فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

It is necessary to respect ethical codes and principles in sport and this fact can prevent many ethical abnormalities in sport fields. Thus, the present study aimed at identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing ethical criteria necessary for Iranian wrestling coaches. The present study used a kind of mixed method (qualitative and quantitative research methods). Firstly, there was an exploratory review of literature of ethics in sport in reliable sport federations and the associations of sport coaches in different countries to identify ethical criteria. In the second phase, data were collected by interviews with experts until theoretical saturation. The third phase was conducted by a survey. Data were analyzed using content analysis of interviews, Lawshe index, confirmatory factor analysis, and entropy technique. In each phase, the criteria were examined and summarized. The results showed that according to the viewpoints of managers, coaches, referees, experts, and wrestlers, ethical consideration in matches was the first priority (weight: 0.363). Ethical consideration in social environment was the second priority (weight: 0.229), ethical consideration in exercise was the third priority (weight: 0.207), and finally ethical consideration in family was the fourth priority (weight: 0.199). It is suggested that Ministry of Sport and Youth and Wrestling Federation of I.R.I should use these identified criteria to codify ethical constitution for Iranian wrestling coaches. They should also teach these ethical criteria to coaches all around the country with a help from Wrestling International Institute that has the mission to educate coaches so that coaches can recognize their ethical responsibilities.

One of the factors that counteracts with risk factors of metabolic disorder is CTRP-12. Obesity plays an important role in the downregulation of CTRP-12 by positive regulation of furin and KLF-3 factors and negative regulation of KLF-15. Training affects adipocytes signaling. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the KLF-15 / KLF-3 / furin / CTRP-12 of visceral adipose tissue in male obese rats. 15 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: high fat diet (n=10) and standard diet (n=5). After 12 weeks, the high fat diet group was again divided into two groups: MICT and HFD. Training program was performed for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week with intensity of 50-60% of maximum speed. The values of variables were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Prism 5 software. The results of this study showed that HFD significantly increased the amount of furin and KLF-3 in visceral adipose tissue (P≤0.05). The 12 weeks of MICT significantly decreased the levels of furin, KLF-3 and significantly increased KLF-15 compared with the HFD group (P≤0.05). Changes in CTRP-12 were not significant between groups (F = 1.032, P = 0.386). 12 weeks of MICT, apart from changes in CTRP-12, was effective in decreasing the risk of adipose tissue cellular factors (furin and KLF-3) and in increasing the beneficial factors of adipose tissue (KLF-15). Therefore, it is recommended that those exposed to obesity should get longer training sessions for better cellular adaptation.

The aim of this study was to identify and design factors affecting the continuous participation of the elderly in physical activities of leisure time and to provide a model. The statistical population consisted of sport management specialists, authorities of sport for all and leisure time and experts who had research in leisure activities in the elderly. To select interview samples, purposive sampling method and specifically snowball technique were used. In the snowball method, the number of subjects who must participate in the research and interviews is already determined. In this study, 20 interviews were conducted for 18 subjects. Interview was used to collect the viewpoints of the scientific and executive experts. The results showed that personal factors, structural factors, facilities factors and sociocultural and economic factors were the most important ones affecting the leisure time of the elderly in Iran.

Extreme and prolonged training may cause muscle and tissue damages along with inflammation. In this study, the acute effect of an intensive training session after 4 weeks of supplementation of Q10 on IL10, CRP and some functional factors in female handball players was investigated. 20 adolescent handball players of the Zobahan Cultural Sport Club were selected by purposive convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of training-placebo and training-supplement (each group = 10 subjects). The students completed a 4-week protocol in handball training. At each stage of the intensive training, a formal handball match was conducted. The supplement group daily received 100 mg of Q10 supplement for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected in 4 stages: 1-before the intensive training 2-immediately after the intensive training 3-after the end of the Q10 supplementation and immediately after the second intensive training 4- 24 hours after the second intensive training (5 cc of blood sample from the anterior vein). VO2 max was measured by the Shuttle Run test and the anaerobic power was measured by the Rast test. For data analysis, repeated measures test was used. The significance level was considered as P≤0.05. The results showed that Q10 supplementation and training did not make a significant difference in the levels of interleukin-10 and CRP in three stages of blood sampling between the two groups (P≥0.05). Also, there were no significant differences between the two groups in functional tests (20m run, Semo agility test and VO2max (P≥0.05). The results showed that an intensive training session and 4 weeks of Q10 supplementation did not have a significant effect on the level of IL-10 and CRP in elite female handball players, but they had a significant effect on the performance of the 20m test.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of service quality and perceived value with loyalty in spectators of football premier league (a case study of the spectators of Cultural Sport Tractorsazi Club). This study was applied in terms of objectives and in terms of data collection, descriptive correlation. The population of this study consisted of all spectators of Tabriz Tractorsizi in 2017. As the number of spectators of Tractorsazi team was not specific, Cochran formula for unlimited population was used to determine the population (N=384). In order to collect data and measure the variables of the model, a questionnaire was used. Its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach alpha coefficient and its CR and validity were confirmed by convergent validity (confirmation of factor load and AVE value) and diagnostic validity. Descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Structural equation modeling technique with SPSS version 20 and Lisrel 8.8 were used to provide the model. The results of the study showed a positive and significant relationship between central service quality and perceived value ( 12β="> 0.37 and t=4.89) and also between perceived value and loyalty ( 12β="> 0.45 and t=5.99). That is to say central service quality had a positive and significant effect on sport consumers’ loyalty through perceived value.

Overweight and obesity are one of the important factors in the prevalence of diseases. FNDC5 is the gene expression of the irisin protein in adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise and aqueous extract of carum carvi on FNDC5 gene expression and serum irisin level in obese male rats. In this experimental study, 24 obese male rats had 12 weeks of high-fat diet and then they were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1. high-fat diet + control 2. high-fat diet + exercise 3. high-fat diet + Carum Carvi extract 4. high-fat diet + exercise + Carum Carvi extract. The exercise groups performed aerobic exercise (approximately 50% - 70% VO2max) 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The gene expression of FNDC5, serum irisin level and body weight were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. The significance level was set at α<0.05. The results showed a significant increase in FNDC5 gene expression, serum level of irisin (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in body weight in the high fat + exercise + Carum Carvi extract group compared to the other groups (P<0.05) and a significant increase in FNDC5 gene expression in the exercise groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Therefore, it seems that moderate intensity aerobic exercise and aqueous extract of Carum Carvi can decrease body weight and obesity-induced risks by increasing FNDC5 gene expression and serum irisin level.

In today's world, championship and professional sports require new ethics in order to provide a basis for assessing and evaluating sport behaviors. The present study was designed to develop a model for the development of moral values with implications for constructivism and instrumental rationality. Firstly, content and structural validity were confirmed; then, the reliability of the data collection tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.89). The sampling method was purposive judgmental obtained by Morgan table for 150 elites in the field of ethics and championship sport. The conceptual model of the study was investigated by structural equation modeling method with partial least squares approach and the Smart PLS software. The model for the development of moral values was formulated according to Habermas's Theory of Communication in the three main factors: discourse moral values, consequential moral values, and virtuosity moral values and 35 relevant criteria. Standardized beta coefficients of PLS regression showed a strong and complete mediating role of the consequential ethics in the relationship between the discourse and virtuosity ethics. The values of P for the mean path coefficient and the mean coefficient of determination were less than 0.05 and the mean factor of inflation variance was less than 5, which indicated the good fit of the developed model. Hence, the development of virtuosity moral values is emerging from the economic-cultural domains and is achieved under the influence of discourse ethics and the mediating role of the consequential ethics.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of risk management in school sport activities. The method of this study was descriptive and applied in terms of objectives conducted as a field. The population of the study included school headmasters and sport teachers in Qazvin province (N=132). According to the purposive sampling method (schools with sport facilities), 96 subjects including 39 school headmasters and 57 sport teachers participated in the research. The Risk Management Questionnaire (1995) by Garry was used to collect data after translation, localization and confirmation of face and content validity (using experts’ viewpoints) and reliability (α=0.74). Data were analyzed using one-sample t test and independent t test. The results showed that the risk management in sport in Qazvin province schools had the worst status in safety of equipment and facilities, transportation and compliance with legal aspects and had the best status in compliance with laws and regulations, parental satisfaction and supervision and training (P≤0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that education authorities should provide a risk management plan to reduce the risks of sport activities at schools.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on some immune system markers after stimulated competitions in adult elite wrestlers. This study was semi-experimental and applied in terms of aims. The statistical population consisted of Iran elite wrestlers and 16 volunteers were divided into glutamine and control groups (mean age 22.95 yrs, height 179.25 cm, weight 86.22 kg, BMI 23.92, 8 subjects each group). Firstly, blood samples were collected and baseline measurements were conducted. Then, the subjects had similar training and consumed glutamine or placebo (0.3 gr/kg of body weight daily) for 6 days. Finally, subjects attended the competition hall and participated in 5 competitions a day (in accordance with United World Wrestling) and their final blood samples were collected. The within-group findings using dependent t test showed that WBC and neutrophils significantly increased in both groups (P≤0.05). Intergroup findings using independent t test showed that the increase in glutamine group was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.016). Lymphocytes and immunoglobulin A insignificantly decreased within the group (P≤0.05) and this reduction was insignificantly much lower in glutamine group than the control group (P=0.22, P=0.487). Monocytes had insignificant within-group (P≤0.05) and intergroup (P=0.66) increases in both groups. It can be concluded that glutamine supplementation balanced the suppressive effects of immune system in wrestling competitions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the communication model of the social networks, media literacy, social capital and social identity of the sport program makers in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB). This methodology was applied, strategic, quantitative and correlation. The statistical population consisted of all IRIB sport program makers. SPSS Sample Power software was used to estimate the size of the sample. Considering the maximum independent variable affecting the dependent variables involved in research regression models and error percentage of 0.05, power above 0.80 and the effect size of 0.05, the sample size was estimated to be 324 subjects who were selected from a population of 350 subjects. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by the researcher-made social network questionnaire, social capital questionnaire of Forsell et al. (2018), media literacy questionnaire of Simons et al. (2017) and social identity questionnaire of Safari Nia and Roshan (2011). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and SPSS23 and Smart PLS3/2/6 with error level of 5%. The findings indicated that the model had the necessary fit which means that social networks and social capital had significant effects on social identity of the sport programs makers of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting through media literacy. It is suggested that similar researches are conducted on the authorities of other sport media including sport news agencies and the managers of sport weblogs.

Being overweight increases the levels of inflammatory proteins including C-reactive protein and resistin, resulting in systemic inflammation that inhibits lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of selected aerobic activity on changes in some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight non-athlete middle-aged women. 30 non-athlete middle-aged women (mean age 46.06 ± 6.97 years, weight 71.82 ± 9.11 kg, height 156.9 ± 5.24 cm, body mass index 29.2 ± 4.11 k/m2) voluntarily participated in this project and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group then performed aerobic exercises (continuous running with moderate intensity) for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the end of the research protocol to measure the levels of C-reactive protein and resistin. Independent t test was used for intergroup comparisons and paired t test was used for within-group comparisons. The results showed no significant differences between experimental and control groups in C-reactive protein (P = 0.07) and resistin (P = 0.064) after 8 weeks of selected aerobic exercise. However, there was a significant decrease in weight (P = 0.001) and body mass index (P = 0.002) of the experimental group compared to the control group. Overall, the results of the present study showed that although the 8-week exercise program improved the body composition of overweight middle-aged women, longer periods of aerobic exercise are needed to achieve better biochemical results.

The present study aimed to develop a qualitative model for the development of the position of sport psychology in the Olympic and medal-winning fields. The present study was applied in terms of its objectives and a qualitative type according to the nature which used the grounded theory. The statistical population included all those who were influential and expert in the administration and science structure of sport psychology. 24 subjects were selected as the sample by snowball sampling method. After 19 interviews, data saturation was obtained but all the subjects were interviewed to ascertain the saturation. The Olympic and medal-winning sport fields were those present in Olympic Games and Iran is active in these fields. Firstly, interviews were analyzed by the grounded theory approach and codes were extracted from each section. The results showed that to feel the need for sport authorities and legislative authorities was identified as causal conditions; the development of the sport psychology and the establishment of the Association of Sport Psychology as the dominant platform; managerial weaknesses and the lack of specialists as intervening conditions; the need for the establishment of sport psychology committees in federations as the main strategy and improving the performance and quality of life of athletes as the main consequence. Developing the sport psychology in all aspects can ultimately improve the efficiency of sport federations.

The aim of present study was to compare the effect of different levels of air pollution on the response of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva to a quasi-soccer protocol in adolescent female soccer players. In this semi-experimental study, 12 female soccer players were selected purposively. The subjects performed the Bangsbo quasi-soccer protocol 3 times in clean, healthy and unhealthy air qualities; saliva samples were collected before and after each test and were used to measure MDA and TAC. The results showed that in all three qualities (clean, healthy and unhealthy), salivary MDA values increased significantly due to the implementation of quasi-soccer protocol (P<0.05), but no significant differences in MDA changes was not observed among different qualities due to the implementation of quasi-soccer protocol (P = 0.733). Also, in clean and healthy air conditions, saliva TAC increased significantly due to the implementation of Bangsbo protocol (P<0.05), but in unhealthy air quality, this increase was not significant (P>0.05). Also, in terms of TAC changes in different air qualities, only a significant difference was observed between clean and unhealthy air qualities in TAC increase (P = 0.026). The findings of the present study supports general recommendations to limit exercises and competitions in unhealthy air quality and to relocate the time or place of activities and competitions when the air quality is unhealthy.