used through library studies (documents, books, articles and journals, websites, etc.) and searches on the Internet and databases, specialized journals and journals.

the past four decades, china has enjoyed the level of an actor in the region, which stands at the level of a powerful global player, and in all major international issues, especially economic, where business and business environment have been affected greatly. in recent years the development process in china has expanded from the economy to other areas. one of the most important areas that has accelerated development and renovation in it is the military domain. The concern of Washington's military strategist and strategist has fueled the efforts of the two countries in the Asia - Pacific region. in order to prevent the influence of chinese influence in the central asian region, the united states try to rely on the region countries by deploying military capability (Jozani Kohan and Jozani Kohan, 1396: 37). Washington is trying to reduce China's role and influence by expanding India's military capability and increasing its role in regional relations as well as by engaging it in the Asia-Pacific regional order. Therefore, India views its growing relationship with the United States as an important gateway to becoming a great power (Khazri, 1390: 689). Also, the December 2013 meeting of the Singapore Secretary of Defense and the US Secretary of Defense at the Pentagon underscored the expansion of bilateral military cooperation. Singapore is seeking to counter China's widespread economic and social influence by seeking close ties with the United States. Vietnam, which has experienced the bloody war of 1956 to 1973 with the United States, has also renewed its relations with the United States since the emergence of China in July 2011. Only two months later, in September 2011, the two sides signed an agreement to promote bilateral defense cooperation, followed by annual bilateral defense talks. The South Korean-American alliance has been a powerful component of the Asia-Pacific regional order for the past six decades. With China's economic and military power increasing and its role in Asia-Pacific in recent years, the United States has also emphasized Taiwan to pressure China and increase tension in the region to entertain China in regional conflicts and diminish its global role. It has increased (Tabatabai and Ghyasi, 2013: 272). The US government believes that the Chinese state, which has the largest land borders with North Korea, could be the controlling factor of Pyongyang to end the crisis in the region (Swaine, 2017: 6). In pursuit of realistic and pragmatic policy, Trump seeks to capitalize on China's influence in resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis, and to place some of North Korea's containment on China.

China's quest for increased military power and funding has received widespread reactions from major powers as well as its Asian neighbors. In the meantime, the United States, as the only superpower left over from the Cold War era, because of its widespread interests around the world, and especially Asia, more than any other international player in China's rise in economic power and more the military arena is concerned. In this regard, the United States seeks to establish a broad military and security relationship and to increase the presence and conduct of military movements in Asia and to conclude military contracts with Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan as competitors to China and political alliances. A military with Australia and Indonesia as middle powers in the region would isolate the country. In the meantime, even the United States prioritizes the normalization of relations with its longtime enemy, Vietnam, in order to limit China. Another issue that has challenged Washington's policies in East Asia is the North Korean missile crisis, which the US government seeks to address by pressuring China and with Russian cooperation. In this regard, the Washington authorities consider China to be a factor in containment and control of Pyongyang to end the missile crisis in the East Asia region and have been trying to put pressure on Beijing. The end result of a series of US counter-measures against China has so far reduced Chinese economic growth from about 9 percent to 6 percent and increased US economic growth from about 4 percent to 6 percent, which can be concluded that the measures The United States has, in part, inhibited China's unilateral economic-military growth.

Throughout history, the often presence of "power" and "wealth" alongside "ideology" and "competition" has led to the formation of hostile relations between countries. Among the regions of the world, the Middle East and North Africa have more complex relationships to achieve security due to the presence of countries with special characteristics and if the wrong strategies are adopted by the powers that be in this region, the result will be unsolvable. As we approach the third decade of the twenty-first century, headlines from the Middle East are dramatic and worrisome, and often characterized by upheaval and change. The MENA are the sensitive areas of security and energy in the world and have witnessed many tensions and conflicts. The contemporary conflicts including Palestinian occupation, Iran–Iraq War, Invasion of Kuwait, United States invasion of Afghanistan, 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Arab Spring and the emergence of Islamist groups like Taliban and ISIL. One of the influential poles in this region is Iran, which is one of the most influential countries in the region. Middle Eastern and North Africa countries have very complex relations with each other. In order to secure their interests and security, each of the countries in the region seeks political and security cooperation with other countries. On the other hand, countries with higher geopolitical weights will be more influential. Therefore, in order to reveal the reciprocal and constructive relationship between the countries of the region and security, the concepts of "region" and "security" must be opened. Finally, we evaluate the interaction between the security of the Arab countries and Iran, which has led to major changes in the geopolitical relations of the region and we look at the security situation in the region in light of these developments. What historical, social, and economic factors explain the similarities and the differences that we observe?

The descriptive-analytical research method and the reliability of the research have been evaluated through the quasi-Delphi's questionnaire and the reliability of the assessment tool with Cronbach's alpha test. The situation of security discourses in Iran and the Arab countries in the region has been assessed with three values: solidarity (1), negative solidarity (1) and non-solidarity (0); And through the questionnaire, 10 countries were selected and the numerical weighting of the Likert scale (between 0 and 5) was performed, and we obtained the coefficients of "geopolitical weight in the region" and "communication with Iran". To measure the reliability of the statistical test questionnaire with Spearman-Brown's prediction of 0.75, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.72 (acceptable) was obtained. All findings have been analyzed with the Excel software model and converted to a concept model in the form of a diagram by iThoughtsX and Ps 2018 software. Statistical population: Experts and students, sample community: 10 professors and 20 students as "Convenience Sampling" method through a questionnaire (5 professors and 10 students) and "non-structured interview" (5 professors and 10 Students).

since 1979 has reduced poverty and expanded its middle class and literacy rates, which has boosted Iran's power. Iran’s growing power and Saudi Arabia may remain powerful and influential relative to states in the region that are grappling with instability but they will be at odds with each other on a variety of issues. Recent developments in the Middle East are a manifestation of the "conflict" pattern. As another pole, Saudi Arabia alone cannot play a geopolitical role due to its low geopolitical weight compared to Iran in the region. Given the combination of communication and geopolitical weight, this description correctly shows that there is a weak connection between the two influential poles of the region, namely Iran and Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, it should be noted that according to Buzan's theory, poles in the Middle East and North Africa determine the direction of the region and that means defining the region's line and mesh by two conflicting powers. In this regard, Iran can take into account its geopolitical weight and national strength and recognize its true position in order to have a realistic assessment of the existing threats and opportunities.

Unfortunately, the evidence shows that the region's political systems do not work for collective security. The geopolitical limitation of the region can be considered as a lack of sufficient attention to the "position" and "role" of Iran by the Arab countries of the region. In other words, the countries of the region are aware of the influential geopolitical role of Iran, but they are weak in terms of their relationship with this role. The key to achieving this security in the region is the realization of convergence and the growth of the positive correlation coefficient with Iran in both groups of countries with "negative" and "cross-sectional" interactions which paves the way for convergence and access to regional security in the Middle East and North Africa security complexes and if that happens, it will lead to convergence with Europe and the international community. The results show that Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt and Morocco are in the same group. Also, the countries of Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria are present in a cross-sectional communication group. At one time, these countries were pro-Iranian and at other times pro-Saudi; and they generally follow the "principle of national interests" and the "principle of ideology". And finally, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen, which in most cases have aligned themselves with Iran's goals.Because the two countries, along with their allies, have created almost the same geopolitical weight, they are unable to eliminate each other. The conflict between them will only make the situation more critical and complicate the balance of power, so the convergence of these forces must be at the forefront of the goals of Iran and Saudi Arabia, otherwise we will never achieve regional security.

Explaining the role of geopolitical factors in Oman's foreign policy Mohsen Biuck Mohammad Akraminia Introduction Governments choose specific orientations and strategies to meet their national goals and interests, depending on their domestic needs, geopolitical position, and also under the influence and structure of the international system.the political relations and actions of governments in the foreign arena are a function of their geopolitical position .Oman ,despite its presence in the Middle East crisis zone , has a different foreign policy despite its presence in the Middle East crisis. Oman's foreign policy is a model of successful foreign policy for a country with a turbulent presence. The Middle East has avoided entering the region's sectarian strife and tension in the international system. The country has been effective in reducing tensions between Arab and non-Arab countries in a positive neutrality policy by maintaining good relations with influential regional and international powers.in its interactions it has been able to balance the conflicting interests of its neighbors and regional and trans-regional powers. The main purpose of this article is to answer the question: what geopolitical factors influence Oman's foreign policy? In response to this question, the author assumes that geographical location, Abbasid religion, border geopolitics, weak military forces, lack of population and energy resources, and the need for foreign investment, influence Oman's foreign policy.The present study is a descriptive-analytical one based on library resources and the "positive neutrality" theory is used to explain Oman's foreign policy.

The methodology of the research has a descriptive-analytical nature and a geo-political approach to geography. The fundamentals of data collection and analysis according to the type of research, based on library and documentary method, and using written and important internal and external authoritative works ( Whether it is books, articles, reports, etc.) and electronics (websites and electronic articles).

the geopolitical boundary of Oman's border with Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and especially with the UAE plays a very important role in its behavioral pattern. The most important geopolitical problem in Oman is that the UAE has split between the northern and southern parts of Oman, and the division of Oman's territory and the lack of independent land between Oman and the Peninsula in the event of a crisis could impede Oman's sovereignty. This is the area. Territorial disruption has made Oman need to establish and expand relations with regional and trans-regional poles in order to maintain territorial security, military operations and control of the Strait of Hormuz. Oman's relatively long sea border and coastal and port potential, especially the east coast, will require a safer refuge for Oman's regional and trans-regional countries such as the United States, Britain and China, as well as Oman's need to invest in these countries in accordance with impartial policies. Was. Oman has been religiously trying to keep its foreign policy away from religious currents while still maintaining good relations with all countries in the Arab and Islamic world. Oman's followers have mostly built on their interactions with other religions, advocating for unity and proximity to Muslims, seeking a relationship with other countries in a peaceful and intimate relationship, and in most of the sectarian and fundamentalist tensions in the region, preferring to adopt neutrality. Wish for a peaceful way. despite the enormous budget allocation in the military field, the Oman army is very weak and despite great powers such as Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia it has no significant offensive and deterrence capabilities. The transfer of military bases to world powers and the recruitment of military advisers has led Oman to exercise extreme caution and moderation in its political relations with regional and international powers. In addition, the very small Oman population, which comprises more than one-third of the immigrants, is the single most important security-economic threat that will change Oman's demographic context. The weakness of the population has led its agents to exercise caution and moderation in their foreign policy and ultimately co-operate with the region's most influential neighbors and powers. The limited and expiring oil resources and high cost of its extraction and Oman's need for gas, as well as the pursuit of a policy of reducing oil dependence and launching large-scale economic projects have led to the need for Oman to regional countries and foreign investment. The size of the investment and the current economic situation reflect the stability achieved by positive neutrality policy over the past five decades.

oman's main goal in domestic and foreign policy is to provide stability,security and economic recovery based on security in the region and peaceful resolution of events.ensuring national interest has made neutrality and diversification of foreign communications an integral part of oman's foreign policy .the basic premise of this type of behavior is based on numerous geopolitical factors that have so far drawn from Oman a picture of calm and stability.The results show that the geopolitical boundaries of Oman's borders with neighboring countries especially the UAE, the geographical location of the Strait of Hormuz and the long coasts of Oman, the religion of ibadiyyah and other regional religions, the weakness of military forces, population shortages and presence Oman's immigrants and non-natives, lack of energy resources, and pursuit of a policy of reducing oil dependency and need for foreign investment affect Oman's foreign policy based on positive neutrality. Investment volume and current economic situation indicate stability based on policy Positive neutrality has been achieved over the past five decades.It is unclear whether the successors of Qaboos will believe in his engagement and impartiality and can withstand heavy pressure from Arab countries to join their jirga. However, since moderation and positive engagement with all countries in the region and the world has so far yielded positive results for this small Arab country, the successors of Sultan Qaboos are likely to adhere to this and will continue to do so in foreign policy.

Poverty in the developing world is rapidly urbanizing. As they have referred to in terms such as "urbanization in the face of poverty" and "urbanization under poverty". According to statistics from the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, more than 20 million people live in slum dwellings in Iran, which 11 million of them resettled in informal settlements and 9 million in worn-out tissues. Most of the urban slums are located in Tehran province, with a U-shaped crescent around the Tehran metropolis from Karaj to Varamin. Meanwhile, the metropolis of Tehran, like many of the world's largest metropolises, has experienced significant growth over the last five decades. The population of the Tehran city has increased from 2.7 million in 1966 to 8.8 million in 2011. Also, it has grown from 4600 hectares to more than 61,000 hectares. In other words, the extent of Tehran has increased more than 13 times over a period of seventy years. As a consequence of this situation, urban poverty zones has grown its inside and around. According to surveys, there are 3269 hectares of worn-out tissues in Tehran, which its hectares 593 are located in central Tehran. Area of 12 and adjacent areas such as 11-13-15 and 16 are in this range. Accordingly, the purpose of the present research is determination of urban poverty zones of Tehran metropolitan 12 area for inhabitants empowerment and organization and quality enhancement of life and place.

This research is an applied. A quantitative approach was used with regard to the investigated components. The research statistical population is the 12 area of Tehran metropolitan in 2016. Necessary information was extracted from statistical blocks of IRAN in 2016. Indexing was done using the database information in Arc / GIS software, Arc / View. Then outputs were extracted from the indices and transferred to Excel. After performing the above steps, the indices were transferred to SPSS software and the indices were classified into 5 factors through factor analysis model. Eigenvalues, percentages of variance, cumulative variance, as well as coefficient of difference (gap between blocks) were calculated for each of the four factors. Considering each of the extraction factors, the city blocks were classified into five groups: very affluent, affluent, medium, poor and very poor.

Based on the findings of the study, the first factor was classified into 9 indices, including net residential density, total residential density, residential population density, area population density, net residential per capita, employment rate, task coefficient, population burden and economic participation. This factor had the most influence among the four factors. In the second factor, 10 indices are loaded. In the third factor, there are 4 indicators. In the face factor, there are 4 indicators. According to the first factor, blocks 137 were very poor, poor blocks 337, moderate blocks 390, prosperous blocks 173, blocks 24 very prosperous. In other words, the spatial distribution of urban poverty in terms of economic-physical factors in 12 district of Tehran was as follows: 13% of urban blocks are very poor, % 32 poor, %37 moderate, %16 prosperous and % 2 very prosperous. According to the second factor, blocks 76 were very poor, poor 277, moderate 444, prosperous 232, 32 very prosperous. Therefore, the spatial distribution of urban poverty from the perspective of socio-economic and cultural factors in 12 district of Tehran was as follows: %3 of urban blocks belong to very affluent class, % 22 prosperous, %42 moderate, %26 poor and %7 very poor. According to the third factor, blocks 55 were very poor, blocks 372 of poor, blocks 393 of moderate, prosperous blocks 188, very prosperous blocks 53. Surveys showed that %5 of the blocks were very affluent, %18 prosperous, %37 moderate, %35 poor and %5 very poor.According to the fourth factor, blocks 50 were very poor, poor blocks 220, moderate blocks 490, affluent blocks 276, and very prosperous blocks 25. As a result, % 2 were very affluent, %26 prosperous, %46 moderate, % 21 poor and %5 very poor from the socioeconomic perspective. By combining the above four factors together as a combined index, the results were as follows: blocks 53 equivalent to %5 very prosperous, blocks 277 equivalent to %26 prosperous, blocks 401 equivalent to %38 moderate, blocks 257 equivalent to % 24 poor and Block 73 equivalent to % 7 very poor.

The results of the present research indicate that population %31 of the 12 area are poor, while %38 of them belong to the middle class. Thus, social polarization has occurred in 12 area. In fact, inequality has been formed between the city blocks and the social, economic, and physical differences between them are clearly visible. The results of this research are in line with the findings of Rustaii and Karbasi(2017), Farhadikhah et al(2017) and Bozorgvar et al(2017). Based on the results of their research, cities such as Maragheh, Mashhad and Hashtgerd New Town have moved towards social polarization. In addition, the results of this study are in agreement with the findings of Anderson (2004). To a large extent, geographical polarization has been formed in terms of the combination of different economic, social and physical characteristics in the 12th district of Tehran. In geographic polarization, individuals or households are concentrated in particular neighborhoods. Indeed, certain neighborhoods are clustered as the focus of the poor. Poverty in the neighborhoods of the 12 area has intensified geographically. Poverty is most prevalent in central, southern and northern neighborhoods such as Sirus, Shush, Pamnar Ark, Baharestan Saadi and Ferdowsi-Lalehzar. In other neighborhoods such as Amin, Kowsar, Mokhtari Takhti, Ghiam, Sanglj and Shemiran have also taken root less severely. The important point is that there is a direct relationship between poverty and worn-out tissue indices. The highest concentration of worn-out textures is found in neighborhoods such as Shush, Sirus, Mokhtari Takhti, Sanglaj, Pamnar, Amin, Baharestan and parts of Shemiran. Therefore the poor zones overlap with the worn texture zones. Keywords: Urban Poverty, Poverty Zones, Spatial Determination, Worn Textures, 12 Area.

Today, since cities are the focus of development and knowledge is produced and published in them, they play a fundamental role in knowledge-based development. Thus, with the evolution of the development concept, knowledge-based value, the driving force of urban development and changing the spatial structure of cities, the Knowledge City (KC), and the knowledge-based urban development (KBUD) have been proposed as an attitude for competitiveness and sustainable development of urban economics and their compatibility to the strategies of the knowledge economy through creating opportunities for the production and exchange of knowledge and innovation among citizens.Due to the fact that KBUD activities are related to the stakeholders in the field of learning and innovation, the use of the capacity building and networking tools based on the institutional framework and through the expansion of local stakeholder engagement can underlie and be the driving force of institutional changes for integrated urban development. According to the emergence of city knowledge studies and the lack of systematic development of its theoretical foundations, there has been a little report on the success or failure of KBUD policies and their challenges in the cities of developing countries. Recent studies have shown that the most important requirement for the realization of KBUD is institutional development. In order to create interaction and integrated compatibility between urban resources and stakeholders, the need for good governance and strong political leadership is a pioneer in science and technology that addresses the weakness of institutional arrangements and the inadequacy of the governing tools. the most important aspect of knowledge-based urban development is the institutional aspect, since it is the regulator of the relationship between the economic, social and environmental aspects of the city, which is performed based on political will, strategic view, strong relationships, and KBUD stakeholders' confidence. Recent empirical studies on the requirements for the realization of KBUD show that the most important requirement for the achievement and success of the knowledge city is institutional development. The results of the above-mentioned empirical studies on the feasibility and realization of KBUD show that all of these studies consider the most important challenges facing the realization of knowledge cities are governance weaknesses, inefficient institutional frameworks, low institutional capacities, poor KBUD stakeholder cooperation and low trust between them. Hence, capacity building and strengthening of trust and cooperation and relation network cohesion of the main knowledge-based urban development stakeholders are a suitable tool for paradigmatic changes towards the knowledge-based urban development. In this regard, identification and analysis of key stakeholders as an effective primary step for this important issue is inevitable.

The present research is carried out in the case study framework and 4 steps with the general functional goal and operational-descriptive-exploratory purpose and by the combined method and use of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the first step, using a snowball sampling method, by referring to experts in the field of knowledge-based urban development of Isfahan, a preliminary list containing 83 potential stakeholders was prepared in accordance with the requirements of knowledge-based urban development and was let to the theoretical saturation of list regulation with 23 experts. In the second step, using the power-interest matrix model and completing the closed questionnaire by the experts and statistical analyses, 14 key stakeholders whose average power and interest rates were more than 3, were identified. In the third step, by completing a closed questionnaire by the experts and statistical analysis, type of power and interests of the main stakeholders of knowledge-based urban development were identified. In the fourth step, using the semi-structured interview method, the way of applying the key stakeholders’ power in knowledge-based urban development has been analyzed based on their type of interest and the use of open source coding and axial coding.

Considering the importance of implementing capacity building and networking tools by expanding the interaction of local stakeholders to create institutional changes for realizing the knowledge-based urban development of Isfahan and the results of empirical studies on the feasibility and realization of knowledge-based urban development of Isfahan, that considers the most important challenges confronting the realization of knowledge cities are the weakness of governance and inefficient institutional frameworks, low institutional capacity, poor cooperation of stakeholders in knowledge-based urban development of Isfahan, and low trust between them, thus, building capacity, strengthening trust and cooperation, and network cohesion of main stakeholders of knowledge-based urban development is an appropriate tool for a paradigm changing toward the knowledge-based urban development. In this regard, identification and analysis of key stakeholders as an effective primary step for this important issue is inevitable. Therefore, in the present study, through a systematic review of texts related to the requirements and factors of Isfahan’s knowledge-based urban development success, the concept of stakeholder and stakeholder analysis, processes and models for identifying and analyzing stakeholders and also using power-interest matrix model of key stakeholders, the knowledge-based urban development of Isfahan was identified and analyzed and the extent and type of power and interest and the way of applying their power according to their type of interest were evaluated and analyzed.

 The results of the research show that without the broad participation and engagement of all key stakeholders, it is very difficult to achieve knowledge-based urban development of Isfahan. Thus, the framework developed for the analysis of key stakeholders in the knowledge-based development of Isfahan provides a good understanding about the types of power and how to apply it based on the types of interests that each of the key stakeholders has on and the basis of which, through capacity building and networking it is possible to policy on how to promote participation and interaction between them in the process of achieving the knowledge-based urban development in Isfahan.

After the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, while aiming to keep the Russians second-guessing, the Americans deeply involved and the Germans neutral, NATO has so far shifted its security priorities twice. The first shift in priority came in 1999 when Warsaw Pact’s priority shifted to identifying new threats and cooperation and association with former enemies, and the second time in 2010 resulting in its concurrent accompaniment by the priorities of collective defense, crisis management, and common security. The recent shift led to the establishment of the third generation of NATO, which leads the organization more than before to attend outside its traditional region. By providing the most comprehensive interpretation of its existence, NATO is present in all parts of the world and engages in various military, security, political, social, cultural, environmental, scientific, and even sports activities with various political units. This trans-geographical presence of NATO, which is accompanied by the creation of formal organizational structures, has led the organization to be directly and indirectly present at all borders of Islamic Republic of Iran; a presence that has irreparable effects on national security and the regional role of Islamic Republic of Iran; not only in the short term but in the future as well. Accordingly, the subject matter of this article is to examine the quality in which the boundaries of this organization are expanding in the geopolitical regions in the far north of Islamic Republic of Iran; where the authors are trying to proceed using the concept of geopolitical territoriality. The main question of the research is “How is NATO expanding their territory in the Baltic region, Black Sea, and Eastern Europe?” Areas in which post-soviet union power vacuum, enormous sources of energy, and racial and ethnic diversity have gained them double-fold significance. In response to the present question, the authors believe that "NATO is trying to preserve and extend the sovereignty of liberal values of democracy and the free market as the driving force of contemporary global order by utilizing the strategies of expanding official political boundaries, expanding unofficial political boundaries, humanitarian missions, defense and security cooperation and the expansion of organizational and administrative offices; further expand its territory through its presence in the Black Sea, Russia and the geopolitical regions of the Baltic Sea and Eastern Europe in the far north of Islamic Republic of Iran.” It is noteworthy to mention regarding the research background, that despite a general lack of geopolitical studies on NATO in domestic literature; a lack of research and studies focusing on its new approaches based on different regions and countries is strongly felt.

The type of research is fundamental. The method of data collection is library resources and documentary research while the data analysis method is deductive reasoning and the data evaluation approach is based on critical rationality.

In a geopolitical clarification, NATO is expanding its territory; in other words, NATO is trying to expand its geographical value outside the region to preserve and expand the sovereignty of liberal values of democracy and the free market; as the driving force behind the contemporary global order and this means territoriality. Accordingly, the review of NATO's documents and performance and its leaders’ speeches show that they have adopted approaches to this end, which include: A: Expansion of official political boundaries B: Expansion of participatory political boundaries C: Defense and security cooperation D: Expansion of organizational and administrative offices Conclusion The planning and operation of NATO's territorialization and territoriality projects as a military-security institution that pursues the protection of liberal values of democracy and the free market, which is in clear contradiction to the slogans and objectives of the Islamic Revolution of Islamic Republic of Iran; communicates the fact that these agendas are manifestly in conflict with the discourse of the Islamic Republic as well as the geopolitical territorialization of our country. It is evident that neighboring this organization, which is not only present on the northern borders of Islamic Republic of Iran, but also on the eastern, southern and western borders, has its consequences for Islamic Republic of Iran's national security. Given these interpretations, the expansion of NATO's sphere of influence in the geopolitical areas of Russia, the Baltic region, the Black Sea and Eastern Europe, although above-mentioned areas do not share a common border with our country, even so, our country’s national security faces serious challenges in different dimensions. - Political consequences - Trade and economic consequences - Military and security implications - Cultural and social consequences Finally, the authors recommend that attention be paid to the national security of the country so that the pertinent authorities show more attention and supervision to the consequences of the organization's geopolitical territorialization and therefore the following operational proposals are presented in this regard: - Bilateral and multilateral talks with NATO official and unofficial members located on the northern borders of Islamic Republic of Iran on the subject of “The damages of NATO’s expansive territorialization to the national security of Islamic Republic of Iran and the challenges lying ahead of the bilateral or multilateral relations”; - Strengthening our security and intelligence presence in the countries of the northern region of Islamic Republic of Iran, in which NATO is active, with the aim of monitoring and observing the activities of this organization; - Holding specialized and international conferences on the issue of the damages of NATO's territorialization in the northern borders of Islamic Republic of Iran and its effect on increasing in the crises of Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Caspian region, and further efforts to introduce NATO and its multiple scientific, cultural, political, economical, military, social and artistic elements in Islamic Republic of Iran's scientific and academic literature has been seriously neglected.