فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 57، بهار 1400)

β-Asarone (cis-2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-allyl phenyl), which can affect the central nervous system, is a major component of Acorus tatarinowii Schott. β-Asarone could pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus enter the brain. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that β-asarone not only have nootropic and neuroprotective effects, but also have a cardiovascular protective effect, so we deduce that it might have cerebrovascular protection, decrease cerebral hypoperfusion and hypometabolism and treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have suggested that β-asarone has anti-apoptosis activity. Moreover, β-asarone is effective against experimental models of AD, cerebral ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion-induced autophagy, oxygen-glucose deprivation, reperfusion-induced injury, and epilepsy. AD is the most common form of dementia and affects millions of people worldwide. The characteristic features associated with the AD patients include loss of memory-associated neurons, especially cholinergic neurons that result in the neurotransmitter imbalance and synaptic dysfunction. The pathophysiology of AD is associated with a variety of factors, including the extracellular deposition of insoluble -amyloid protein aggregates, forming senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, oxidative neuronal damage, and inflammatory cascades. Current treatments provide only modest benefit against clinical worsening, so there is considerable interest in identifying new treatments for AD. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitors have long been used as disease-modifying agents in immune disorders. Recently, research has shown a role of chronic neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, and interest has been generated in the use of anti-TNF agents and TNF-modulating agents for prevention and treatment. In addition to microglial cells, another cell type implicated in the pathogenesis of AD is the astrocyte. When astrocytes are stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, they become activated (reactive astrocytes) and promote inflammation through the secretion of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Of the cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of AD, TNF-α plays a central role in directing the inflammatory state in the brain and is the only cytokine shown to be consistently implicated as detrimental in AD. The levels of TNF-α in the healthy brain are low and its role is unclear under physiological conditions. In chronic inflammation, levels of TNF-α are upregulated. This makes TNF-α a valuable disease-modifying target for the treatment of AD, especially if used early in the disease process. It will be the focus of this review to describe the beneficial effect of TNF-α inhibitors on cognitive function correlated with the underlying biochemical pathology. Modulation of the TNF-α pathway led to favourable outcomes in cognitive ability in animal models. Also, the biochemical hallmarks of AD pathology such as extracellular plaque load, intracellular tau phosphorylation, and microglial and astrocyte activation were all shown to be decreased through the inhibition of the TNF-α pathway. In the present study, the effect of beta asarone on TNF-α level was investigated in β-amyloid-induced Alzheimer rats.

The adult male rats were randomly divided into 9 groups of 6: normal control, sham-operated control, β-asarone (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg intragastrically, daily for 50 days), Alzheimer control rats (intrahippocampal injection of β-amyloid 1-42), β-asarone (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg intragastrically, daily for 30 days, then induced by β-amyloid, and received the above-mentioned doses of beta asarone for 3 weeks). At the end of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized by inhalation of diethyl ether. The entire brain was then extracted and the hippocampus was dissected and used for biochemical studies. The hippocampus was washed with chilled saline and then homogenized in chilled phosphate buffer. The homogenates were centrifuged to separate the nuclear debris. The supernatant obtained was centrifuged, which was used to assay TNF-α level by Eliza method (Diaclone, France). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The criterion for statistical significance was p.

Crystalluria is one of the most important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of urinary stones. The type of the present crystal in urine can be associated with urinary tract infection and bacteriuria. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate the frequency of crystalluria and bacteriuria in companion dogs of Ahvaz district. For this purpose, the urine of 101 healthy dogs was obtained by catheterization. Physical assessment was initially carried out for specific gravity, color, clearance and apparent characteristics, and then the biochemical analysis was performed on the presence of hemoglobin, glucose, protein, ketone bodies and pH in urine. Urinary sediment was also evaluated for the presence of crystals, castes and cells. Urine specimens were investigated for the type of Staphylococcus, Proteus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Overall twenty cases (19.80%) had crystalluria; of these numbers, fifteen cases (75%) were struvite, two cases (10%) oxalate calcium dehydrate, two cases (10%) mixed of struvite and oxalate-calcium dehydrate and one case (5%) mixed of oxalate calcium dehydrate and bilirubin. From out of 101 samples, 40 cases (39.60%) had positive urine culture; of that number, sixteen cases (40%) were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis and twelve (30%) for E. coli. Proteus was not isolated in any of samples. There was no significant relationship between gender and breed with bacteriuria and crystalluria (p>0.05), but a significant difference was observed for age; so that with age rising, crystalluria and bacteriuria were increased (p

Oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the production of oxygen free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense, is strongly associated with physical activity during a horse's life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxatase (GPX) and catalase (CAT), and compare them between two races, Arab and Dareshor. For this purpose, 26 non-pregnant and non-lactating female horses from Yazd province (13 Arab and 13 Dareshor) were randomly selected. Blood samples were taken from all horses at rest. MDA, TAC and antioxidant enzymes were tested in the serum of the studied horses.The results showed that the rate of MDA in the Arab race was significantly lower than Dareshor horces (0.98±0.55 vs 1.59±0.56 µmol/L, respectively). Serum TAC concentrations in Arabian and Dareshoor horses did not show any statistically significant difference, although the rate of this parameter in Arabian horses was slightly higher than in Dareshoor (113.54±70.75 vs 112.56±53.93 µmol/L, respectively). In Arab race, level of SOD, GPX and CAT were also higher than Dareshoor. These differences between SOD and GPX enzymes were statistically significant (p < 0.05).High levels of antioxidant enzymes and low levels of MDA indicate better health status for Arabian horses, and breed and genetics appear to play a role in enhancing the strength of the antioxidant defense system.

Pica is the ingestion of nonfood materials which may occur due to digestive system disorders, metabolic diseases, parasitic infestation and/or some deficiencies and then leads to intoxication, TRP, peritonitis, reticulo-omasal orifice dysfunction, abomasal impaction, abomasitis and intestinal obstruction. In the present study sex, age range and location of camels (Camelus dromedarius) were determined and blood samples were taken before the slaughter. In postmortem examination, forestomach contents of 300 slaughtered camels were carefully examined for the presence of foreign bodies. Blood samples of 20 healthy and 20 camels with pica were used to determine the serum concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, cobalt and copper to zinc ratio. The results showed that 36 of 300 camels were suffered from pica and the incidence was estimated 12 percent. Among these, metallic objects with a relative frequency of 33.33% had the highest and woody material with 5.26% had the lowest occurrence. Serum levels of iron, copper, phosphorus, selenium, cobalt and the ratio of copper to zinc in camels with pica were significantly lower than healthy ones. Statistical analysis showed that the serum levels of zinc, copper and phosphorus in male camels with pica were significantly lower than females and vice versa, serum levels of male cobalt were higher than females (p < 0.05). It is concluded that deficiencies of iron, copper, phosphorus, selenium and cobalt may play role in camel pica.

Theileriosis is one of the most important protozoan parasitic diseases in Iran that causes economic losses and mortality in livestock. The disease is transmitted by Ixodid ticks and is characterized by fever, anemia,anoxia,and eventually death. Diagnosis of the disease was previously based on staining of blood and lymph nodes samples by Giemsa method. The use of molecular methods is preferred over previous methods due to their high sensitivity and specificity. Due to the fact that Ixodid ticks that can carry the disease are found in many traditional Iranian farms, it is very important to identify and introduce these ticks. The aim of this study was to molecularly identify Theileria annulata infection in ticks isolated from cows in Urmia region. A total of 100 samples from herds with a history of Theileria annulata infection in the area were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Ticks were identified using diagnostic keys. Salivary glands of ticks were separated and analyzed by PCR after isolation using Theileria annulata specific primer (N516, N517). Out of 100 ticks, ten genera and species including Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (33%), Hy.detritum (16%), Boophylus anulatus (16%), Dermacentor marginatum (14%),Rhipicephalus bursa (9%), Hy.anantolicum excavatum (7%), D.niveus (4%) and Haemaphysalis punctate (1%).The predominant tick was identified as Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. PCR test showed the presence of 721 bp specific band on gel in 62% of tick samples. The high rate of infection in vector mites in the area indicates their high potential for infection of cows with the agent of Theileria annulata.

Excessive blisters and sores on the mouth of affected cattle with Foot-and-Mouth disease and so usually insufficient existing therapeutic methods, lead to extensive damages to the affected herds. The extract of Hypericum perforatum and its active ingredient, Hypericin, have inhibitory effects on the adsorption ability of Foot-and-Mouth virus to host cells in vitro. The medicinal plant has effective role on healing the kinds of wounds also. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of H. perforatum extract on the healing of FMD oral lesions in affected cattle. In this study, 72 affected cattle (36 heads in 3 treatment groups of 12 and 36 heads in 3 control groups of 12) from 3 conflict centers in West-Azarbaijan were selected. Determination of serotype by complement fixation method indicated that the studied animals were infected with serotype O of FMD. Dry aerial parts of H. perforatum were extracted with maceration method and 0.25, 0.5 and 5% concentrations of hydroalcoholic extract were prepared. In control groups, physiological serum and in treatment groups, the extract with the mentioned concentrations was used as an oral spray (twice a day for 4 days). Cattle treated with 5% extract had a significant improvement in oral lesions and lesion repair during treatment period was significantly different from the control groups (p < 0.05). The results showed that spraying 5% of H. perforatum extract had significant healing effects on oral lesions caused by FMD.

Despite extensive studies on the relationship between diet type and its effect on horse biochemical factors, little is known about horse serum and plasma proteins following changes in diet from forage to concentrate. Acute stage proteins are a group of serum proteins whose concentration increases in response to infections, inflammation, trauma, and neoplasia. Material &

in this study, we evaluated the serum levels of serum biomarkers, fibrinogen as well as total protein concentration along with evaluating the nutritional behavior of horses when changing diets. Two different diets (forage (first treatment), mixed forage with concentrate (second treatment) were performed for each horse for fifteen consecutive days.Complete blood count analysis as well as serum levels of fibrinogen, haptoglobin and type A amyloid were measured before and after dietary changes.

Serum fibrinogen, haptoglobin and amyloid A levels increased significantly (p <0.05) in the second treatment group compared to forage and a significant change was observed in the complete blood count results in changing the diet from the first to the second treatment (p <0.05). This can be due to the type of nutrition or acute inflammation caused by a change in the normal flora of the horse's digestive tract in the diet.

These changes can protect horses' bodies from acute inflammatory and traumatic injuries.