مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 23 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Translation of proverbs is a cultural translation due to its high cultural capacity and its various levels. The difference between the cultural signs of the source language and the target language and its multiple variables has made the process of translating proverbs one of the most fundamental challenges for translators. Ignoring this leads to the failure of translation and communication functionality and it has led to a gap between the source text and the target audience. Finally, it leads to a discourse gap between the two languages of origin and destination at the general level of communication. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and following the example of literary translation theory, this study seeks to examine the discourse gap caused by cultural variables in the translation of Persian and Arabic proverbs and provide a way to the interaction–oriented translation according to the principle of cultural continuity between the two languages. In this regard, the rotation of the cultural symbols of the proverbs in the two languages is the proposed solution of this article. This is analyzed according to the model of the insightful translation of Roman Jacobsen and Alfred Schutz’s semiotics triangle. In the process of translating Persian and Arabic proverbs in the context of the rotation of cultural symbols, native and cultural schemas of proverbs in the source language are recreated with conventional patterns in the target language. Thus, the unbalanced and unconventional cultural symbols of the two languages turn from an unexplained and understandable set. As a result, there is a discourse attachment between the proverbs of the two languages and their cultural carriers. The process of rotating cultural signs is done only in the context of the association of the cultural signs of the source language among a series of conventional and normal signs of the target language. This chain of conventional and normal signs in the target language is called  ̏Sepehr Sign ̋. According to such a thing, the cultural signs of Arabic proverbs enter the space inside Sepehri and the cultural signs of Persian proverbs interact with other cultural signs in Persian language and as a localized cultural sign in Sepehr, it becomes a sign of the target language (Persian) and thus, the cultural continuum of two-pronged proverbs is performed.

The present research endeavors to deploy a survey methodology towards studying the challenges of teaching Arabic-Persian translation at the Islamic Republic of Iran’s universities. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was prepared using the SPSS software in three levels of general, professional, and translation principles. The statistical population comprised 18 translation professors randomly selected from prestigious public universities. One of the most critical findings is the importance of all the titles included in the questionnaire from the teachers' point of view. Additionally, the principles of translation, having scored an average of 32.4 is more important to the experts of this field compared to other specialized subjects concerning translation, which scored an average of 26.4. On the other hand, the findings suggest that a low percentage of the statistical population was engaged in the field of translation and used traditional and teacher-focused teaching methods, therefore being unaware of new methods in teaching translation. Suggested solutions could include determination of specific and codified topics, enhancement of bilingual capabilities of students through introducing them to different types of parallel texts, encouraging them to increase studying different types of texts, using workshop-oriented and group translation, enhancing the capability of the student to defend his/her translation, modifying and correcting the translation, and introducing students to new methods and tools to facilitate translation through corpora and social media networks.

Vocabulary is chosen purposefully in the media to convey specific concepts. A quick look at how words are chosen in the media shows that the meaning of the media is hidden behind the words. Targeted vocabulary selection also includes media translation activities. In this research, we first point out the importance and position of media translation, and then we talk about factors such as politics and ideology and how they imperceptibly penetrate the lower layers of meaning and introduce themselves to the audience in the form of truth. The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical and the statistical population is news texts translated from Arabic to Persian and vice versa. We searched the Arabic and Persian media and collected news texts published in these media in the last few years. And among these news texts, phrases that were in line with the objectives of the research were purposefully selected and examined. The purpose of choosing different media is to say that the technique of using words to convey the hidden meaning in media translation is not limited to specific media and exists in different media. The results show that media translators are subject to their media beliefs and policies in their choice of words. Therefore, they try to cleverly choose a word to convey the meaning in the translation that meets the goals and demands of their media and their desired meaning is conveyed to the audience. Using alternative words, using words with negative semantic load, changing words, and adding adjectives to some words are some of the methods that media translators use to induce their own meanings and concepts in translation.

The issue of women’s language has been suggested in the theories of many feminist writers. According to this, women’s writing is essentially different from the man’s one. On this basis, feminist scholars tried to create a women's style of writing. So, they expressed various ideas about women’s writing. Feminist theories had influence on many female writers and poets in the Arab world. One of them is Syrian writer and poet, Ghada Al-Samman. Due to studying in the west and familiarity with feminist movements there, she created a unique women’s writing in her works. Some of her poems were translated into Persian. Abdol Hosein Farzad in Elegies for Jasmines and I Declare Love Against You, has translated some of her poems to Persian. In some cases of mentioned translations, the women’s style of writing and feminist ideas have been neglected. According to the Women’s writing (Écriture féminine), this research aims to investigate mentioned translations and explain their inarticulateness to express the women’s style of writing. The results indicate that the female words, fluidity, diversion of common structures of syntax, special graphic forms in writing, deconstruction, and displacement of male values have been ignored in some parts of translations.

One of the very important topics in the field of translation studies is the translation of the intermediate language. There are different opinions about translation from the intermediate language. Some reject it outright while others accept it in the case of language with a limited range. One of the Persian translations done through intermediaries is the translation of Shokrollah Shojaifar from the Arabic novel Ars-al Zein by Tayeb Salih. Shojaifar translated this novel through the intermediary and from English translation to Persian translation. In this research, the authors investigated the pathology of translation from intermediate language by modeling the translation. Shojaifar’s translation has been analyzed in three circuits of decreasing and increasing vocabulary, lexical accompaniment, and slips. The results show that Shojaifar’s translation has deviated from the intermediating language in terms of decreasing and increasing vocabulary and lexical accompaniment. Furthermore, some of the slips of the English translator have been transferred into his translation.

Simile is one of the most important rhetorical techniques that in addition to literary poetry and prose is also widely used in non-literary texts. Therefore, in the translation process, the issue of metaphor translation is also one of the most important challenges for translators. The greatest difficulty in translating a metaphor is due to the cultural differences between the target language and the source language. In this respect, determining the correct method in translating the phrases in which the analogy is used can reduce the difficulty of this task, and this depends on the skill and approach of the translator. In this article, we will use a qualitative method to examine the methods used in translating the similes in the Arabic translation of the novel "Symphony of the Dead" performed by Ahmad Musa, and for this purpose, we will use the model of Pierini (2007). Pierini generally suggests six methods for translating metaphors in a text. The results of this study show that these methods are suitable and applicable for the study of metaphorical translation. In translating the novel, Ahmad Musa has used the literal translation method the most. Excessive use of the literal translation method indicates the closeness of the culture in the source and target language and the translator's tendency to alienate the target text. The Pyrenean model also needs to be completed, and strategies such as adding metaphorical devices need to be added.

Morphemes in any language are the main subject of the science of "lexical construction" and are divided into two groups of dependent and non-dependent (free). This research with a descriptive-analytical approach aims to identify different new and old linguistic structures of the morpheme, provide their translation equivalents, and explain the specific application of each for Arabic learners and translators of the language. This study showed the dependent morpheme "GHAIR" has 10 structures and, of course, 10 equivalents of translation in the Arabic language. These (non + I + noun + gender), (non-noun), (non + pronoun + I + noun / gender noun), and (I + non + infinitive) are considered as contemporary structures for the morpheme and each has its own translation equivalent. It was also found that some new structures were substituted for the old ones of the morpheme.

Contemporary linguists have two completely different perspectives on the meaning and significance of a word; some believe that meaning can only be obtained in relation to other words and in the world of language, and some are opposed to this view and believe that in addition to the world of language, the world outside language should also be studied and analyzed to get the exact meaning of the sentence. Therefore, the non-linguistic context, which is called the situational context, is of great importance. But the important point is that Islamic scholars such as Sibavayeh, as the first Arabic grammarian, also paid special attention to context. Although he did not use the term context, in "AlKetab" we come across methods and words which are called context today. Therefore, this article tries to show the context in "AlKetab" and the factors involved in the interpretation of sentences in a descriptive-analytical way and then translate them. The results of this study show that in addition to the linguistic context, Sibavayeh also attaches great importance to the speaker, the audience, and the conditions of speech. The audience of "AlKetab" is of two types: the audience who is next to the speaker and present in the phrases, and the audience who is outside of "AlKetab". The speaker also appears in the form of the absent pronoun and the addressee. Therefore, it is suggested that in the translation process, these pronouns be rendered to their references.

The evaluation of translation is, in fact, the quality assessment of translation based on the precise and scientific approaches of linguistics. The review of translation based on Julian House’s pattern of evaluation is one of the most important topics that has been studied by researchers. Based on this pattern, there are two types of explicit and hidden translations. In the explicit translation, translators consciously choose linguistic equivalents, while the hidden translation is based on linguistic norms of the destination text. With the aim of investigating the role of source and destination texts by using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors seek to analyze the type of overt and covert translation and study the quality of the translated texts of the sermon Ashbah. As the translation of Allameh Jafari and Shahidi cares about not only accuracy, fidelity, and the matching of every Arabic vocabulary with their Persian equivalents, but also the literary aspect of Nahj al-Balaghah and its translation into Persian, the quality of the two interpreters’ translation of the sermon Ashbah, Amiralmomenin’s phantoms, is investigated. The findings show that in terms of translation quality, translators have preserved the quality of the original text. The translation genre and the language role have been preserved by translators. According to the provision of two types of explicit and covert translations and the investigation of the explicit and hidden errors presented by House, both translators have made a clear translation of the text but in some cases, they have made changes that are more apparent in Allameh Shahidi's translation than Allameh Jafari's.

Rumi's Masnavi has been widely popular outside the Persian culture, having attracted many an audience. The work has been warmly welcomed in Arabic cultures as well. Arabic literary figures have provided several translations of this literary-mystic masterpiece in prose and poetry, among which the poetic translations of two contemporary Arab poets, Abdul Aziz Jawaheri and Mohammad Jamal Hashemi, have served a key role in introducing Masnavi to the Arab audience. Translators’ familiarity with Rumi’s philosophy and cultural affinity between the source and target cultures have helped reflect the spiritual atmosphere of the poems in Arabic. Having discussed the qualitative characteristics of these translations, the study has investigated the translations of the first story in Rumi’s Masnavi, The King and the Handmaiden, within the procedures provided by Viney and Darbelnet. The results show that Jawaher’s translation is closer to the original, adopting direct translation procedures, particularly ‘literal translation’, more extensively. Faithfulness to the source text is yet another virtue of this translation. Hashemi has provided a translation that mostly reveals the syntactic and pragmatic elements of the target language, explicating many elements to make the text more accessible to the readers in lieu of literal translation. Among the seven procedures studied, transposition and modulation are significantly more prevalent than others.

Translation critique analyzes and evaluates the quality of translation by expressing the pros and cons. One of the critical methods is the application of theories. The theory used in this study on the translation of Ahmad Saadawi's novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" is Garces' theory. This theory was proposed in 1994 by Carmen Garces, which is based on four levels (semantic-lexical), (syntactic-word generation), (discourse-functional), and (stylistic-practical), each level having related subgroups. With the help of these subgroups in the proposed model, it is possible to examine the increase, maintenance (retention), decrease of source language information in the target language, and the positive and negative features of translation. Finally, according to Garces' theory, the adequacy and acceptability of any translation depend on its positive and negative features. In fact, the more positive features a translation has, the more reliable and acceptable the translation will be. This article evaluates the translation of "Amal Nabhani" from the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" in all four levels of theory. According to this research, in the first level (semantic-lexical) and the second level (syntactic-lexical) of the theory, numerous examples were found in the translation of this novel, and due to having positive features that are more numerous than negative features, this translation is acceptable.

Criticism and evaluation of translation is an important part of translation work that leads to its growth and completion. Garces's theory is a theory that is organized in order to recognize the quality of translations and analyze the quality of translated texts. This theory is an effective framework for criticizing the quality of translations. One of the prominent books in the field of history, culture, and politics is Motahari's book "The Reciprocal Services between Islam and Iran" translated into Arabic and entitled "Islam and Iran” by Yousefi Gharavi. This research aims to study and critique the Arabic translation of this book, based on the four levels of semantic - lexical, syntax - inflectional, discursive - functional, and stylistic-practical, with a descriptive-analytical method. The results show that this translation, given the more negative points, is only sufficient and not acceptable. The translator has been more successful at both the "semantic-lexical" and "syntactic-morphological" levels than other levels of Garcés’ model. The "discourse-functional" and "stylistic-practical" levels need to be reconsidered. The results show that the translation has examples of descriptive translation. One of the main disadvantages of translation is disruptive and inappropriate omissions that go beyond deleting words and sentences and include deleting paragraphs and even deleting lots of pages from the book. In addition to the phenomenon of deletion, we see the phenomenon of excessive expansion or eloquence, which sometimes leads to distortion of the text.