فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to calculate of Efficiency, effectiveness and Productivity of sports federations using data envelopment analysis (DEA). This research is applied in terms of objectives, and is descriptive in terms of data collection. Research methodology was performed by integration of inputs (Athletes, staff, budget, sports per capita, federation backgrounds), outputs (Development of community health, motivation to compete in society, creating a suitable moral model, strengthening human attitude to life, awareness) and to switch production (Public sports, championship sports, professional sports, breeding sports, sports education, sports research and sports events) to the performance (Efficiency, effectiveness and Productivity) by use of data envelopment analysis techniques, combined with the theory of the decision making. The statistical population consisted of all sports federations (52 federations) and the sample was defined as the 39 federation which worked as a sports field. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its content and face validity was confirmed and reliability by using Cronbach's alpha were calculated as 0/92. Required calculations using the software GAMS were done. Based on mathematical formulas, among the thirty-nine Federation under review, twenty Federations were efficient and the other was inefficient and only Golf Federation was effective and Productive. The results showed that the Federations which the ratio of their outputs to their inputs were greater are more efficient and more effective and has had productivity.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two modes of small sided games on the cortisol and testosterone levels in soccer players. In this semi-experimental study, 24 soccer players aged 15 to 18 years were selected and randomly divided into three groups included; control, 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 (n=8). Subjects of 2 vs.2 group performed eight two-minute activities with a one-minute rest on a 20-25m field without a goalkeeper. Subjects of 4 vs.4 group performed four four-minute activities on a 28-35m field without a goalkeeper with two-minute rest after every four minutes. Plasma levels of interleukin-15 and blood neutrophil counts were measured. Data were analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P <0.05. Cortisol and testosterone levels were significantly increased in post-training 2 vs 2 and 4 vs 4 in the small sided games compared to pre-exercise (p=0.001). testosterone levels were significantly higher in 2 vs 2 group than the 4 vs 4 group (p=0.031). Also, there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.999).It seems that playing in smaller sided and fewer players leads to an increase in the catabolic hormone environment during the recovery period.

Today, the movement of education-based universities towards entrepreneurial universities, with the idea of turning theory into practice and commercialization of knowledge, has led to the establishment of Incubator centers and science and technology parks. The aim of this research was to identify barriers to the relationship between the Faculty of physical education and sports of the country with growth centers and science and technology parks. The method of this research was qualitative in terms of data collection and the data were collected through interview and research background, Research community included head of the Faculty and faculty members of the School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences in Iran, Heads of Incubator and entrepreneurship centers at universities that have Faculty of Physical Education college, and other relevant authorities to investigate. Data analysis was conducted through three coding levels of open axial, and selective. The findings showed that the 8 main categories under the heading of structural weakness, normative weakness, weakness of facilities, educational weakness, lack of understanding of entrepreneurial capacities in underestimation of students of sports science, lack of attention to resources of opportunity and weakness Psychosocial attitude of students of sport sciences were identified as barriers to the relationship between science and sports college with The Incubation Centers and science and technology parks. That each of which is subdivided into other subsets. Therefore, it is suggested to the heads of universities and colleges of sport sciences to study these obstacles and plan a strategic plan to solve them in order to witness the flourishing of the ideas and innovations of the students of the field of science Sports and create employment for them, and we can use countless possibilities of this field to meet the needs of the community.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of joints caused by degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It is unknown whether different therapy exert differential cellular effects. On the other hand, Since OA may be associated with CVD and decrease Telomeres length. Telomeres protect chromosome ends and Integral for the maintenance of telomeres is the protein complex Shelterin. In this study, the effects of ozone (O3) and aerobic training were considered on Shelterin expression proteins in heart rats with knee OA. In this experimental study, knee OA was induced by surgical method in rats. Fifteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: knee OA control group (OA); OA plus exercise group (OAE) and OA plus O3 group (OAO). The aerobic training (treadmill; 16 m/min;50 min/day) started 4 weeks after the surgery, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Rats in the OAO group received O3 at the concentration of 20μg/ml, once weekly for 3 weeks. 48 hours after the programs, cartilage and heart tissues were isolated and expression of RAP1, TIN2 and TPP1 were considered using Western Blot. In OAE significantly increased the expression of RAP1 compared to the OA and OAO groups. But not difference between OA and OAO groups. In OAE group had significantly higher expression of TIN2 compared to the OAO and OAE, and no difference between OAE and OAO groups. Also, there was no significant difference in the expression of TPP1 and between three groups. Aerobic Exercise improved cardiac Shelterin proteins expression in OA rats, rather than the Ozone therapy groups.

The purpose of this study was to identify the financial barriers in professional sports. The methodology of this research was qualitative with the phenomenological approach and the required information was obtained, using documentary studies and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population was university professors with specialization in sports management, economics, and entrepreneurship, the sport's senior managers and career professionals, and senior managers of corporations and investment funds. The sampling method was non-random and purposeful. We continued interviews with experts to reach the theoretical saturation (20 interviews). Finally, 10 financing barriers were identified, as follows: inefficient economies, financial challenges, management challenges, legal & regulatory challenges, lack of transparency, statehood, Apolitisme, corruption, and challenges of attitudes and knowledge. We categorized the barriers in two main categories: functional barriers and fundamental barriers. According to the findings, it is possible to develop a desirable financing model for Iran's professional sport through planning and action in order to overcome these barriers.

Many studies have investigated the response of angiogenesis serum index to eccentric resistance training with blood flow restriction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the response of serum levels of fibroblast growth factor (TGFβ) and β - β (FGFβ) growth factor in eccentric resistance training with and without blood flow restriction in young males. 16 healthy males with a mean age of 22.6 ± 7.7 years were randomly selected and divided into two groups of resistance training with low and high intensity training. The exercise group without BFR resulted in the maximum executed 3-5 set of voluntary contraction intensive eccentric resistance exercise, 30, 15, 15, 15, 15 with 45 to 60 second rest interval at 70-80% maximum voluntary contraction, while low intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction did the exact previous exercise modality, but with an intensity 20-30% maximum voluntary contraction. The blood sample was taken before and after the exercise intervention from the brachial vein to measure the serum levels of TGF – β and FGF-2 in the with ELISA method. The collected Data analyzed using paired t statistical tests, one way analysis of variance with repeated measurements at P˂0. 05 significant levels. The results show that both resistance training sessions with and without BFR did not change TGF-β FGF-2 in active young men. According to the research findings, it seems that both resistance exercise interventions are not sufficient stimuli to induce enough to change in the stimulatory and inhibitory angiogenesis indicators.

The aim of this study was to investigate the leadership style of the servant in predicting athletic identity of the students in Islamic Azad University. 296 subjects participated in this study who 53.72% of them were male (N=159) and 46.28% of them were female (N=137). The mean age of the subjects was 22.85 years. Measuring instruments were included organizational servant leadership Revolution LOB and Sports identity. Linear regression indicated that servant leadership style could predict sports identity, monopoly, self-identity, negative impact, positive affect, internal components of sport identity and external components of sport identity (P≤0.05). On the other hand, servant leadership style could not predict the social identity of the students (P≥0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that physical education instructors in the universities consider sports identity as an important social structure. In addition, by discovering the dimensions that affect it, take significant steps in this regard and can result in more sports contribution in students.

The results of the studies indicated that strenuous acute exercise can lead to increased inflammatory indices, muscle injury and decreased performance in athletes. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that the nutritional intervention may diminish inflammation and muscle cell damage. Hence, the aim of this investigation was to study the acute effect of ginkgo biloba extract on creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, as muscle soreness markers, and C- reactive protein (CRP) after high intensity interval training (HIIT) in active girls. In a quasi-experimental study 24 active girls (mean age: 24.06±3.43 years; weight: 57.56±6.03 kg; height: 159.98±4.87 cm and body mass index: 22.51±2.41 kg/m2) randomly assigned into two Ginkgo biloba supplement and placebo groups. Subjects in supplement group consume 160 mg/day of ginkgo biloba extract daily for 3 weeks while the placebo group received the same amount of placebo. All subjects of both groups underwent in high intensity interval exercise RAST (including two sets of 6 repetitions of two fast running 35 meters and with a maximum intensity performed after the rest interval of 10 seconds in each repetition) after 3weeks of supplementation. Venous blood samples were collected for assessment of CK, LDH and CRP indices at four stages. Data was analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test at α ≤ 0.05. The results showed that the HIIT increased the levels of CK, LDH and CRP at the immediately and 24 hours after exercise in both placebo and supplement groups (p<0/05). Nevertheless, ginkgo biloba supplementation attenuated their increase of CK and CRP indicators following high intensity exercise compared to control groups (p<0/05). The results of this study indicated that ginkgo biloba supplementation can be effective in alleviates the inflammation and muscular damage by the HIIT in active girls.

Today, the sport and exercise are considered by most institutions, including media due to providing physical and mental health, enriching leisure time, expanding social relationships, moving away from machine life, returning to nature, increasing efficiency, preparing the ground for growth of championship sport, and recommendation of physicians in community. The purpose of this research was to identify audience's expectations of sport shows, measure their media literacy, and investigate the effect of media literacy on audiences' expectations of sports shows in the Khouzestan Broadcasting Center. The population consisted of all citizens in Ahvaz. According to Morgan table, the sample size was determined to be 384. 490 questionnaires were randomly distributed among different groups of people and finally, 400 questionnaires were collected. The research tools included two questionnaires: standard questionnaire for media literacy (six factors and 36 items) and a researcher-made questionnaire for identifying audiences' expectations (five factors and 35 items). The validity of research instrument was confirmed by 14 faculty members and media experts and the reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient for expectations (0.81) and media Literacy (0.89) questionnaires. The Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that there was a correlation between media literacy of participants and their expectations of sports shows of Khuzestan’s Broadcasting Center (P=0.001). Also, the linear regression analysis showed that the media literacy may explain 23% of changes in audience expectations of sport shows. Therefore, the sports show producers were recommended to produce shows in line with audience expectations and pay attention to their media literacy.

Aerobic training and berberine chloride both have antioxidant characteristics, therefore the present study aimed to evaluate the changes in lung tissue antioxidant enzymes after endurance training with the use of berberine chloride in diabetic vestibular rats. For this purpose, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-250 g were randomly divided into 5 groups including healthy control ,diabetic control group (with STZ injection), diabetic experimental group+physical Exercise, diabetic experimental group + berberine Intake (50 mg/kg), diabetic experimental group+physical exercise+berberine Intake. 24 hours after the last exercise session, the animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine and lung tissue was harvested to measure the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Paired t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data using SPSS software (version 22) with significant level α=0.05. The results showed that compare to control group, the level of CAT, SOD and GPX activity was significantly higher in all of the experimental groups (P=0.001). In comparison to the diabetic + training group and the diabetic + berbine group, the effects of intervention was significantly higher in the diabetic+training+berberine group. The final conclusion indicated that endurance training with berberin chloride consumption can cause a significant increase in the anti-oxidant enzyme activity in the lung tissue of diabetic rats.

The use of specialized research to gain economic viability is one of the most important issues in societies. This issue has led to this study aimed to identify and prioritize the strategies for commercialization of sport management knowledge using a combination of three-branch model and TOPSIS. The present study was a descriptive-analytical study that was carried out fieldwork. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts in the field of sports management who were experienced in the field of sports management knowledge and commercialization of knowledge. Based on snowball selection, 18 people were identified as the sample of the study. The research questionnaire included a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed as a strategy matrix based on TOPSIS. In order to identify the commercialization strategies of sport management knowledge, the theoretical foundations of the research as well as expert opinion were used. To this end, the researcher first identified a number of strategies by identifying earliest strategies available from the papers, then using the review of the team of experts to finalize these strategies. In this research, 12 strategies for the commercialization of sport management knowledge were identified and finalized. Topsoils method was used to select the best commercialization strategies for sport management knowledge. All data analysis process was performed using BT TopSis SoLver software. Based on the findings of the research, the development of a skilled professional system for evaluating university research projects and evaluating the potential of these projects is essential for commercializing the management knowledge of sports with the coefficient of 0.8197.

Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common problems in women of childbearing age that affects one's functioning in the family and society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with salvia officinalis extract on the changes of premenstrual syndrome symptoms in inactive women.This study was a field trial with 4 pre-test and post-test groups. 40 female students, aged 18-35 years, from Quds Azad University, who were identified through a premenstrual syndrome diagnostic questionnaire under the supervision of a physician, gynecologist, and met other inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into four groups ( Exercise, Exercise + Salvia, Salvia, and Placebo were divided. Exercise groups performed aerobic exercises for 8 weeks and three sessions per week. Drug groups received a 500 mg capsule of sage extract or placebo daily from day 21 of menstruation to day 5 of the next menstrual cycle. Data were collected by PMS questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (p≤0.05). There was a significant decrease in mood symptoms in the three groups of exercise, Exercise + salty and salty compared to the placebo group, but no significant difference was observed between them. (P = 0.001). Exercise and saliva + exercise significantly decreased the physical symptoms of PMS (p <0.05). Also, improvement of behavioral symptoms of PMS was observed only in the Exercise + Exercise + group (p <0.05).Aerobic exercise combined with salvia officinalis extract reduces symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, but salvia officinalis extract alone resulted in significant improvement in mood.

Brand building is the ultimate goal of the sport organizations and it is the duty of the sport managers to achieve this goal. The present study seeks to offer an applied model regarding of strategic perspectives of Sepahan Club’s brand building based on brand equity that has been carried out through proposing a data-based theory. The The sample population were 14 marketing experts and sports management university professors as well as the current and former managers of Sepahan Club who were selected based on a combination of theoretical sampling and snow ball methods to be subjected to deep and exploratory interviews. The interviews were continued till reaching theoretical saturation. The confirmation and verification of the findings were carried out through making use of knowledgeable individuals and various written resources, result transferability and the maximal and non-repetitive extraction data. Open, pivotal and selective encoding was employed to analyze the data. The study results indicated that there were identified and extracted 750 conceptual codes with 167 indicators and 37 main topics within the format of the following six-fold aspects: causal factors (4), background factors (4), central topics (10), strategies (9), intervening conditions (3) and outcomes (7)  Integration of the topics based on their interrelationships, revolving around the enhancement of Sepahan Club Brand’s strategic position, form a paradigmatic model that is taken as a brand equity elevation pattern. Strategies like institutionalization of Sepahan Club Strategic Management and strategic management of steel complex and the ministry of industry programs as the high-level documents as well as the absorption of financial resources will be followed by outcomes like sustainable income and the creation of Sepahan Club’s brand equity.

The aim of this research was to Identify and analyze of structural pathologies of Iran’s soccer premier league coaches. Current research was the descriptive kind of survey which has been conducted in quantitative and qualitative method. To obtain the goals of the research at first, with the use of qualitative approach, the comments relevant to structural pathologies of Iran’s soccer were extracted and then in quantitative section, structural equations model of Iran’s soccer premier league coaches’ were tested through the use of the researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative section included some coaches among Iran’s experienced expert ones, deans and specialists in sports management area familiar with soccer concepts (N=26). The number of 220 Iran’s soccer premier league coaches was the final sample of the research in part of quantitative survey. In order to analyze the data in quantitative section, descriptive statistics along with inferential statistics in the meaningful level of 0.05 was used. The findings in this research indicated the extraction of structural pathologies in six parts of the training committee, soccer federation management, clubs, soccer association, the league organization and at last unions and centers related to the coaches On the whole, the transparency of obligations and responsibilities, evaluating the function of coaches, scheduling to absorb, maintaining and promoting the coaches and other issues include pathologies which affect coaches’ activities directly that managers and people in charge of clubs should take fundamental steps towards preventing problems and removing them soon.