فصلنامه توسعه ی آموزش جندی شاپور
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 38، بهار 1400)

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the behavioral-cognitive dimension in medical education. A qualitative study was conducted to extract the data required for this purpose. The research population was the most prestigious medical universities of the Ministry of Health in Iran. The qualitative phase was conducted through interviewing with the university officials. Then, the interviews were analyzed using content analysis, and MAXQDA10 software was used to analyze the qualitative data. Next, the content of the interviews was categorized into one category, four concepts and eighty codes. The main category of the study was the process of medical education. The concepts of the study were as follows: 1) cognitive objectives of the medical education system; 2) behavioral-cognitive factors; 3) cognitive strategies; 4) behavior. The main cognitive objectives of the medical education system were innovation, problem solving, realization, and perception. Obtained in our results were also 42 behavioral-cognitive factors, 10 cognitive strategies, and 25 behaviors. It is essential to take into account the behavioral-cognitive dimension in policy-making, planning, presenting proposals, and executing academic activities.

The personal and professional behaviors of clinical educators play an important role in shaping the personal and professional personality of nursing students and can affect students' anxiety levels. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of the presence of an experienced clinical instructor on the anxiety of nursing interns in the clinical environment of Ahvaz School of Nursing in 2018. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 155 nursing students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using census sampling method. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and the standard Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the academic year of 2018-2019. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation tests and independent t-test). The findings showed that the mean scores of students' state anxiety with an experienced instructor and an inexperienced instructor were 54.50±14 and 57.60±16.51, respectively, which were significantly different (P <0.0001). According to the results obtained, clinical nursing educators, especially inexperienced educators, should be aware that their educational behaviors help students to control their anxiety in the clinical environment.

The third-generation university is at the core of how higher education focuses on the economic status and competence of students. However, few studies have been conducted on the students’ knowledge and attitude in relation to third-generation universities. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of students in medical universities in 2019. This is a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a four-part researcher-made questionnaire. Structural validity was calculated with S-CVI index which was 0.746 for awareness, 0.789 for attitude and 0.862 for the total score. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha and r = 0.801. In this study, 228 individuals participated, of whom 158 reported lack of proper infrastructure (69.29 %), 134 reported lack of proper bedding (58.77%), 134 reported lack of university financial support (58.77%), 94 reported lack of confidence (41.22%), and 76 reported lack of awareness (33.33%). The most important problem mentioned was the achievement of the goals of third-generation universities in medical universities. Also, 168 (73.68%) of the participants had a moderate attitude and 180 (78.98%) had poor knowledge. Since most students of medical universities had moderate attitudes and poor knowledge, educational programs are recommended to enhance the knowledge and attitude of the students of medical sciences towards the goals of third-generation universities and the path to the achievement of these goals.

De-schooling, genuine learning, the extension of education beyond the physical space of classroom, and educational justice seem to be proper strategies to overcome the challenges of education in today's world. This study was designed to investigate the paradigm shift from instruction-focused to learning-focused education and its outcomes during the COVID19 pandemic. Thus, we explored the nature and manifestations of such a paradigm shift and aimed at its development beyond the walls of classroom during the COVID 19 pandemic. The research method used in this Systematic Review study was qualitative in nature.  The results showed that moving towards the learning paradigm with its manifestations (virtual reality, webinar, mok, playmaking, mentoring, coaching, mobile learning) in the COVID-19 pandemic period, while adapting to the theory of De-schooling and supporters of critical perspective, has approaches such as: original learning, educational justice and equal opportunities for all.

With the extension of cognitive load theory from classrooms to clinical education and professional medical skills, cardiologists who are involved in echocardiography education need to get familiar with this theory in order to provide better education.  The cognitive load theory is based on the structural and functional model of human memory. It considers the learning process as coding and interrelating of working memory input data to knowledge that is previously stored in the long-term memory, and finally expansion and automation of cognitive schemata stored in the long-term memory.  The cognitive load theory emphasizes the limited capacity of working memory, points to the presence of internal, external and germane load during learning process, and presents some strategies for optimization of the learning process. These strategies include external cognitive load reduction, optimization of internal and germane cognitive load, and consideration of expertise reversal effect. Here, we explained cognitive load theory and aforementioned strategies along with examples from echocardiography education.

The present study aims to identify the role of attachment styles in students' communication skills. It was an applied and descriptive survey using questionnaire for data collection. The statistical population of the study included all students of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, and the multi-stage cluster sampling method was used for selection of participants. The variables of attachment styles were considered in three dimensions: safety, avoidance, and divergence, which were evaluated through the standard questionnaire of Collins and Reid (1990). In order to measure communication skills in the present study, we used Quinn Dam's standard questionnaire (2004) and Chari and Fadakar's (2005) five dimensions of the ability to receive and send messages, emotional control, listening, insight into the process of communication, and communication with decisiveness. Findings from the study showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between safe attachment style and communication skills (the dimension of the ability to receive and send messages), emotional control, and listening skills. There was also a strong negative and significant relationship between avoidance attachment style and communication skills and its subscales. There was a strong positive and significant relationship between two-way / anxiety attachment style and communication skills and its subscales.

Academic failure is one of the problems of higher education, which leads to the loss of a large amount of facilities, resources and potential human talents every year, and leaves irreparable effects on individual, organizational and social dimensions. Predicting academic failure can be a useful step in preventing its negative consequences and the resulting damage. The aim of this study was to identify and predict the factors affecting the academic failure of the students at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The present study is a predictive correlational study that was designed using Logistics regression analysis method with the aim of predicting group membership (students on academic probation) and achieving a Logit equation. The study sample consisted of 82 students on academic probation and 82 otherwise-matched students as a control group. Step-by-step logistics regression test showed that the effect of diploma grade point average (0.646), spiritual health (.065), academic fatigue (0.156), divergent learning style (-0.048), study condition stressors (0.079) and academic disinterest (-0.178) on academic failure, and in total, these 6 variables predict 76.2% of being put on academic probation.  A logistic regression model for predicting academic failure and identifying students at risk of academic failure is an effective tool for making informed decisions in universities. By identifying the factors influencing students' academic failure, it is possible to prevent academic failure in these students.

Present study was conducted with the aim of providing a suitable model for the professional competency of the faculty members of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Research method, was fundamental-applied in terms of purpose. In terms of data type, it was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) of exploratory type; In terms of data collection, it was cross-sectional and in terms of data collection method or the nature of research, it was descriptive survey. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research included higher education experts who were selected based on purposive sampling. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative section, including all faculty members of Tehran Azad Universities, who were working in the whole city of Tehran, (2953 people), and 360 people were selected based on Cochran's formula and cluster sampling type. Delphi technique and model fitness assessment questionnaire were used. Validity and reliability in the qualitative section were measured and confirmed using quality criteria (reliability). In part, the formality, content, and structure were used to measure validity, and Cronbach's alpha and combination reliability were used for reliability, all of which were confirmed. The method of data analysis in the present study and in the qualitative part was the Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, Pearson correlation method with Spss-V23 software and structural equation modeling (confirmatory factor analysis) and using factor loads for each of the components as well as components by the software Lisrel-V8.8 software was used. The results of the study showed that the components of professional qualifications of faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Tehran included scientific scientific competence of educational expertise, general competence, behavioral-moral competence, managerial competence, intellectual competence competence and socio-emotional competence. Also, considering the difference between the means, which are positive values, it is inferred that the condition of the components is generally in the desired state but slightly higher than the average.

Education is one of the most important needs of human societies which has a fundamental role in the development of countries. This study was the first to be conducted on international pharmacy students in Iran with the aim of identifying their learning styles and its impact on their learning ability. The statistical population of this study included the international pharmacy students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 40 students. The data were collected through demographic information and Kolb’s learning style questionnaire which were then analyzed using SPSS and EXCEL. The age of the students was 26-28 years, and the mean of the grade point average of the students was 12.98 ± 1.62. According to the results, the learning style of 70 the population under study is accommodator and have an activist and pragmatist learning style, while 30 percent have a reflector and theorist learning style that is assimilator. Correlation coefficients showed no significant relationship between individual and academic variables such as gender (P=0.994), age (P=0.383), basic education (P=0.114), and educational level based on year of entry (P=0.219). Therefore, considering that accommodator learning style is the predominant learning method of international pharmacy students in Iran university of medical sciences, educational methods based on hands-on approach, with a strong preference for doing rather than thinking through role-playing and practice methods and receiving feedback in the education of this group are appropriate.

The present study aimed to determine the impact of organizational virtue on psychological empowerment by the mediating role of subjective well-being of faculty members of universities in Mazandaran Province and to develop a model of this impact. This was an applied descriptive survey involving structural equation modeling. Statistical population consisted of all faculty members (n= 2940) of universities in Mazandaran Province. Sample size was calculated to be 334 using Cochran's formula. Stratified random sampling was used to select the participants. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire of organizational virtue, Spritzer's Psychological empowerment scale, and subjective well-being scale (SWS) of Keyes and Magyar-Moe. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS. Path analysis and Bootstrapping were used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed positive and significant relationships of organizational virtue with psychological empowerment, organizational virtue with subjective well-being, and subjective well-being with psychological empowerment. Subjective well-being also acted as a mediator between organizational virtue and psychological empowerment.

The general purpose of this study is to identify and rank the dimensions of education content knowledge in Farhangian University of Region 9. This applied study was carried using a mixed method involving qualitative and quantitative approaches with an exploratory design. In the qualitative phase, the Delphi method was used, whereas the quantitative phase involved descriptive survey method. The statistical population in the qualitative phase included 20 faculty members of Farhangian University of Region 9, of whom ten were selected by purposive sampling method and based on saturation law. As far as the quantitative phase was concerned, the statistical population involved 263 faculty members, visiting professors and visiting lecturers of Farhangian University of Region 9 of the country (the provinces of Semnan, Mazandaran and Golestan), of whom 156 were selected as participants using random sampling method based on Cochran's formula. To collect the data, the Education Content Knowledge Questionnaire (researcher-made) including 82 items was used. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed by experts in the field, and the combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha were calculated to be higher than 0.7. The results showed that education content knowledge has 5 dimensions: knowledge of effective teaching, content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge, specialization in scientific content, knowledge of interaction with student-teachers, and PCK-based actions in Farhangian University. Content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge had the highest standard coefficient and degree of correlation.

The purpose of this study is to present a futures research model to improve the quality of research activities in Islamic Azad universities of Mazandaran province. The research method was descriptive-survey using a mixed approach. The statistical population in the qualitative phase of the study consisted of 20 faculty members of Islamic Azad universities of Mazandaran province. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population included 700 unit managers and deputies, managers and deputies of faculties, and managers of departments of Islamic Azad universities of Mazandaran province. In the qualitative phase, using purposive sampling method and taking into account the saturation law, 10 participants were selected. In the quantitative phase, 248 participants were selected as the sample using the stratified random sampling method based on the Cochran's formula. The results showed that futures research has two dimensions (organizational and functional) and 12 components, the effect of all of which on futures research was confirmed. Among the dimensions of futures research, the organizational dimension with a factor load of 0.962 had the greatest impact while the functional dimension with a factor load of 0.950 had the least impact. Research activities were found to have seven components, and the effect of all of them on research activities was confirmed. Among the components of research activities, technology cores with a factor load of 0.783 had the greatest impact while the component of publishing articles with a factor load of 0.701 had the least effect. Also, futures studies had a significant effect on the promotion of research activities, and the proposed model had a good fit.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges and necessities of implementing a multicultural curriculum in a centralized education system. Multicultural curriculum is a vital need in multicultural communities that want to live together peacefully. This approach rejects and challenges issues such as racism and other forms of discrimination, and instead acknowledges ethnic, cultural, and racial pluralism. The present research is a mixed study in terms of the nature of the data. In the qualitative phase of the study, the relevant patterns, dimensions, components, and indicators were identified and prioritized based on the perspective of experts in the field. The quantitative phase involved factor analysis of the perspective of experts in curriculum design and textbook development as well as secondary school teachers who were selected using cluster sampling to evaluate the model, dimensions, components and indicators as already approved by experts. According to the results of the present study, a multicultural curriculum puts an emphasis on the indigenous culture of each region which should be preserved, respected and reflected in education. In the meantime, familiarizing students with other cultures and ethnicities of society and setting the stage for recognizing and interacting with them will create a nationalistic feeling along with a deeper understanding in the student.

An ambidextrous educational organization is able to both take advantage of the existing competencies and explore new relevant opportunities, which empowers the organization to promote its efficiency and competitiveness. For this purpose, creating appropriate models of the factors affecting ambidexterity can increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the educational organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting ambidexterity in higher education and driving-dependence power analysis using interpretive-structural modeling with the aim of designing and presenting a model for ambidexterity in higher education. The population of this study included all managers of educational organizations in Tabriz city in 2019-20. The participants of this study included 382 managers from these educational organizations who were selected by two-stage cluster random sampling. Valid and reliable questionnaires as well as a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect the data. The present study had a descriptive correlational design, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Findings showed that structural and procedural factors influence, and are influenced by, the ambidexterity of educational organizations. Overall, the results of the study showed the importance of the model designed for managers at micro and macro educational structures in Tabriz, which can be used to enhance ambidexterity in their units.

With the passage of the law on Continuing Medical Education, the education of those covered by this law became official. Increasing the level of knowledge and professional skills of medical staff and improving the conditions of service provision is the most important goal of such education. Therefore, continuing education in the medical community today is considered a fundamental principle, which is the mission of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. It should be noted, however, that the positive and negative effects of any law become apparent only after its implementation. Obviously, the positive consequences must be strengthened while the negative ones have to be eliminated or corrected. Otherwise, the law will be rendered ineffective. In this study, Persian and English articles were searched and extracted from Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran websites using the keywords “continuing education rules and regulations”. Out of the 48 articles found, 27 relevant articles were included in the study. Regardless of the benefits of continuing education regulations, there are a number of problems and challenges in these regulations including: lack of allocation of promotional points to educational-research activities, restrictions on receiving promotional points from virtual programs, restrictions on issuing final certificates, lack of adequate training in some disciplines, and allocating equal promotional points to all lecturers. All of these need to be dealt with and corrected.

The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting individual development in knowledge-based companies. The research method used was exploratory. The research population included human resources of selected knowledge-based companies of Pardis Technology Park and 980 network deputies of Telecommunication Company, of whom 276 were selected using Cochran's formula. In order to collect the data in the qualitative phase, a semi-structured interview was used while the quantitative phase involved a researcher-made questionnaire on the factors affecting individual development with a reliability of α = 0.92. The results of the qualitative phase led to the identification of four general factors affecting individual development, including individual factors, organizational factors, management factors, and environmental factors. By examining the ratios of the chi-square to the degree of freedom x2 / df), the goodness of fit index (GFI), the incremental fitness index (IFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), the normalized fitness index (NFI) and the adaptive goodness of fit index (AGFI), structural equation modeling showed that the model of factors influencing individual development has a relatively good fit with the data; therefore, the identified factors in this model were confirmed.

A curriculum is a set of teaching and learning activities, and updating it in accordance with the diverse and evolving needs of learners in various dimensions is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of the midwifery curriculum in achieving educational goals from the perspective of graduates of this major. The present study was a descriptive-analytical research in which 180 graduates were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-16. According to the results, as far as theoretical, practical, and internship courses were concerned, the number of credits allocated to some major courses in midwifery was inadequate. These courses included Obstetrics 1 and Obstetrics 2 with an average score of 1.5, Principles and Techniques of Nursing with an average score of 1.6, Obstetrics and Non-Normal Delivery (Obstetrics 3) with an average score of 1.7, Nutrition Principles of the Mother and Baby with an average score of 1.7, Women Diseases and Infertility with a mean score of 1.7, and Health 4 with a mean score of 1.7. The inadequacy in the number of credits allocated to some of the courses such as Obstetrics and Delivery which is among the main courses of this major shows the dire need for fundamental changes in this curriculum. Therefore, it seems that achieving educational goals requires some changes in the number of courses, by removing old units and adding new ones.

One of the most important determinants of effective clinical education is the performance of clinical instructors. Given the recruitment of young instructors for clinical teaching in educational-medical centers under the supervision of Ahvaz School of Rehabilitation Sciences, the purpose of this study was to compare the fourth-year undergraduate students’ perspective of the performance of clinical instructors in different departments of this school using a questionnaire. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 30, 18, 30, and 26 questionnaires were completed by fourth-year students from physiotherapy, speech therapy, audiology, and occupational therapy departments, respectively who were studying in the second semester of academic year 2018-2019. The questionnaire involved 18 items and four domains. In the domain of overall assessment, the mean score obtained from students of occupational therapy, audiology, and speech therapy indicated relatively good performance, while that related to the students of physiotherapy was moderate. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the domains of knowledge and practical skills (p= 0.037). Item analysis showed a significant difference between different groups in items nine (p= 0.006), eleven (p= 0.029), and thirteen (p= 0.042). In three cases, the mean score of the physiotherapy students was lower than that of occupational therapy students. It seems that in all the departments studied, there is room for developing and improving the abilities of clinical instructors for reaching a very good level, but the need to increase these abilities is higher with respect to physiotherapy.

The present study seeks to assess the effect of interactive information retrieval on the knowledge management process of faculty members of medical universities in Mazandaran provinces. The present research is applied by survey-analytical method. The research population is 450 faculty members of medical universities in Mazandaran province, which is 207 people using Morgan table. Data collection tools were two questionnaires based on the models of two researcher-made questionnaires based on the interactive information retrieval model of Belkin (1996), and Fong and Choi (2009) knowledge management model. Data analysis is by inferential descriptive statistics, Pearson tests, Fisher tests with the help of SPSS software, and Amos. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods are used to analyze the data. In the descriptive statistics section, the mean and standard deviation were the smallest and largest, and in the inferential statistics section, the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis was used. Findings showed that the dimensions of knowledge management (representation, comparison, representation, guidance, and visualization) are involved in interactive retrieval and were recognized as effective factors in knowledge management. Interactive retrieval of information and all its dimensions have a positive and significant relationship and a direct impact on knowledge management of faculty members of medical universities in Mazandaran province, and then representing the most, and then comparing the least influential factors.

The aim of this study was to provide a model for managing the challenges of dissertation writing based on the lived experiences of doctoral students in Islamic Azad University. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The statistical population of this study included all newly graduated PhD students in the humanities of Islamic Azad University, who first studied the field of research including all written and digital resources, foreign articles in databases and then interviewed experts. Participants in the study included students and doctoral graduates and professors and experts in the humanities at the Islamic Azad University. The sampling method in this part of the research was based on the criterion-based purposeful sampling method (PhD students and graduates). The research tool used to collect data in this study was a semi-structured in-depth interview on 12 doctoral graduates, which was then analyzed using the 7-step Claizey method. Thus, after analyzing the lived experiences of the research field, 210 primary concept codes were extracted and in the continuation of Klaizi scientific analysis, the initial concept codes were reduced to 172. Finally, they were extracted into three main categories of administrative, educational-research and student challenges and were classified with the help of social science software (Maxida 18).

The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting human resource training and to provide a model for this training in Islamic Azad University. The research method used is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The qualitative phase of the study relied on grounded theory while the quantitative phase involved a descriptive survey. The research population in the qualitative phase included university experts and specialists who were selected using the snowball sampling method to achieve the initial model. In the quantitative phase, it included all the staff of Islamic Azad University of whom 217 were selected by stratified random sampling. The research tools were interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. After collecting the questionnaires, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage, and by inferential statistics through structural equation modeling in two parts: measurement model and structural analysis. In the first part, the technical characteristics of the questionnaire including reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity were examined. In the second part, one-sample t-test and path coefficients were used to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that there is a difference between the current and the desired status of factors affecting human resources training in Islamic Azad University. The current status of the factors affecting the training of human resources in the Islamic Azad University is below average while the desired is above the average of the society.

Giventhe rapid growth of educational technologies andtherir consequent impact causingchanges in economic, social and cultural strata of society, it can be argued that the nature of education also requires a fundamental change. This, ofcours, mak the mission and responsibility of universities more difficulut. There fore, in addition to the change in the educational system and fundamental reforms in educational methods, the use of e-learning and its quality should be among the top priorities of universities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the promotion of educational quality at Farhangian University of Khuzestan Province using grounded theory. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers, officials, experts, thinkers and prominent faculty members of this university. For this purpose, a mixed desing was used in this study. In the qualitative phase of research, sampling was done based on purposeful method, while the quantitative phase involved stratified random sampling. Open and axial coding was used to analyze the data. According to the results 142 concept codes and 12 categories were extracted which were taken into account to enhance the quality of e-learning in Farhangian University of Khuzestan Province. These included Causal factors (human factors), mproving the quality of e-learning (curriculum, content, objectives), Strategies (assessment and interactive assignments), contextual conditions (management and infrastructure, infrastructure and support), interventionist conditions (educational media, social, cultural and moral factors) and consequences (economic factors).

The purpose of this study was to identify the educational needs and interests of students and the satisfaction of these in order to pave the way for attracting foreign students to study at Iranian universities. In this descriptive study, 320 students were randomly selected based on the ratio of the number of university students to the number of students in different fields. In order to collect the necessary data for the research, a questionnaire including demographic information and research questions was used. The questionnaire was scored based on a five-point Likert scale. To analyze the research questions, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, independent two-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, post hoc scheffe test, and Friedman test were used.Participants of this study included 320 students from different majors at Afghan universities who wanted to continue their studies abroad. Of these, 60 (31.9%) chose India and 59 (31.3%) chose Iran as their destination. Also, 177 (55.3%) of them considered educational facilities as the most important factor in choosing a country to continue their studies whereas 94 (29.4%) considered university reputation as the most important factor in choosing a target university.

The purpose of this study was to present an organizational leadership model with an organizational entrepreneurship development approach in order to provide an educational-structural model. The research is applied in purpose, quantitative and qualitative in method, and mixed-exploratory in approach. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative phase included university professors, managers and experts while the quantitative phase involved all employees working in the fields of management and administration at Agriculture Bank. In the qualitative phase, sampling was done using snowball method, and this phase reached theoretical saturation after interviewing 20 experts. The sample size in the quantitative phase was calculated based on Cochrane's formula to be 377, which was raised to 400 for more assurance. Sampling was done randomly. The data collection tool in the qualitative phase was a questionnaire containing open questions for the interviews, and in the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were checked and confirmed in different ways was used. The transcript of the interviews was reviewed with MAXQDA 2018 software, and the dimensions and components of the model were identified. Then, the research model was investigated based on confirmatory factor analysis using SMARTPLS 2.0 software, and all its dimensions and components were confirmed. The results of qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that the organizational leadership model with the organizational entrepreneurship development approach includes three structural, environmental and behavioral dimensions. The results of factor analysis showed that all three dimensions have a high impact on the organizational leadership model. The behavioral dimension included two components of personal characteristics and interpersonal skills while the structural dimension included five components of organizational culture building, transparency, participation and teamwork, organizational values, ​​and organizational norms.

The present study investigated the effect of redundant curriculum on achievement goals (educational and skill areas) and empowerment of medical students in medical universities of Mazandaran province. The statistical population of this applied research in the qualitative phase included 15 faculty members and experts of universities of medical sciences familiar with the curriculum. The population of quantitative phase included 2800 medical students of whom 210 were selected as the research sample based on Cochran's formula. The sampling method in the qualitative phase was the purposive sampling method while in the quantitative phase, the stratified random method proportional to the size of the statistical population was used. Methods and tools of data collection in the qualitative phase included the Delphi method which was done using semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative phase, the field method was conducted with the help of a researcher-made questionnaire including 85 items. Data analysis was performed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS 21 and SMARTPLS3 software. The results are as follows: 1- In examining the dimensions of the curriculum, 6 dimensions and 44 indicators were identified and confirmed. Main dimensions and indicators include: individual factors of the student (6 indicators), individual factors of the professors (9 indicators), extra-organizational factors (3 indicators), organizational factors (14 indicators), educational factors (8 indicators) and contextual factors (6 indicators) 2- Redundant curriculum has a significant effect on the achievement goals of medical students. 3- Redundant curriculum has a significant effect on the empowerment of medical students.

With the outbreak of the coronavirus and the subsequent closure of universities and higher education centers in Iran, higher education officials were forced to offer education through learning management systems and online education systems. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the lived experience of postgraduate students of Shiraz University regarding online education during the Covid-19 crisis, relying on phenomenological methods. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews. Accordingly, based on a targeted sampling approach and standardized method, graduate students who used online education were selected, and 22 students were finally interviewed upon reaching data saturation. Interview analysis was performed using a Colaizzi model and thematic analysis method. After extraction and categorization of the themes, 4 main themes including 14 sub-themes were obtained.  The main themes included education (including five sub-themes: creating new educational opportunities and experiences, promoting media literacy, changing learning responsibility, changing teaching methods, and reducing participation in learning) , infrastructure (including four sub-themes: Internet connection issues, lack of public access to the Internet, poor quality of audio and video, and poor system support), flexibility (including two sub-topics: student freedom of action and lack of time and space restrictions), and economy (including four sub-themes: Internet connection fees, buying hardware, saving time, and transportation cost). Due to the problems and disadvantages mentioned by the students, it is necessary to upgrade the network infrastructure to provide quality online education.

The aim of this study was to design a model to meet the needs of higher education in today's society with the approach of commercialization of knowledge to study the comprehensive and large units of the Islamic Azad University. The research method was grounded theory (grounded theory) which was an inductive and exploratory research method. Initially, while studying the research literature, 19 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were collected using theoretical purposive sampling (including 16 faculty members and 3 experts in the industry) to collect the required data that had reached saturation. To assess validity, the interviewees confirmed the interpretation of the interviews. In order to analyze the collected data, a three-step coding process (open, axial and selective coding) based on the systematic approach of foundation data theory was used. The implementation of the open coding process led to the identification of 762 concepts (initial open coding) and their summarization in the form of 10 main categories with 57 sub-categories. The collected data from the process of conducting semi-structured interviews with research subjects (industry and university experts) were analyzed in open, axial and selective coding. Finally, the final conceptual model of the research was presented. Therefore, according to the research results, it can be said that Islamic Azad University should have a considerable potential for commercialization of knowledge. The commercialization of knowledge and the existence of an academic entrepreneurial culture promote the tendency to innovate in the university and the result is the emergence of innovation.

Internal evaluation of education development offices makes education system planners more aware of the existing goals, then helps them measure the achievement of the goals and plans to improve the quality accordingly. This type of assessment shows how far from the desired situation and what programs should be considered to achieve the goals and increase the quality and improvement of education. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 1400. The study population was all educational development offices of colleges and educational hospitals (12 development offices). Major activities of development offices were selected as the main performance criteria. The results showed that the overall performance of development offices was assessed at a moderate level. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that although some progress has been made in various aspects of the educational development offices in the university, the Development Center as a center of innovation has a very heavy mission and should be able to stimulate educational change and innovation in the university.