فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1400)

Due to the dramatic developments in the world arena, unfortunately, global crime is expanding, one of the most terrible of which is the phenomenon of "nuclear terrorism". What is important in this regard is how to deal with this phenomenon at various national and international levels, which is significant in the three dimensions of legislation, implementation and jurisprudence; However, in these dimensions, it has not been successful in achieving its effective suppression so far, and there is a possibility of widespread dangers.

 The access of international actors and emphatically terrorists to new technologies in the nuclear field, due to the lack of accurate and continuous control and monitoring, has unfortunately created challenges and threats to peace and security in the past and even in the future of the international community. In such a situation, no government has the ability to deal with the challenges and threats posed by organized crime and the ease of access to and use of weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons, in the commission of nuclear terrorism without international cooperation with other states and international organizations. Does not have an ally; Because, basically, such threats are carried out transnationally, and the mechanism for dealing with them makes the need for measures within the framework of national and international policies and strategies even more apparent.

Today, the main mechanism for preventing a nuclear catastrophe is the adoption and implementation of preventive and repressive strategies in the acquisition of any nuclear material or fissile material by criminal groups to build an indigenous nuclear weapon; However, in order to maximize nuclear terrorism, while dealing with it and blocking terrorist financing, effective measures must be taken by governments through a global consensus to achieve transparency in nuclear operations and the acceptance of IAEA safeguards.

If cyberspace is used as an environment for committing a crime, its constituent elements are the same elements of ordinary theft with their own characteristics. In this crime, the offender makes computer instructions, information, and data the primary target of the crime. There must be a connection between the material act and the perpetrator's mental state in order for the perpetrator to be found guilty. This article seeks to answer the main question that despite the common elements between the crime of theft in cyberspace and the physical environment and the lack of substantive difference between the two types of theft, whether the penalties imposed on natural or legal persons who commit Are they stealing cyber theft, is it commensurate with their attributed crime?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and the method of collecting information is from library-documentary studies.

The research findings indicate that there are many differences and similarities between the regulations of the two countries. In the French penal system, theft in cyberspace include "fraudulent entry into the system" and "unauthorized stay in the system." The first offense involves tangible illegal intrusion into all or part of the system, such as a program or multiple data, and the second offense is unauthorized staying in the system in chronological order after "unauthorized entry".

The transformation of the international legal system from state-centered to humanist has led to the increasing attention of the international community to human rights principles, and it is believed that some of these principles are jus cogens or customary international law and are beyond satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary for the domestic law of countries to comply with the requirements of these norms.In the process of observing the performance of the government by international observer bodies, one of the important criteria in assessing the human rights behavior of the government is the judgments of the courts that if they do not comply with international human rights principles, they will cause the government international responsibility.

The present study, assuming the existence of two authoritarian and human rights approaches among judges, intends to explain the characteristics of ideal judgement conform to human rights principles through an analytical-descriptive method.

Despite the high status of human rights principles in the international legal system and government’s liability for observing them, these norms are not considered in national courts in the litigation process and there is no effective planning to promote this approach in the judiciary. Whereas from the perspective of international human rights bodies and observers, the judgments of the courts are very important in evaluating the country's legal system, as a result, the above approach causes the country's judicial system not to have a proper position in the viewpoint of these observers and to face challenges to the country. The characteristics presented in this study reduce these challenges and align the approach of judges with the international human rights system.

The right not to be punished is one of the new rights in the relationship between citizens and the government. This right is not mentioned in any of the articles of the ECHR; however, an examination of the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights shows that this right has not gone unnoticed by judges. One of the manifestations of the recent right is the verdicts related to imprisonment. Thus, contrary to popular belief, the right not to be punished is not limited to the stage of sentencing and the prohibition of the imposition of dignified or earlier punishments and the principle that the punishment is minimal; beyond that, the right remains in place during the execution of the sentence.

The present study was conducted in terms of data collection by documentary method and study of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the obtained information was analyzed by descriptively-analytically method.

The present study has reached the conclusion that any imposition of disproportionate and unnecessary suffering and any illegal and irrational restriction of the basic rights of a prisoner offender during the execution of imprisonment in various physical and mental forms is a violation of this right. And is a guarantor for governments; because the transformation of a criminal human being into a static and aimless being is in conflict with the greatest goal of imprisonment, namely, rehabilitation and socialization of criminals.

Communities around the world are made up of groups with specific ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity. The crime of cultural anti-genocide includes destroying the culture of these groups. The crime of genocide is committed in accordance with the statute of the International Criminal Court with the intent to destroy all or part of a particular national, ethnic, racial or religious group. Ending discrimination against these groups requires that we support this diversity by promoting and enforcing human rights norms.

The present study is based on descriptive and analytical methods and based on library documents and sources, and in this regard, international regulations and Documents related to the crime of cultural genocide have been reviewed.

Findings and results of this study indicate that physical and biological measures are not the only way to destroy a group, but measures to cultural destruction of a group can be considered as cultural genocide. While a group may disappear without its members being killed. Cultural desegregation is the loss of the existential meaning of the culture of groups, and this through the total or partial destruction of groups and, in short, through the disappearance of tangible cultural heritage including books, art objects, religious monuments, cultural sites such as cities, schools, libraries, mosques , Churches, monasteries and other centers of worship and spiritual and intangible such as political and social institutions, language, art, literature, culture, spiritual traditions, customs, national feelings, religion and dignity of individuals belonging groups.

Since the last two decades and after the new government of Afghanistan in 2003, the issue of citizens' satisfaction with the police has received less attention from researchers in Afghanistan, and this issue has no previous literature. This study aims at investigating the level of satisfaction of Shiite citizens with the performance of the police in the sixth district of Kabul, Afghanistan.

The method of this research is survey and correlational type, and the descriptive statistical method was used to describe the data and Pearson correlation was used for the questions. The statistical population of this study consists of all Shiite citizens living in the sixth district of Kabul. Using the Cochran's formula, 114 people are estimated as the sample size from 1397-1399 and the tool used to analyze the data is SPSS program.

The results of the present study indicate that more than 75% of Shiite citizens feel very little satisfaction with the police. Factors such as gender, age, education, marriage, household status and ethnicity have little effect on the level of satisfaction of Shiite citizens and therefore there is no significant relationship between gender, age, education, ethnicity, household status and marital status and satisfaction.

show that there is a significant relationship between Shiite citizen and satisfaction with the police and the dissatisfaction of Shiites does not necessarily indicate the satisfaction of non-Shiites with the performance of the police and only explains the attitude of Shiites.

Registration offenses, especially forgery and fraud, regardless of the context in which they are committed, are behaviors that are criminalized in criminal law and the registration of documents and property. However, the existing criminal responses do not seem to be effective and need to be reviewed. Fraud and forgery of registration are among the common crimes of cyberspace and real space, which are committed through fraudulent means of registration and lead to the theft of another's property.

The present study is a descriptive and analytical comparative study.

In a comparative study of the Iranian legal system with the common law legal system, the difference in determining the material element of the crime of forgery in the two systems has sometimes caused in a country like Iran only the loss and change and construction of a forged crime. That in Britain and the United States it is enough to just make and change fraudulently, and the loss will not have the effect of punishing the crime of forgery. Therefore, in common law, the crime of forgery of potential harm and absolute crime is mentioned. Regarding the crime of fraud, the mere use of fraudulent tools and the intention of deception and fraud has been proven in Iranian law, while in common law, in addition to the wide scope of the crime of forgery, fraud is considered a subgroup and from the beginning cyberspace in He has criminalized next to the real space.

Terrorism in the past was very simple and its casualties were very small, but modern terrorism has caused widespread insecurity and destruction by the use of weapons of mass destruction and modern technology. In any country, the police are the first layer to deal with and combat terrorist operations, responsible for maintaining order and security, ensuring public and individual well-being, and decisive and continuous fight against any sabotage, terrorism, It is the insurgency and the factors and movements that are detrimental to the security of the country. This study aimed to identify and investigate the effective aspects of countering terrorism by law enforcement.

This is a descriptive, mixed and descriptive study after collecting basic information through documentary study, library and questionnaire from the statistical population. Thirty faculty of Amin University of Medical Sciences and 30 faculty members and executives of Greater Tehran Police Command were selected on the basis of theoretical saturation principle and selected by purposeful sampling method. Quantitative data were also analyzed using multiple regression model.

The results of the interviews and questionnaires on identifying the dimensions and components of counter-terrorism law enforcement revealed 4 dimensions and 20 components, of which "information gathering" had the highest component and "protection of places" had the least component. Is.

the results of this study show that the most impacts are in terms of variables such as information gathering, staff training, operational measures and protection of facilities against police terrorism. That is, by upgrading one unit of the model variables respectively: information gathering variables (0.275 units), staff training (0.260 units), operational measures (0.245 units), protection of places (220 units), and the greatest impact on countering terrorism with law enforcement. There will be some suggestions on how to tackle law enforcement terrorism.

The emergence and prevalence of new psychotropic substances that are not on the list of 1961 and 1971 Drugs and Psychotropic Conventions has become a new challenge for governments to combat their production, sale and consumption. Different countries have defined the legal status of some new psychotropic substances in their domestic laws. This study provides an overview of the new psychotropic control laws adopted in different countries.

This research was carried out by using descriptive library and systematic review in the period 1980 to 2019 (1358 to 1398) This study included all articles published in Cochrane database systematic electronic databases, Google Scholar, Em base, Medline, Scopus, reviews,

In recent decades, three UN conventions have been considered as the basis of commitments and international cooperation of member states. Despite the establishment of an early warning system at the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, no international consensus has been reached on the legal control of new psychotropic substances. The type of these substances vary in different countries. Legislative bodies of different countries have determined the legal conditions of new types of psychotropic substances in their country by creating special legal lists, group control, analog control and temporary control.

Despite the creation of new laws against new psychotropic substances in most developed and developing countries, it is necessary due to the increasing number of new psychotropic substances and the risk of their abuse, Iran is also one of the methods of legal control of new psychotropic substances