نشریه پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
پیاپی 29 (تابستان 1400)

Central western Iran located just beside tow of the most important regions regarding social structure studies. These area are northern/southern Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran(Khuzistan). from the Neolithic period onwards, mentioned areas experienced continues complexity which reached the maximum level in Late Chalcolithic period and lead to Urbanization (fourth millennium B.C) finally. Although there are some rare evidences related to primary social complexity of Neolithic period societies of western Iran, but it is in late chalcolithic (Godin VII) period that exact and considerable documents of social complexity became clear. During this time, for the first time we see apparent issue concerning complex and hierarchical communities. This process was started by building those special structure of Godin VII period seems to have an industrial role in this period. it was continues and even more developed in succeeding period in Godin VI/1-V period. the complexity of central western Iran communities raised to its maximum level at the end of fourth millennium B.C. during Godin V period, those well-known circular compound structure of Godin Tepe was built. Although the central western Iran reached to extreme level of social complexity at the end of fourth millennium B.C, but they did not reach urbanization process at least. The main goal of current paper is investigation the social structure of central western Iran societies in Neolithic and chalcolithic period. comparing with neighboring areas and particularly northern and southern Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran, this paper want to know that central western communities of western Iran was at what level of complexity in Neolithic and chalcolithic period? to reach this goal, we study and analyzed archaeological documents like architecture, clay token and figurines, seals, burial custom and….at the end we concluded that beside geographical issues which has key role urbanization process, role of religion, believe, communal structure and … should not be neglect.

Burial of animals along with their owners is a tradition that is common in the late second millennium and early first millennium BC in different parts of the Iranian plateau, especially in the north and northwest of Iran. In this study, human burial studied along with the burial of a dog, which obtained from Gohar Tepe site located in Behshahr city of Mazandaran province. The dog in squatted form, buried inside a jar, which placed at the bottom of the skeleton. The purpose of this study is to explain the tradition of animal sacrifice to high-level individuals in the Iron Age society because little research has done on the tradition of the sacrificial iron age in the north of Iran. The questions that can express in this research are why the dog was beheaded, and it was buried in the form of human burial and buried inside a jar with burial vessels. The current research hypothesis is that the dog's head was cut off during the burial, indicating a sacrificial tradition. Also, the burial of a dog in a jar and fetal posture shows that the owner has a high value in society. In this research, dog burial discovered from Gohar Tepe site investigated using a field study method. The results show that the dog placed in a jar without a head, and according to the available evidence, can be said that the dog was sacrificed and buried within its owner, this unique burial shows the type of sacrifice tradition in the first millennium BC in the north of Iran. According to archaeological studies, in the late second millennium BC, due to the migration from the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau, various developments are formed. such as a cemetery tradition, metalworking, and pottery in the Iron Age sites, especially in the north and northwest of Iran, which one of these developments is the burial tradition

Social Archaeology is a branch of Archaeology that discusses on data from the perspective of sociology, and studies the structure of past societies and their evolutionary process. Regarding cemeteries, this archeological branch needs more discussion. In the Iron Age, due to the prevalence of the cemeteries in most parts of Iran, discussions about the kind of community, beliefs and religion of the people of that societies are also gaining strength. In these cemeteries, the structure of the graves and objects inside them (grave goods) has concepts and symbols that can resolve some of the existing confusion about the culture of the peoples of the Iron Age. The cemetery of Blue Mosque (locally called Göy Meçid) is one of the most important of these cemeteries. The objects which obtained from this cemetery graves due to the variety in type and the difference in their Abundance, represent the social distinctions of buried persons. Comparison of the structure of graves and of the graves goods indicated that some of them have more valuable and objects than other graves, and as a result their social status is high, while in some graves no objects have been placed. Based on these cases, they can indicated to socially ranked and referred to the criteria used to determine the rank of individuals in their lifetime. Social Archaeology is a branch of Archaeology that discusses on data from the perspective of sociology, and studies the structure of past societies and their evolutionary process. Regarding cemeteries, this archeological branch needs more discussion. In the Iron Age, due to the prevalence of the cemeteries in most parts of Iran, discussions about the kind of community, beliefs and religion of the people of that societies are also gaining strength. Based on these cases, they can indicated to socially ranked and referred to the criteria used to determine the rank of individuals in their lifetime.

Arjan weir-bridges in southwestern Iran from the Sassanid era to the rule of Muslim Arabs are among the irrigation and water supply structures that were considered by geographers and historians of the first to middle Islamic centuries. The upper weir-bridge of Arjan is a huge structure with different uses that some geographical and historical sources have described. After the destruction of the upper weir-bridge, a smaller sample was built downstream of the river. There are few traces of the structural buildings of Arjan double weir- bridges; The forthcoming research is based on such a necessity to document the impact of these weir-bridges on Arjan's economy. The purpose of the forthcoming research; Analysis of the existence of an upper weir-bridge in the prosperity of the agricultural economy of Arjan in the Sassanid era and the early Islamic centuries. This article seeks to answer these questions: What is the description of these bridges (mostly upper weir-bridge) in historical texts? And what is the position of double weir-bridges and especially upper weir-bridge in the prosperity of the agricultural economy of Arjan region during the Sassanid era and the first centuries of Islam? Historical texts provide a relatively confusing description of bridges, especially the upper weir-bridge. Answer to the second question by reviewing historical texts, analyzing the discharge and outlet of canals similar to Qanats with the help of studies from archaeological surveys and basic hydro-logical data of today's Maroon River route and calculating the amount of water in Arjan Weir-Bridge Basin under modern conditions and Its activation has come to an end. The result is that the amount of irrigation of Arjan weir-bridge caused relatively extensive artificial irrigation in the lands of the northern part of Arjan plain and the case of wheat as a product that the texts have repeatedly mentioned; Based on water needs and calculation of OPTIWAT software has been a significant success in this area.

Mirroring is an art that contains small and large pieces of mirror with various patterns of regular geometric shapes and subject to specific patterns, as it can be considered as Iranian-Islamic art. The historical context of Shiraz city has different buildings from different periods in its heart, among which the houses that are dated to the Qajar period have a special place. Among these, its mirror elements are significant. In the present article, the technical and decorative features of the mirror work of the Hall of Mirrors in the historical houses of Shiraz are discussed and its purpose is to recognize and introduce the technical and decorative features of the mirror elements. This research has been written in a descriptive and analytical way, and the method of collecting information from that library, field, and conversation with mirror professors has been through direct research and observation. The most important research question is: What are the technical and decorative features of mirror work in the architecture of the Mirror Hall of Shiraz Historical Houses and how many categories are it divided into? The results of this study show that the mirroring techniques presented on the body of the ceiling and walls with silver, mercury, lead and cup mirrors along with colored glass, cloud and wind paper and calligraphy, gold leaf and washer have been used and can be used in general. In twelve groups, including gypsum mirror techniques; Flat mirror work; Prominent mirror work; Diamonds; Engraving; Scratch; Convex and lattice volume; Two by three; Belt and use; Serialization; He put the painting behind the mirror and the painting on the mirror. The sum of the patterns can be divided into five general groups: geometric patterns including framing and knots; Plant motifs; Natural and animal landscapes; Inscription; Playing objects. Keywords: Shiraz Qajar Houses, Mirror Hall, Mirror, Mirror Techniques, Decorative Feature.

Museums are cultural foundations that display the cultural characteristics of different nations collectively. Museums have different types from a thematic and structural point of view, with archeological and anthropological museums in the first group and historical buildings museums in the second group. Historical building museums are created by restoring and changing the use of traditional buildings that one of the ways to bring traditional buildings into the life cycle is to use and protect them. Mazandaran is one of the historical provinces of Iran where several historical houses and museums have been built. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the functional challenges facing the museum of historical houses in Mazandaran. In the present study, three museums have been selected as a case study: The museum of the handicrafts of Sari, the Historical museum of Amol, and the museum of the Ganjineh of Babol. Data collection was done by documentary and field studies. Field studies in this research have been done by designing and distributing a researcher-made questionnaire and collecting the views of experts in the fields of architecture and archeology. The variables and dimensions examined in the questionnaire are the areas of physical structure, protective structure, performance quality and ancillary facilities. SPSS statistical software was used for data processing and descriptive statistics and inferential tests were used for data analysis. The results show that the components of performance quality are in a more favorable condition, but according to their average level, this sector needs a fundamental upgrade. Also, all the criteria related to the physical structure index are in an unfavorable position that this indicates the incompatibility of the physical structure of historic buildings with the physical structure of standard museums. The reflection of these problems can be obtained from the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the audience and visitors of the museum. Therefore, the current situation should be improved by relevant institutions such as the Heritage Organization.