نشریه علوم ورزش
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1399)

The purpose of present study is to design modernization model of olympic sport. The research methodology is qualitative-quantitative mixed with an exploratory approach. The statistical population in qualitative section includes faculty members of universities and managers with at least ten years of experience in sport management, and in quantitative section includes members of strategic council, headquarter senior staff, mid-level managers of ministry of sport and youth, federation and board leaders and Olympic sports committees. In the qualitative section, 12 people and in the quantative section, 5 to 10 subjects were required for each question, so 297 people formed the statistical sample. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview in qualitative section, and the results of this interview were designed in a questionnaire with 5 main factors and 12 sub-factors which was used in quantitative section. In this study, the expert opinion and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) were used for content validity, and two mixed indices of reliability and Cronbach's alpha, and divergent and convergent validity indices (Ave) and structural equation modeling of SPSS 23 and PLS 2 software were used to determine the model reliability. The model fitness was reported as GOF = 0.61 and the results of study confirmed final model in the five key factors of organizational structure, human resources, technology development, financial management and international relations. Therefore, development of modernism in management is suggested as it leads to the growth and advancement of these organizations in domestic and international arenas.

The main objective of this study was to Predicting Empowerment of Female employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth Based on Glass Ceiling and Organizational Justice. The statistical population of the study was 297 female employees of Ministry of Sport and Youth in year 97-98, 170 of them were selected via through Morgan table by simple random sampling method as sample of this study. The data collection instrument involved Glass Ceiling questionnaire(Ahmadi,1394), Employees Empowerment questionnaire (Spreitzer,1992), Organizational Justice questionnaire (Niehoff and Moorman, 1993) and Psychological Capital questionnaire (Luthans, 2007). The reliability of questionnaires was obtained as 0.78, 0.80, 0.70 and 0.71 respectively. Then, one sample T-Test was used to compare the means and Multiple Regression was used to predict and explain the empowerment variable. SPSS software was used for data analysis at the significant level of 0.5. The results indicated that glass ceiling and organizational justice can predict women’s levels of empowerment strongly. This means that a unit of standard deviation increase in glass ceiling reduced the standard deviation of empowerment variable to -0.23. Also, a unit of standard deviation increase in organizational justice led to a 0.79 increase in standard deviation of empowerment variable. It is recommended that the Ministry of Sport and Youth take positive measures to support Employees to improve their self-confidence and self-esteem so that they can break Glass Ceiling to increase their empowerment.

Men and women have significant differences in performance indicators and their response to exercise stress. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator in the process of angiogenesis and is one of the factors promoting aerobic capacity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of gender in serum VEGF levels and its response to exercise. For this purpose 11 non- athletes male and 11 non- athletes Female (23/8 , 22/63 years) Were selected  and performed a single bout of progressive aerobic exercise. Blood samples was collected before, immediately and 2 hours post exercise and serum VEGF levels were measured by ELISA kit. ANOVA test (Repeated Measures) and independent t test were used to data analysis. The results showed that the serum VEGF level of women at rest was significantly higher than men  (P = 0.002), while this difference was not observed immediately (P = 0.052) and two hours after exercise (P = 0.07).  According to the findings of the present study, it seems that at rest, women have a higher level of vascular endothelial growth factor than men but in response to exercise stress men experience greater increase in serum VEGF.

The dimming of ethics in all aspects of the great community of sport has become a challenge. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the development of ethics in academic sport on the promotion of ethical values in the sports community of the country. The purpose of this research is to apply the type of research in terms of the type of data search (quantitative and qualitative), and in terms of data analysis, a descriptive-correlational type and time domain of the research are of a contemporary type. Field data was collected. The statistical population of the study consisted of all sports experts in the country that were selected randomly using the Morgan table formula. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 54 phrases in four components. For analyzing the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods were used with SPSS 21 software. The findings indicated that effective factors affecting the development of ethics in academic sport affecting the promotion of ethical values in the sports community of the country are influential factors of individual-behavioral, subjective, organizational and supra-organizational. According to the average rankings, the ranking of the factors affecting the development of ethics in academic sport showed that the highest rank is in terms of dimensions of individual-behavioral factors, underlying factors, organizational factors, and trans-organization factors.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between fundamental movement skills with response inhibition ability in children. From seven- to nine-year-old boys (age: 8/20±0/86 year), 80 subjects were randomly selected. To assess fundamental movement skills, ulrich test of gross motor development (TGMD-2) and to assess response inhibition ability the Computerized Stroop test were used. Statistical analysis of the data, using descriptive statistics and pearson correlation coefficient, showed that, there was significant negative correlation between percentile score of manipulative and locomotor skills and gross motor quotient with the variables of response inhibition ability. These findings indicate that, better performance in fundamental movement skills, is associated with further ability to inhibit irrelevant responses in the Stroop test and vice versa. Overall, these findings suggest the need to consider both motor and cognitive development in children.

The purpose of the present study was to understand the interpretive-structural model of the development of Iranian sport tourism. this is an application In terms of purpose With a mixed approach, that was done as a survey.The statistical population of this research was consist of both quantitative and qualitative levels. The qualitative population (N = 15) consisted of experts in tourism and sport tourism and sport management and the quantitative population (N = 30,000). The coaches and referees, the senior players and managers of the tournament, players and spectators were determined Using the Morgan table, that subjects were randomly selected as statistical ‎sample. In this study, with Browse Documents and interviews with experts, the factors of Iranian sport tourism are identified. Then, the relationships between factors were determined of Interpretive Structural Modeling. The instrument for data collection was two questionnaires. According to the results, 7 factors were identified as the most important factors. The factors of Infrastructure and utility are the one of the most important factors. In the interpretive structural model, the relationships between factors were determined first, and the effect of factors and effectiveness on factors were determined using Mic-Mac analysis.That government and legal factors with the power of influence have 6 highest effects on other factors.The results of this study help planners , To be able to make smarter decisions and choose the right path for the development of this industry.

The purpose of this study was to construct and validate an instrument for assessing the attraction of female customers in Yazd's Province fitness clubs. Exploratory analysis was used to achieve appropriate statistical results. Qualitative data following quantitative data were collected and analyzed, and through a process the main and essential dimensions of attraction customers were selected. In order to internal consistency and structural validity of the instrument, a sample of 150 individuals was selected randomly, after obtaining acceptable validity and reliability, for statistical analysis with cluster and random stratified sampling, questionnaires was distributed among 500 female customers of fitness clubs. In doing so, exploratory factor analysis of the original data was conducted using the main components method through the orthogonal rotation. Having passed through qualitative and quantitative stages, the final questionnaire containing 39 questions for the whole factors and sub-factors was designed. This study resulted in the production of an appropriate instrument for measuring the attraction of customers of fitness clubs. For measuring customers’ attraction in fitness clubs a reliable questionnaire must be used. The questionnaire designed in this study can be an appropriate instrument to measure customers’ attraction in fitness clubs.

The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the effective factors of fan development in the Iranian Football Premier League and to present a model. The research method was a qualitative-quantitative mix with the exploratory approach and the statistical community included experts in the qualitative section and spectators in the Premier League stadiums in the 98-99 season. 15 people in the qualitative section and 400 people in the quantitative section formed the statistical sample by the accessible method. The data collection tool in the qualitative part of the interview was semi-structured and the results of this interview were used in the form of a questionnaire with 13 main factors in the quantitative part. In this study, SPS software version 23 and PLS version 2 were used for content validity from the point of view of experts and structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and modeling of structural-equations. Model fit index was reported to be 0.65 GOF = and the research results confirmed the final model in 13 factors. These factors are the interaction of staff and fans, distribution channel, fan management, public relations, recruitment program, quality and process, promotion, product, market power, location and facilities, incentives, law enforcement and pricing vote the most to the least impact. They have the support of developing fans in the Iranian Football Premier League. It is necessary to invest and pay attention to these areas.

The aim of this study was to design a model for developing swimming sports in Iran. The research method was a combination of exploratory research (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative part of professors and faculty members of sports management, managers and experts of the Swimming Federation and the expert coaches of the national swimming team and in a small part including the Swimming Federation (10 people), provincial delegations (128 people), swimming coaches (3390 people). The statistical sample in the qualitative section 30 members of the qualitative population was targeted and in the quantitative section for each question between 5 and 10 people were required, 346 people were considered by stratified random method. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce the questions and structural equations were used to fit the model using SPSS software version 23 and PLS version 2. The results of structural equation modeling showed that economic, social and cultural, political, technological and sports factors, each of which is macro, medium and micro, are effective in the development of swimming in Iran. The results of the research can be useful for managers and decision makers in the field of swimming in Iran to achieve success in the international arena.

The purpose of this study was to compare body image problems and social-physical anxiety in obese and normal-weight adolescents by examining the moderating role of cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 adolescent obese and 72 adolescent girls with normal weight were selected through one-stage cluster sampling from high school students in Mashhad. Data collection and measurement tools included: high-sensitivity portable digital scales and a non-dilatable tape meter, Multidimensional Self-Relationships Questionnaire, Physical Social Anxiety Questionnaire, and Cultural Social Pressure Questionnaire. The groups were matched for education, gender, and age. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between obese and obese adolescents in terms of body image and physical and social anxiety. The results also showed that high cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change has a significant role in increasing physical social anxiety. But it does not have a moderating role in the extent of body image problems and physical social anxiety. Obesity and high cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change are important factors in increasing body image problems and physical and social anxiety. But cultural social pressure does not mitigate the role of obesity in increasing or decreasing body image problems and physical social anxiety. Therefore, it can be concluded that body image problems in obese individuals are more influenced by their body mass and not by the socio-cultural pressure for weight loss and body change.

The main purpose of the present study was to design a system of professional team sports club in Iran. The purpose of this study is fundamental to qualitative methodology by using fundamental data theory. The statistical population of this study consisted of published documents on professional team sport club topics and 13 experts. Purposeful sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method, was used to select the sample. Then, theoretical sampling was used for sampling adequacy. The data collection tool in this study was in-depth interview. Measurement validity and reliability were performed when coding the review; The results were categorized or verified by referring to the interviewees; Confirmation of research collaborators including supervisor; In this study, MAXQDA Version 2018 software was used to analyze the data. The results of open coding indicated that 86 open codes were obtained from the analysis of interviews and documents. The axial coding results indicated that 11 categories of this coding were obtained which included: The design of the club is the perception of the environment, the executable duties of the manager in the sporting environment, managerial skills, human resource management, marketing practices, public relations, cultural affairs, finance, infrastructure, and factors influencing success. Finally, findings from selective coding included 4 concepts (contextual factors, driving factors, developer factors, and club success).

Bicycle infrastructure planning in large cities faces countless challenges and requires a better understanding of the barriers to the use of bicycles by its citizens. With regard to specific local context so, the purpose of this study was to analyze the barrier to the use of bicycles Sharing by Shirazi Citizens in Recreation and Urban Travel. The research method is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, which has been done in combination with the structural-interpretive equation model. In order to identify and confirm the barriers to the use of bicycles, 452 citizens were selected as the sample, then 25 experts participated in the research to present the ISM model. Data analysis was performed using exploratory factor analysis and structural analysis with Mic Mac. The results showed that the obstacles to using the bicycle subscription system in Shiraz have 43 elements and 7 general components, which explain 84% of the variance of the obstacles of cycling in Shiraz. According to the structural analysis of Mic Mac, individual and cultural-educational barriers are more influenced by other factors and from a systemic point of view, it is one of the effective and dependent elements. Environmental barriers and social barriers fall into the category of independent variables that have weak influence and dependency. Economic barriers, weak government strategies, and inadequate infrastructure and equipment are among the key barriers to the use of bicycles by Shirazi citizens, with high influence and low dependence. Therefore, responsible organizations such as the Federation of Public Sports, the Ministry of Sports and Youth, municipalities, the Environmental Protection Organization, etc. must develop the urban cycling infrastructure with an excellent strategy and vision and by allocating more funds.

The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize factors affecting elite Badminton policy in Iran. This study was qualitative method. Population of study were elite people in management of Badminton.  In this study for identifying factors affecting elite Badminton policy in Iran Fuzzy Delphi were used. According to this method, these factors identified: Financial support, Integrated approach to policy development, participation in Badminton, development system of talent identification, integrated athletic and post-Career Support, training facilities, Coaching provision & development, (Inter)national competition and Scientific research. The elite Badminton system in Iran is heavily interfering, centralized, bureaucratic and highly formal but unstable. The elite badminton system in Iran seems to be moving in the opposite direction, moving toward more centralization and government-led management.