مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 5 (پیاپی 118، آذر و دی 1400)

Emerging Covid-19 disease has been described as an occupational disease especially for healthcare professionals.  The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors affecting the prevalence of Covid-19 disease in healthcare workers (HCWs).

In this review study, indexed studies from December 2019 to January 2021 with the keywords such as Covid-19, Coronavirus, Healthcare and Risk Factor were searched in the electronic databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Based on the search results 22 studies were included in the study.

The risk factors for the outbreak of this disease among HCWs can be divided into 5 groups, including psychological, underlying, occupational, social and disease transmission risk factors.  HCWs, as a high-risk group, in direct or indirect exposure to patients or infectious substances, they have a large share in transmitting the disease to others. For example, the probability of transmission from physicians to family members is 20.8% and to others is estimated at 25%. An important factor in the transmission of the disease is distance. Distances <20 cm in routine examinations and <5 cm in detailed examinations by physicians provide the potential for high transmission of the disease to ophthalmologists. Age, lack of hand care, comorbidities and autoimmunity, poor sleep quality, work stress, lack of PPE, workload and close contact to COVID-19 disease have been identified as risk factors for the transmission the disease.

HCWs, can by observing health tips and educating patients, will play an important role in controlling COVID-19 disease.

An increasing number of universities around the world have postponed or canceled their teaching activities due to growing concerns about the Covid 19 epidemic. Preventive measures following the Covid Crisis 19 endanger the mental health and psychosocial function of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and psychological well-being and students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences during the Covid 19 pandemic.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 126 students in 1399-1400 through available and online sampling. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, Reef Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Blinges-Whames coping styles. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24), descriptive tests, independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson and linear regression.

The mean score of psychological well-being of the students participating in the study was 78/5± 81/67   &4/79% had high psychological well-being. The mean score of problem-oriented coping strategies of the students participating in the study was 04/3± 55/15and emotion-oriented strategies were 91/5± 43/18.There was no significant relationship between the mean total score of coping strategies and psychological well-being (0/05<p).The results of the study showed that students with older age, higher academic year and students with internship unit used more problem-oriented coping style in dealing with stress caused by Covid19.‌The results of regression analysis test showed that the variables of age, year and field of study among the predictor variables had significant predictive power for the emotion-oriented coping strategy variable.

Due to the crisis caused by covid19 and its impact on mental health, it is suggested that administrators and educational planners,‌by holding workshops and counseling sessions for students, promote problem-based coping strategies in students.

The use of nanoparticles in biomedical research have been increasingly developed in recent years. One of the applications of nanotechnology is the use of compounds such as hydrogels, micelles, nanoliposomes, nanofibers and niosomes as a delivery system to treat cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ant antitumor effect of the caffeine-loaded niosomes on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.

The thin film hydrate on method was used to prepare caffeine-loaded niosomes. Certain amounts of surfactant, caffeine and cholesterol were dissolved in ethanol. Rotary evaporation was used to remove solvent from reaction mixture. Sample was dissolved in the phosphate buffer and homogenized with sonicator. The average diameters of caffeine-loaded niosomes were measured using a Zetasizer Nano system.  Finally, the cytotoxicity effect was evaluated by MTT assay.

The treatment of breast cancer cells with different concentrations of nano-sized drug and free drug showed that the nanoparticles had the ability to inhibit the MCF7 proliferation more than free drug. 0.25 mg/ml of niosomal drug had a greater effect on reducing of cancer cells viability.

Vesicular nanoparticles are complex systems with some advantages and disadvantages which sets these delivery systems apart from other colloid system. Vesicular nanoparticle is being developed as new drug delivery system for cancer treatment.

Fibroblasts are involved in production of growth factors which are effective on cells’ growth and differentiation. They are the most adaptable cells in connective tissue with significant capacity for differentiation to the other cell group. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in differentiation and growth of different cell lines. Silibinin is extracted from seeds of Silybum marianum, which it's effects in cancer cell lines, have been studied in limited studies. In this study we evaluated the silibinin effect on viability and IGF-1 gene expression in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF).

The cytotoxic effect of 10, 20, 40 & 60 µM solution of silibinin was evaluated on HFF cells using MTT assay, after 24 & 48 hours. Then, the expression of IGF-1 gene was evaluated by means of real time-PCR.

Silibinin had toxic effect on HFF cells in dose-dependent manner after 24 hours of incubation in comparison with control group but no significant difference observed after 48 hours. Besides, after 24 hours of incubation, silibinin with a concentration of 20-40-60 µM significantly increased the IGF-1 gene expression in fibroblast cells in comparison with control group.

Based on the results, silibinin significantly induces IGF-1 gene expression in dose dependent manner after 24 hours incubation with HFF cells. However, in cytotoxicity assay, concentration of 60 µM caused the highest rate of cell death after 24 hours. So, before introduction of this compound as a fibroblasts proliferation stimulant, more extensive studies are needed.

Increasing the expression of FOXO1 gen in hippocampus as well as inflammatory factor of TNF-α in diabetic individual's causes the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and disrupts its performance. The aim of the present study was investigation of the effect of 6-weeks HIIT on FOXO1 gene expression in the hippocampus and level of serum TNF-α in male Wistar diabetic rats.

For this study, 48 male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) with 150±10 g weight were categorized in 4 groups of (n=12): diabetic rats, exercise diabetic, control and exercise control. For induction of diabetes, peritoneal injection of STZ solution (50 mg/kg) was used. After a week of familiarization with the environment and practice, HIIT protocol consisted of 3 days per week for 6 weeks with 50% to 110% of maximum oxygen consumption was performed. 24 hours after the completion of the exercise, the functional test was taken and the animals were autopsy 48 hours after the functional test. FOXO1 gene expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR technique.

Regarding the results, HIIT significantly decreased FOXO1 gene expression in training groups (P≤0.01). Also, TNF-α protein decreased significantly (P≤0/05). Weight gain of the hippocampus was associated with a reduction in the FOXO1 gene in the diabetic training group.

HIIT probably reduce the weight loss of the hippocampal tissue that caused by diabetes, by reducing the FOXO1 apoptotic and inflammatory factors of TNF-α.

Objectives Worry is a fundamental cognitive component of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). GAD is a chronic disorder. However, few studies have been conducted on the etiologic variables of this disorder. The present study sought to investigate the effectiveness of Dugas’ cognitive therapy on Intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive avoidance, and positive beliefs about worry.

This study was a semi-experimental study with control group. The statistical population included all people with GAD referred to Isfahan counseling centers. The statistical sample of the study was 30 people who were selected by convenient sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental group (15) and the control group (15). Diagnosis of GAD was performed based on a structured clinical interview with DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) and clinical diagnosis. For measuring pre-test, post-test and follow-up, the questionnaire of intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive avoidance questionnaire, and why-worry questionnaire were used. The intervention was completed in the form of 12 sessions of 90 minutes. To analyze the data, repeated variance analysis (mixed) was used.

The results showed that Dugas’ cognitive therapy significantly reduced the mean scores of GAD symptoms in the experimental group compared to the control group.

The findings of this research indicate that Dugas’ cognitive therapy has had a positive effect on the intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive avoidance and positive beliefs about worry and reduced symptoms (P<0/05). This treatment can be one of the effective ways to reduce the symptoms of GAD along with other drug interventions.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and of the most important cause of infectious diseases. The prevalence of these infections, as well as the increase of antibiotic-resistant species, has become a solicitous issue. Using nanoparticles to combat bacterial infections can replace antibiotics. In this study, the antibacterial properties of doped silver nanoparticles on Iron oxide nanocrystal on isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria from nosocomial infection was studied.

Firstly, Nanoparticles were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method and were prepared at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm to determine bactericidal properties. The effect of nanoparticles on isolated and standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis at 24, 48 and 72 hours were investigated by microplate titer. Data were analyzed by SPSS -18 software at a 0.01 margin of error.

The results showed that time, bacterial type and concentration factors had a significant effect on the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis, though the concentration and type of bacterial variables had more significant effects. The most antibacterial effect of doped silver nanoparticles on iron oxide nanocrystals was at 100ppm concentration over a 48-hour time on standard isolate.

Doped Silver nanoparticles on Iron nanocrystals affect the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and reduce its growth rate. This effect, in comparison to the effects of silver nanoparticles in a single state, which has already been investigated by researchers, is far more advanced and the combination of Metal nanoparticles together cause to improve their effectiveness.

Migraines in women are an important health issue. The purpose of this study was to compare pain-related anxiety, pain self-efficacy and coping strategies in women with migraine headache and normal.

This research was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study was all women with migraine headache and all healthy women in Kermanshah province. 30 migraine headache patients referred to psychiatric and neurological clinics in Kermanshah province were selected by convenience sampling method. 30 healthy subjects were selected based on their (age, level of education and status Socioeconomics) were chosen and questionnaires anxiety associated with pain, pain self-efficacy and coping strategies responded. The collected data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results showed that women with migraine headache had a significant difference in mean scores of cognitive, escape-avoidance, fear and physiological, self-efficacy, problem-oriented coping and emotional coping with normal group (P<0/001(.

Considering the difference between women with migraine in the mean of cognitive scores, escape-avoidance, fear and physiological self-efficacy, problem-oriented coping and emotional coping, the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy and teaching coping strategies and stress management in the form of workshops as supplementary therapies.

Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that is increasingly globalized. Many studies are currently focused on the anti-hyperglycemic effects of safe and harmful herbal products including cinnamon. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cinnamon on blood glucose, HbA1C, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients because of inconsistency in the results of previous studies.

This double blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 69 male and female diabetic patients with mean fasting blood glucose level of 202.16 ± 44.30 in Zahedan, Iran. Subjects were divided into three groups (two groups receiving cinnamon recipients with doses of 2 and 4 g and control group). Subjects received 4 capsules daily for 12 weeks. After 8 hours of fasting, blood samples were taken at the beginning of the intervention and weeks 4, 8 and 12 were measured to measure fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance and HbA1c. One-way ANOVA and Repeated Measurement and SPSS software were used to analyze the data.

At the end of week 8 and 12, a statistically significant decrease in mean fasting blood glucose, HbA1C and insulin resistance was observed in the experimental groups (Cinnamon 2 and 4 g daily) compared to the control group (P <0.001). Also at the end of week 12, the glucose and HbA1C variables were significantly different between the two experimental groups receiving cinnamon (P <0.001).

Long-term consumption of high-dose cinnamon is effective as a low-risk supplement for controlling blood glucose and improving the health of people with diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. The 10-year risk assessment of this illness is an essential step in managing future illness. This study aimed to compare Framingham Risk Score and Globorisk cardiovascular disease prediction models in the next ten years.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using Mashhad's Electronic Health Record data with total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, smoking, blood pressure, and diabetes. The study population was people aged 30 years and older, with a sample of 161,828 people. T-test and chi-square tests were used to determine the relationship of dependence between the variables, and P-value less than 0.05 was considered.

The participants included 74.1% females. According to the Globorisk model, 67.2% of females and 79.9% of males were in the low-risk group, while in the Framingham model, this rate was 48.5% and 54.9%, respectively, in females and males. According to the Globorisk and Framingham model, 66.2% and 34.1% of people 70 years and older were high-risk. Both models also showed that people with diabetes and smokers are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease in the next ten years.

Considering the increased cardiovascular risk, it is necessary to use the capabilities of these models to assess the risk of disease in the next ten years and take measures to improve the community's general health and prevent cardiovascular events.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise and Anvillea garcinii extract on sex hormones in male rats with hyperlipidemia.

35 male wistar rats randomly divided into five groups (n=7 for each group), including: 1) control group (Con), 2) hypercholesterolemia (Hc), 3) Anvillea garcinii extract (Ext; 100 mg / kg), 4) training group (E), 5) Extract-exercise (E-Ext). Exercise was performed for eight weeks, 30 minutes and three sessions per week equivalent to a speed of 14-17 m / min.  Levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay and hormone kits. ANOVA test was used to determine the differences between groups.

The results showed a significant difference between the levels of FSH, LH, Prolactin and Testosterone between the groups. The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that FSH, LH and Testosterone levels between E-Ext and Hc groups (p = 0.000) (p = 0.001) (p = 0.001), Ext (p = 0.000) (P = 0.000) (p = 0.008) and E (p = 0.000) (p = 0.011) (p = 0.015) and Prolactin level between E-Ext groups with Hc (0.015). There was a significant difference between Ext (p = 0.046) and E (p = 0.012). The results showed all sexual hormones except Prolactin increased in the E-Ext group compared to the Hc group.

Consumption of plant extracts along with exercise can have positive effects on sex hormones.

Leishmania (L.) infantum is the etiologic cause of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Efficient vaccines and diagnosis methods are required to control leishmaniasis. The aim of this study is produce and optimize monoclonal antibodies against promastigotes forms of L. infantum antigen.

The mice were vaccinated with the L. infantum antigen and their antibody titers were determined by the ELISA method. Spleen cells of the most immune mouse were fused with SP2/0 in the presence of Poly Ethylene Glycol.The effect of supernatant of SP2/0 and mice peritoneum macrophage cells culture (SSMCC) on hybridoma cell proliferation was studied.

Among the 12 fusion, a total of 26 monoclonal were positive.12 of which had acceptable optical absorbance in OD 450 nm. Finally, 4 clones, designated as 8D2 FVI6, 8D2 FVI3, 6G2 FV4 and 6G2 FV3. From these hybrids, anti-promastigotes L. infantum monoclonal antibodies were obtained. SSMCC was shown to play a key role in hybridoma proliferation and of mAb production. It seemed that SSMCC is rich of growth factors.

It seems in the near future, this SCCSM can be used as a growth factor for cancerous and non-cancerous cells in research centers at a wider level.

Contemporary scholars believe that critical thinking provides the learner with the ability to understand and evaluate new knowledge, which relates to a variety of extrinsic factors, including academic self-concept and classroom structure. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic self-concept and classroom structure with critical thinking in medical students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The population of this study included all medical students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2018-19 was 250 people. A total of 148 people were selected by systematic random sampling. The required data were collected using standard questionnaires of critical thinking, academic Self-Concept and Classroom Structure. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis with SPSS20.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of academic self-concept and critical thinking (r = 0.519; p≤0.001) and this variable explains 25.4% of changes in students' critical thinking. Also, the research findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of class structure and critical thinking (r = 0.628; p≤0.001) and this variable is able to explain 22.4% of changes in students' critical thinking.

Academic self-concept and classroom structure play a role in the development of students 'critical thinking, and can lead to students' academic success. Thus, with increasing levels of academic self-concept and improve the structure of the classroom can provide them develop critical thinking.

Impulsivity is one of the problems that can worsen the behavioral problems of adolescents with behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of family mode deactivation treatment, cognitive-behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on the emotional impulsivity of adolescent female with behavioral problems.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follows up design with a control group. The statistical population included the mothers of 120 adolescent girls aged 14-18 years with behavioral problems, in Isfahan, Iran in 2019. Among them, 60 people were selected using the available sampling method and then randomly assigned in three experimental groups and a control group (15 people for each group). The research instrument was Barrat Emotional Impulsivity Questionnaire. The participants of experimental groups trained in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results indicated that, there is a significant difference between family mode deactivation treatment, cognitive-behavior therapy and acceptance-commitment therapy and the control group in emotional impulsivity (P <0.01), but there was no significant difference between the three treatments in reducing impulsivity (P <0.05).

Overall, the findings of this study showed that family mode deactivation treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy are among treatments that can reduce impulsivity in adolescent female with behavioral problems.

Cannabis is psychoactive substance that is abused by millions of people the world. Due to the high consumption of this substance among young people of reproductive age, the present study was performed to investigate the effect of cannabis on the growth of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells(msc) derived from rats.

In this experimental study, msc were extracted from the endometrium of rats and after culturing and confirming the mesenchymal nature of the cells by flowcytometry and by expressingCD34 and CD90 and not expressingCD105 markers,in the third passage of cell culture, the effects of cannabis in concentration of100and1000ng/ml were calculated on the growth of these cells within1to8days and the results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tuki tests.

Cells isolated from the endometrium adhered to the floor of the cell culture flask24hours after transfer. The mesenchymal nature of these cells was confirmed by the expression of CD90, CD105and non-expression of CD34markers.The results ofcell counts also showed the growth of cells treated with cannabis until the third day of treatment similar to the control group. From the fourth day in the treatment group with a dose of100ng/ml cannabis increased significantly top<0.05and in the treatment group with a dose of1000ng/ml. Third, there was significant decrease compared to the control group and from the fourth day, significant increase was observed atp<0.05.

The results showed that the cells isolated from the endometrium were of the msc, and that cannabis probably stimulated the growth of these cells through cannabinoid receptors.