نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1399)

Abstract Satureja is belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. is one of the endemic species. In this study, aerial parts of S. bachtiarica were colleted in full flowering stages from six populations of Fars Province and after were dried in laboratory conditions, the essential oils (EOs) and extracts were obtained by hydrodistillation and macetation methods. Chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and the phenolic contents were determined by HPLC analysis. EO yields were from 1.1 to 2.4 % (w/w) based on dried material. The major constituents of the EOs were thymol ( 10.9-49.8 %), carvacrol (1.1-49.7 %), p-cymene (18.0-32.8 %), γ-terpinene (4.3-7.5 %), linalool (3.3-5.1 %) and caryophyllene oxide (1.6-2.3 %). Among six populations, the EOs from the Kohanjan and Abadeh-Didegan populations had the highest thymol and carvacrol amount (49.8 and 49.7 %), respectively. Narengenin, carvacrol, hesperedin, eugenol, hesperetin, rosmarinic acid and thymol were the main phenolic copmounds in six studied regions. These results showed that variation of ecological characters had effect on quality of S. bachtiarica EOs and extracts.

Hydroponic culture has several advantages such as higher yield, product uniformity improvement, and better control of elements absorption than soil condition. The hydroponic is a method which organic or inorganic substrates are used for plant cultivation. In order to investigate the effect of different growing media on antioxidant properties of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), an experiment was done based on completely randomized design using 11 treatments with three replications at Experimental Greenhouse of Urmia University. Growing media tested were: perlite substrate with grads: <0.5, 0.5-1 ,1-1.5 ,1.5-2 and >2 mm as 100% and mixed grades of perlite with peat moss (50:50) and pure peat moss (100% V). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity were measured by using folin ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods respectively. The results showed that significant differences were observed the measured parameters in inorganic (perlite with different sizes), organic (peat most), and mixture of organic and inorganic substrates. The highest content of total phenol (0.63mg GAA/100g), total flavonoid (0.07 mg Q/100g), total anthocyanin (1.7 mg/gdw), superoxide radical scavenging activity (55.3%) and radical scavenging activity DPPH (67.8%) were observed in pure peat moss medium, while the lowest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (67%) was in peat moss medium. In conclusion different culture media which possess different physical and chemical characteristics, can affect the plant antioxidant properties. According to the results, peat moss substrate increased the antioxidant properties of lemon balm compared to other culture media

Colocynth with the scientific name of Citrullus colocynthis L. is one of the plants that it's anti–oxidant and anti–diabetic effects has been shown in previous research. In this study, in addition to the phytochemical study of hydro–alcoholic extract of Colocynth, its anti–oxidant and inhibitory effects on the production of amyloid nanobiofibrils from bovine serum albumin as a model protein have been investigated. The fruit of the plant was collected from the desert areas around Qom in the fall of 2017, dried and then extracted by maaceration method. Analysis of secondary compounds of the extract was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the amount of its most important compounds including citrulline and citronellol was obtained by HPLC. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using DPPH method and then the amyloid fibrils were prepared in the test tube at high temperature and low pH and electron microscope imaging was used to confirm the presence of the fibrils. Congored spectroscopy was used to investigate the inhibitory effects on the production of amyloid fibrils. The results showed that methyl beta-galactopyranoside and beta-diglucopyranoside with 29.51% and 6.31% respectively, were the most abundant chemical compounds and tetradcanoic acid with 16.31% and then octa and hexadecanoic acid with respectively 14.11% and 10.94% were the most compounds found in the extract. The levels of citrulline and citronellol in the extract were 0.0041 and 0.013 mg, respectively. The highest anti–oxidant activity was in the concentration of 10 mg/ml of the extract with 71.5% and the highest inhibition of production of amyloid fibers in the concentration of 1 mg/ml and 99% were seen. Colocynth extract with the presence of potent anti–oxidant compounds and its inhibitory effects on the production of amyloid fibrils, will be very useful in preventing and reducing the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.

Due to the importance of constituent Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), in the tea plant in use of pharmaceutical and food industries, the amount of EGCG in young leaf, old leaf and callus extract was compared and measured. EGCG in callus extract was isolated and measured by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) technique in 1397 in Giah Essence Phytopharm Company. In order to callus induction, callus of tea plant which was harvested from the western region of Mazandaran province cultured in WPM, SH, MS media with different amounts of plant hormones. Leaves and callus extracted with 70% methanol by maceration method. For optimization of extraction and purification, various quantities of functional multiwalled-CNTs 1-10 mg used in production of CNTs-MIP and the performance investigated. EGCG of callus extract extracted with CNTs-MIP and its amount determined with HPLC. The highest volume of callus in WPM medium ,and the highest amount of EGCG in SH medium observed with optimized concentrations of hormones BA(2 mg/l), 2,4_D(0.5 mg/l). The highest content of EGCG was extracted by adding 8 mg of MWCNTs in the polymer structure. EGCG in young and old leaves and callus were 37.34, 7.19 and 0.13 mg/g of dried weight, respectively. By CNTs-MIP, the EGCG content in callus was obtained 0.91 mg/g. Despite the trace amount of EGCG in callus, the amount of this substance can be measured with a concentration coefficient of 8 times by CNTs-MIP, demonstrated the efficiency of this technique.

Verbascum songaricum Schrenk. as a perennial herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family has good therapeutic properties. The application of bio-elicitors increases secondary metabolites in sustainable agricultural systems and the improvement of the quality of active ingredients of medicinal plants. In order to evaluate the foliar-applied salicylic acid on phytochemical properties of the leaf and flower of mulch, the present study was done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the field of research center for medicinal plants of Shahrekord during 2016 and 2017. Foliar application of salicylic acid at three levels (control, 0.5 and 1 mM /L) was applied on the flower in three replications in three growth stages of plant. Total phenol content (TPC) in the leaves and flowers was determined by spectrophotometric method and the phenolic acid amount was determined based on gallic acid and flavonoids (flavonol quercetin) in the extracts by HPLC. According to the results, the effect of salicylic acid on the TPC, phenolic acid and flavonoids in the flower (as the main part of plant) extract of the plant was significant. In conclusion, the foliar application of salicylic acid promotes of polyphenolic compounds by 26% in the amount of flavonoids (flavonol quercetin) in flowers and 20% in the amount of phenolic acids (gallic acid) in flowers of Verbascum songaricum.

The use of medicinal and aromatic herbs in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, sanitary and food industries is related to the quantitative and qualitative identification of the compounds in them. Identification and investigation of botanical and phytochemical of the plants is the first step in order to use them. Artemisia absinthium L. belongs to the Asteraceae family and has been used as customary herbal medicine for the treatment of gastric and cardiac stimulation, improvement of memory and for restoration of mental function. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical analysis of an extract of a species of Iranian Artemisia called Afsantin from Ardabil province, from for the purpose of natural compound combinations. For this purpose, the aerial part of the plant was collected at the flowering stage from Namin area in Ardebil province, northwest of Iran in July 1394, and by extracted by maceration method in a mixture of three solvents: methanol : diethyl ether : hexane with a 1:1:1 ratio. Then, in order to separate the long chain hydrocarbons, the defatting procedure was performed, the obtained extract was loaded on the chromatographic column and evaluated for compound composition. After phytochemical investigations, a sesquiterpene from guaianolides family was identified and determined by using 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR and DEPT spectroscopy techniques. A crystalline solid with a molecular formula C15H18O2 was detected as a kind of guaianolide from A. absinthium.

The raspberry (Rubus ulmifolius subsp. Sanctus) is the perennial shrub in the genus Rubus of the Rosacea family. It is a medicinal and edible fruit throughout much of Khandaracy region of Urmia. Raspberry fruits are most important in food and medicinal sciences due to their excellent antioxidant activity and various flavonoids and proanthocyanin content. In this research, after harvesting fruits from the Khandaracy region of Urmia in the late summer, pH level by pH meter, organic acids by titration with 0.1 molar NaOH, Soluble solids using a refractometer, total phenolic content (by using Folin–Ciocalteu assays), total flavonoid content (aluminum chloride method), antioxidant capacity by two methods (DPPH and FRAP), total anthociyanin content (pH differential method), L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and (guaiacol peroxidase) G-POD enzymes were determined. The results showed that level pH, organic acids and soluble solids were respectively 3.13, 1.14, 12.6, also values of total phenol content, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin content were 26.44 mg GAE.ml-1 Extract, 1.99 mg Qu. ml-1 extract, 55.29 % and 63.78 cyanidin-3-glucoside ml-1 Extract respectively. The results of this study showed that raspberry fruit has high content of polyphenol compounds and has significant antioxidant activity, so it can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.