نشریه سلامت اجتماعی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پاییز 1400)

One of the indicators of mental health is life satisfaction, and the individual'sattitude toward life satisfaction is the general assessment of the whole of his life or some aspects of life suchas family life and educational experience. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship betweenemotional intelligence, successful intelligence, moral intelligence, and cultural intelligence, and lifesatisfaction with mental health mediation.

This descriptive-correlational study was a path analysis. The statistical populationconsisted of all students of Tonekabon Azad University in the academic year 2019-2020 who were selectedby non-random sampling method and available to 200 students. Data were collected using a life satisfactionscale, unaffiliated culture intelligence test, emotional intelligence test, successful intelligence questionnaire,moral intelligence questionnaire, cultural intelligence questionnaire, and general health questionnaire. Dataanalysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software using path analysis method.

The mean (SD) age of male students was 27.7 (6.9), and female students were 25.8 (6.5) years.With increasing emotional intelligence with an average (SD) of 3.0 (0.4), moral intelligence withan average(SD) (0.5) 3.9, successful intelligence with mean (SD) (0.5) 6.6, cultural intelligence increased with an mean(SD) of 2.6 (0.6), life satisfaction with mean (SD) 1.0 (0.6) (P<0.01). With the increase of emotionalintelligence, moral intelligence, successful intelligence, and cultural intelligence, mental health improvedwith a mean (SD) of 2.9 (0.5), where lower scores of mental health meant higher mental health level,(P<0.01). Also, with increasing mental health, life satisfaction decreased (low scores in mental health meanhigher mental health) (P<0.01). Mental health has a mediating role in the relationship between emotionalintelligence, moral intelligence, successful intelligence, and cultural intelligence with life satisfaction(P<0.01).

The study showed that with increasing emotional intelligence, moral intelligence, successfulintelligence, and cultural intelligence, life satisfaction increased. With increasing emotional intelligence,moral intelligence, successful intelligence, and cultural intelligence, mental health status improved. Also, lifesatisfaction decreased with increasing mental health. Mental health played a mediating role in therelationship between emotional intelligence, moral intelligence, successful intelligence, and culturalintelligence and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction increased with the direct effect of emotional intelligence,moral intelligence, successful intelligence, and cultural intelligence on mental health.

Patients' psychological characteristics can affect how they deal with cardiovascular problems, and any intervention that can improve their mental state will lead to a better response to the disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy on resilience among patients with cardiovascular diseases.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design, including two experimental groups and an unbalanced control group. Participants included 45 patients with cardiovascular diseases who were referred to the Nuclear Medicine Center for diagnostic examinations and cardiac scans in 2017 in Tehran. Participants were selected via convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three groups, each including 15 participants: the commitment training group, schema therapy training group, and the control group. Data were collected via Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire. After performing the pretest for all three groups, the experimental groups underwent therapeutic intervention in 12 sessions using the commitment and acceptance therapy protocol and the schema therapy protocol in 10 sessions. After the intervention, a posttest was performed in all three groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 statistical using descriptive tests and multivariate analysis of covariance.

Among the participants in the study in the schema therapy group, 9 (60%) were female, and 6 (40%) were male, in the treatment group based on commitment and acceptance, 8 (53%) were female, and 7 (47%) were male. In the control group, 5 (33%) were female, and 10 (67%) were male. In the schema therapy experimental group, the mean (SD) resilience score in the pretest increased from 43.8 (20.4) to 58.5 (23.9) in the posttest (P=0.003). In the experimental group based on commitment and acceptance treatment, the mean (SD) resilience score increased from 43.7 (20.3) in the pretest to 84.5 (22.8) in the posttest (P=0.002). No significant changes were seen in the control group.

The study showed that both commitment and acceptance therapy interventions and schema therapy training effectively increased resilience of individuals with cardiovascular problems, but the effectiveness of commitment and acceptance therapy was more significant than schema therapy education.

Hearing is one of the essentialsensory abilities of humans that play a significant role in adapting a person to the environment. Disruption of this sense can cause problems for the individual, including psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between attachment styles, psychological capital and depression among patients with hearing impairment by mediating primary maladaptive schemas.

This descriptive correlation and structural equation modelling study was conducted with 305patients with hearing impairments with active files in the Deaf Center of Rasht city affiliated to the Welfare Organization of Guilan Province, who were selected by simple random sampling method. Data collection tools were the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, the short version of Early maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Parents 'and Peers' Attachment Scale. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient method and structural equation model using SPSS software version 22 and Lisrel software version 8.80.

The coefficient of correlation of the initial maladaptive schema with depression was 0.784 (r=0.784): increased score of the initial maladaptive schema with a mean (SD) of 3.15 (0.46)was associated with an increased depression score with a mean (SD) of 2.54 (0.55). The correlation coefficient of attachment styles with depression was -0.322 (r=-0.232): increased attachment styles score with a mean (SD) of 2.75 (0.40) was associated with a decreased depression score with a mean (SD) of 2.54 (0.55). The correlation coefficient of psychological capital with depression was -0.415 (r=-0.1515): increased psychological capital score with a mean (SD) of 2.49 (0.88) was associated with a decreased depression score with a mean (SD) of 2.54 (0.55). The direct effect of attachment styles with depression is -0.38. The indirect effect in the presence of the mediating variable of the initially incompatible schemas is -0.538. Also, the direct effect of psychological capital with depression is -0.41. The indirect effect in the presence of the mediating variable of the initially incompatible schemas was -0.71. The effect of attachment styles and psychological capitals on reducing depression increased by reducing the score of maladaptive schemas.

The study showed that with increasing attachment styles and psychological capital, depression decreased, and maladaptive schemas had a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological capital with depression and increased this effect

Oppositional defiant disorder is one of the behavioral disorders, the most significant manifestation of which is the sustained pattern of repetitive behavior of negativity, stubbornness, disobedience, and hostility to the manifestations of power, which causes significant clinical disruption in academic, social and occupational functioning. The aim of thisstudy was to determine the effectiveness of play therapy on exogenous problems among children with oppositional defiant disorder.

The present study was of applied and semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group.The statistical population of this study included all children with oppositional defiant disorder in Babol in 2019, among whom 60 were selected purposefully and using random sampling method and categorized in two groups of play therapy and control group, each group received 30 people. Data were collected using child behavioral problems questionnaire in three periods of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Play therapy was performed in ten two-hour weekly sessions for the experimental group. Inferential analysis, univariate analysis of covariance was used via SPSS software version 22. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of externalizing problems decreased from 40.6 (2.5) in pre-test to 24.6 (2.1) in post-test, and 25.6 (2.5) in the follow-up (P<0.001). However, in the control group, the mean (SD) of externalizing problems increased from 39.4 (1.9) in pre-test to 39.3 (2.1) in post-test, and 39.4 (0.2) in follow-up, which was not significantly different.

The study showed that play therapy reduced exogenous problems among children with oppositional defiant disorder. This treatment can be used to improve psychological problems in children with oppositional defiant disorder.

Obesity is among significant public health problems globally that is one of the most critical risk factors for physicaland mental diseases. Early maladaptive schemas include psychological components that play essential roles in weight loss among overweight and obese women. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on early maladaptive schemas of women with obesity.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women with obesity who were referredto psychology clinics in Tehran in 2019. Sixty patients were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control, each including 30 participants. The experimental group received transcranial direct current stimulation intervention in 10 sessions. Before and after the intervention both groups completed the early maladaptive schema questionnaire. Data were analyzed by covariance test using SPSS software version 22.

The mean age of participants inthe experimental group was 32.7 (4.5) and in the control group 33.6 (4.9).The mean (SD) of early maladaptive schemas in the experimental group was 310.3(19.7) in the pre-test, which decreased to 234.1 (18.1) in post-test (P<0.001) and in the follow-up 233.9 (17.4). However, the mean (SD) of the control group in the pre-test was 310.9 (21.8), which reached 310.8 (20.2) in the post-test, which was not statistically significant and was 310.1 (20.8) in the follow-up.

The study showed that direct current electrical stimulation of the cranial wall improved the initial maladaptive schemas of obese women

Overweight and obesity are associated with many psychological symptoms. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral group therapy on self-esteem, resilience, and emotion regulation among women with obesity in Amol

The method of this research was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and two-month follow-up-period with the control group. 75 women with obesity who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to three equal groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Acceptance and commitment group therapy sessions and cognitive-behavioral group therapy sessions were held once a week in twelve 90-minute sessions. The instruments used in this study were a self-esteem questionnaire, a resilience questionnaire and the short-form emotion regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of participants in the acceptance and commitment therapy group was (6.6) 38.9, in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group (6.2) 37.7, and in the control group (6.5) 38.4 years. In the acceptance and commitment treatment group, the mean (SD) of self-worth increased from (4.4) 138 in the pre-test to (5.3) 149.5 in the post-test and (4.8) 149.9 increased in the follow-up stage (P <0.001) and in the group of cognitive-behavioral therapy from (5.3) 138.1 in the pre-test to (5.4) 143.9 post-test and (5.2) 143.5 increased in the follow-up stage (P<0.001), but in the control group from (4.5) 137.8 in the pre-test to (4.5) 139.3 post-test and (3.4) 139.2 in the follow-up stage, the difference was not significant. In the acceptance and commitment treatment group, the mean (SD) of resilience increased from (4.7) 65.7 in the pre-test to (4.9) 74.7 in the post-test and (5.1) 74.4 in the follow-up stage it increased (P<0.001) and in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group from(4.7) 65.9 in the pre-test to (4.5) 72.8 post-test and (4.3) 73.6 increased in the follow-up stage (P<0.001) but in the control group from (4.6) 65.8 in the pre-test to (4.7) 67.7 post-test and (4.7) 67.8 at the follow-up stage, the difference was not significant. In the acceptance and commitment therapy group, the mean (SD) of emotion regulation increased from (4.7) 26.9 in the pre-test to (4.9) 34.7 in the post-test and (4.9) 33.7 in the follow-up stage increased (P<0.001) and in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group from (2.5) 27.1 in the pre-test to (5.3) 33 post-test and (5.3) 32.3 in the stage follow-up increased (P<0.001) but in thecontrol group from (5.7) 26.8 in the pre-test to (5.7) 28.6 post-test and (5.3) 28.4 in the follow-up stage. It turned out that the difference was not significant. The findings confirmed that acceptance and commitment-based group therapy was significantlymore effective than cognitive-behavioral group therapy on self-worth (p=0.002). However, for resilience (p=0.418) and emotion regulation (p=0.152), no significant difference had been found.

The study showed that acceptance-based therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy increase self-esteem, resilience, and emotion regulation in obese women. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of resilience and emotion regulation. However, acceptance and commitment therapy had a more significant effect than cognitive-behavioral therapy in terms of self-esteem.

Self-differentiation, self-discrepancy, and bullying in school are among problematic behaviors in adolescence that need efficacy and appropriate interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching the basics of choice theory on self-differentiation, self-disintegration, and victimization of bullying in high school adolescents.

The research method in the present study was experimental with a pre-test post-test design with a control group and quarterly follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all high school students in Rasht in the academic year 2018-19, which according to the Statistics Center of the Department of Education at that time, included 52208 people. The research sample consisted of 60 high school students selected in the first stage by cluster random sampling method and in the second stage by stratified random sampling. This number was randomly divided into two groups of 30 and then selected by lot as the experimental group and the control group. Data were obtained using self-differentiation questionnaire (DSI), self-dissociation questionnaire, and bullying questionnaire in Oleus school. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. In addition, all stages of the research were performed with SPSS software.

The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 16.5 (4.7), and in the control group was 16.6 (4.1) years. The mean (SD) of self-differentiation of the experimental group in the pre-test (24.9) was 111.8, which increased to 140.1 (29.7) in the post-test (P<0.001), but the mean (SD) of the control group in the pre-test (21.9) was 112.5 which in the post-test reached 113.9 (22.5) which was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) of the real-ideal self-discrepancy of the experimental group in the pre-test was 10.2 (2.2), which decreased to 6.6 (2.2) in the post-test (P<0.001), but the mean (SD) of the control group in the pre-test was 8.5 (3.5) which in the post-test reached 7.9 (3.5) which was not statistically significant.The mean (SD) of real self-discrepancy in the experimental group was 10.6 (2.2) in the pre-test, which decreased to 6.7 (2.1) in the post-test (P<0.001), but the mean (SD) of the control group in the pre-test was 10.2 (1.4), which reached 9.7 (1.4) in thepost-test, which was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) of victimization in the experimental group was 13.6 in the pre-test, which decreased to 9.9 (2.2) in the post-test (P<0.001), but the mean (SD) of the control group in the pre-test was 13.3(2.3) which in the post-test reached 13.1 (1.8) which was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) of bullying in the experimental group in the pre-test was 14.7 (2.1), which in the post-test decreased to 11.3 (1.8) (P <0.001) but the mean (SD) in thecontrol group in the pre-test it was 14.9 (2.3) and in the post-test it reached 14.8 (2.2) which was not statistically significant.

It can be concluded that teaching the basics of the choice theory was effective on self-differentiation, self-disintegration, and victimization of bullying in high school adolescents.

Diabetes is one of the most common and costly chronic diseases that causes many limitations to the patients’ activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety, metabolic control, and quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of people with type 2 diabetes in Tehran Diabetes Association, whowasreferred to this association in 2019. A total of 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 30 people. The experimental group received cognitive-behavioral therapy in eight sessions of 90 minutes per week. Before and after the intervention, the questionnaire of state-trait anxiety, quality of life, and medical tests was performed in both groups. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 48.1 (10.5), and the control group was 47.8 (9.4) years. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) anxiety score decreased from 94.5 (14.4) in the pretest to 84.3 (15.7) in the posttest and 84.1 (16.1) in the follow-up, P<0.001. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) metabolic score decreased from 466.8 (91.7) in the pretest to 400.4 (99.6) in the posttest and 387.1 (100.1) in the follow-up, P<0.001. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of quality of life increased from 75.6 (19.6) in the pretest to 90.8 (23.7) in the posttest and 90.4 (22.8) in the follow-up, P<0.001. However, there was no difference in scores in the control group in terms of anxiety, metabolic and quality of life.

The study showed that cognitive-behavioral intervention reduced anxiety and increased metabolic control, and improved quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Infertility as a pregnancy failure after one year of regular sexual intercourse without contraception can cause various psychological problems. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of well-being therapy on the stress of infertility and rumination among women with infertility.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, control group, and a two-month follow-up period. For this purpose, a sample of 60 infertile patients from Hazrat Maryam Infertility Clinic in Sari was randomly selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received well-being therapy in groups within eight, 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The tools used in this study included the Infertility Stress questionnaire and the mental rumination questionnaire. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that in the experimental group, the mean (SD) infertility stress score decreased from 153.2 (5.9) in the pretest to 140.5 (8.1) in the posttest and 136.1 (7.2) in the follow-up stage (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) infertility stress score increased from 151.2 (13.1) in pretest to 150.9 (13.7) in posttest and 156.2 (7.4) in the follow-up stage, which was not significant. The mean (SD) rumination score decreased from 48.7 (7.6) in the pretest to 41.4 (5.8) in the posttest and 41.1 (5.6) in the follow-up stage (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (SD) rumination score increased from 49.1 (7.4) in the pretest to 48.1 (7.7) in the posttest and 47.6 (7.5) in the follow-up stage, which was not significant.

It can be concluded that well-being therapy reduces infertility to stress and rumination among women with infertility.

To accurately estimate the Covid-19 morbidity and mortality, it is necessary to convert the raw data to the incidence and fatality rate.The purpose of this study is to analyze the incidence and Fatality rate of Covid-19 in the world by countries and six regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). By reporting incidence and Fatality rate instead of morbidity and mortality, a more accurate and realistic understanding of the incidence and fatality due to Covid-19 is obtained, which allows comparisons between countries.

In this cross-sectional study, cumulative numbers of incidence and fatality due to Covid-19 for all countries of the world were extracted from the start of pandemic to august 2021. Sources included data published by the WHO, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. The World Bank and United Nations websites were used to calculate world morbidity and mortality rates.

The total number of reported cases worldwide is 191,773,590. Iran ranks 13th in the world with 3,603,527 reported cases. However, the incidence of the disease is 24.6 per 1000 population in the world, 16.4 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and 42.9 in Iran. The incidence of the disease in Iran is 74% higher than the global average and 162% higher than in the MENA, respectively. However, Iran rank is 87th among all countries. The fatality rate due to COVID-19 calculated 2.4 % in Iran. The fatality rate in Iran is higher than world (2.15%) and five WHO regions (1.22-2.10%) except NENA region (3.26%). Iran in terms of fatality rate is ranked 67 in the world. However,the fatality rate has decreed from 5.4% in October 2020, which was ranked second in the world after Mexico.

From the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic until August 1400, the incidence of the disease in Iran is higher than the global average and the four regions of South-east Asia, MENA,the western Pacific and Africa, but less than the Americas and Europe. In terms of fatality rate, Iran’s rate is higher than the global average and five regions of the WHO, and only less than the MENA region.