فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 119 (بهار 1401)

Based on rural development literature, rural industrialization is expected to lead to positive changes in employment, income, health status, education, and other socio-economic indicators of rural life. but it seems that industrialization if it is an industrial state, can have devastating social, cultural, environmental, and physical effects on the lives of people in local communities. in this regard, some studies that have examined the effects of industrial state on rural development, in their assessments have paid more attention to the positive effects, and they only briefly mention some of the negative effects of it on rural development. one reason for this is that there is no comprehensive theory of the negative consequences of industrialization. Another reason is that most studies have used, quantitative approaches and objective indicators to evaluate this phenomenon. consequently, it has not been possible to examine all dimensions, especially its negative effects, in the form of a questionnaire.Thus the question is, what are the negative consequences of this kind of industrialization on the indigenous people of the industrialized villages? This is important because it seems that in Iran, rural industrialization policies such as the construction of industrial state that plan makers consider, due to the negative consequences of stabilizing the population, rural settlements have not been very successful, and the identification of these consequences can be considered in the adoption of future policies and the determination of the path of industrialization. The importance of this issue is further enhanced when previous studies have shown that researchers with prior knowledge of the negative effects of industrial state and by evaluating these effects on rural development have examined it, and not based on the lived experience of local people who are directly involved in this phenomenon. These studies, with pre-existing theories and quantitative approaches, assess the significant effects of this phenomenon on the village as positive. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing this experience may be necessary for further modeling and more attention to this issue.

Hence, a qualitative approach has been used to identify and understand the negative effects of this phenomenon, and Kheirabad village of Markazi province was examined as a case study of an industrial village. Among the qualitative approaches, phenomenology has been used because the goal is to discover and create a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of industrialization experienced by active actors. The logic of previous domestic studies in the field of industrialization effects on rural development has been based on positivist approaches, and these approaches, such as the natural sciences approach, consider the confrontation and understanding of a phenomenon based solely on logical analysis of sensory experience and scientific concepts. That is, the study of objective phenomena experimentally and without value, and then the discovery of the law governing it with universal causal models. In the positivist approach, to explain and predict, there is a need for objective criteria and specific definitions of the phenomenon under study, and the researcher limits the phenomenon in the form of their definition and hypothesis. But the mission of phenomenology is not defined apart from the lives and lived experiences by individuals. In this approach, the fundamental task of science, especially the humanities, is to return to the world of human life and to understand they experience the world. People's lived experience is always mixed with people's emotions, feelings, and attitudes and cannot be ignored.Therefore, given the nature of the phenomenological research method, it means recognizing the lived experiences or first-hand experiences of certain people (here local people of the village), as well as the issue of the present study, which understands the negative effects of the industrial zones not from the researcher's point of view but the point of view of local people involved with the phenomenon. consequently, the phenomenological method can reveal this by gaining first-hand experiences through interviews with the natives of the village.In this essay, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and after the interview, the major and important statements of the participants, which represent different horizons of a phenomenon, were identified and coded using open, central, and selective coding. It was then categorized using larger horizons or statements in larger intelligence units called basic themes. These themes represent different dimensions of the phenomenon.

The results obtained using the phenomenological method have shown that negative effects in the form of themes of Reducing social security, unbalanced expansion of urban landscapes in the village, changing and weakening the indigenous culture of the village, unbalanced regional population growth, increasing environmental pollution, economic instability of the village, lack of economic capacity for women, loss of rural tourism capacities has been experienced for the local peoples of the village, which has been less of a concern to theorists.These results show that previous studies have correctly identified some of these negative effects, including environmental pollution, changes in household consumption patterns, air pollution, groundwater and noise pollution, loss of rural natural resources, and the non-indigenous nature of labor, rural migration to cities, declining tourism, declining friendship and intimacy between people, consumerism of rural people, declining agricultural sector have been considered, but many other effects did not consider such as sub-themes of reduced security, rural-urban transformation, cultural change Indigenous people of the village, lack of economic capacity for women and unbalanced distribution.

According to the results of this study, the dimensions of the negative effects of the industrial zone on the local people of the village are far beyond what is available to researchers by default. Therefore, this essay proposes that policymakers in the field of rural development should be careful to create and expand industrial estates because its negative effects seem inevitable. also, instead of industrial estates for rural development, more attention can be paid to the approaches of SME appropriate to the rural environment, entrepreneurship, empowering vulnerable groups, Community-based education, and microfinancing that can ensure balanced regional development, population consolidation, and livelihoods.Keywords: Industrial estate, negative effects, indigenous people, phenomenology, Kheirabad village

Urban developments in Iran over the past few decades have made significant changes in the construction of the city and the quality of urban spaces. These changes, especially in historical cities, have had a profound impact on urban relations, social, economic, cultural, physical and spatial characteristics, more than other cities; So as to isolate the more ancient fabric and have been spatial and social segregation. One of the current problems is the issue of environmental quality or the quality of life in historical neighborhoods. In Iran, in addition to the above-mentioned, the challenge facing urban planners and politicians in many historic towns and cities is that of balancing the demand for increasing social, cultural and and economic issues, with the need to respect the environment and provide an acceptable quality of life for all citizens. The emphasis of the study is knowing and analysis of existing parameters in historic neighborhoods and assessment of impacts on quality of life and environment. Since 1970, extensive research projects in measuring the quality of urban life that utilizes various model from both a conceptual and empirical perspective has been launched in assessment of the urban quality of environment and life. Several of the key issues affecting the quality of the environment and in our towns and cities, likes, traffic and heavy motor traffic, poor air quality, health care and security, accessibility to the service, unacceptable levels of noise and a weakened sense of neighborhood and local community. In addition, in adequate construction of buildings and natural hazards that threaten them, has been caused historic neighborhoods be turned a continuous problem for urban management. According to the articles mentioned in this research in this study we have made an endeavor to answer the following questions:• What is the level of quality in terms of urban and subjective and objective? In terms of inhabitants, what are the factors affecting the quality of urban environment in Srdeh neighborhood?

The historical fabic of Sabzevar, which is now located in the new divisions inside the 3rd district, has 11 neighborhoods including: the Neighborhood of the Citadel, the Syerde Neighborhood, the New Alley neighborhood, the Hajikoglu Quarter, Al-Daghi Neighborhood, the Neqashk Nebashk Neighborhood, the Hamm Hakim Neighborhood, Qazi Alley or Aqa neighborhood, Zargar neighborhood, Sabzeh neighborhood and Mazar-e-Sabz neighborhood. Seredeh (Syrdeh) neighborhood from the north to the Farmandari square, from the south to Beyagh Street, from east to Qa'im Street and from the West to Fadayian Islami Street. This neighborhood has very low latitudes, which are the last relics and old towns. Socially, the Sardeh area is a part of urban historic core with an estimated population of 2,500 people and an area of 9.9 hectares.
This research is a survey based on the research method. In this study, the data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the advice of the professors and relevant specialists as the referee. In order to achieve the acceptable reliability, a pre-test with a sample of 50 and using Cronbach's alpha, alignment and internal consistency of the questionnaire were provided. The statistical population of this research is the residents of Sabzevar Sardeh neighborhood, which are in the range of 18 to 70 years old. After collecting data in the form of a questionnaire, these data were entered into the software environment and then encoded and analyzed. In this research, factor analysis has been used to examine the relationship between variables.

Results indicate that factor analysis is one of the most suitable ways to solve problems in ranking indexes in urban planning. In this paper, this model was used to indicate and categorize the effective indicators. However, the result of this study was to reduce the 59 primary variables to the 9 most important factors by turning the varimax in total mental-mental dimensions, 4 factors in the objective dimension and 9 significant factors in the mental dimension. Load indexes constitute one factor and indicators that cannot accumulate with them are another factor; therefore, the sum of the variables of the nine factors is 52.18%, the highest of which is with 9.52% in the first factor and under the title is the space-physical structure. According to the presented materials, in response to the research question regarding the factors affecting the quality of urban environment in the study area, the spatial structure-physical structure with 5/734% is not possible; the sense of belonging with 3 786/3; the satisfaction of housing space 132 / 3%; satisfaction with life (personal health and wellbeing) 2.672; accessibility of 439.2%; family relationships and social solidarity; 2.31%; security; 1.25%; urban and urban landscape; 903.1%; Ultimately, participation and a sense of collective represented 275.1% as the main factors that are a combination of the mental and objective dimension of the quality of the environment.

Regarding field surveys, it was found that residents are dissatisfied with some of the characteristics that affect the quality of urban environments or face many problems and problems. Considering the theoretical foundations and research findings, it can be said that the way of approaching the quality of the urban environment in the context of both objective and subjective views can provide two different interpretations of the quality of the urban environment and ultimately satisfaction levels. Therefore, it would not be possible to make more practical and rational decisions for the improvement of the quality of the urban environment unless through close contact with residents and attracting popular participation based on good urban governance in order to survey residents about the quality of the urban environment of their place of residence and consultation with them. Relationship with actions that can improve the quality of the urban environment of their place of residence and, ultimately, the level of satisfaction.

Nowadays, over 50% of the world population lives in cities. The adverse effects of urbanization on the citizen's health have emerged as a result of urbanization expansion. Social health is one of the health dimensions which has been included within the definition of "health" in 1974 by World Health Organization (WHO). Increased social health is associated with physical and mental health. Meantime, women are considered as high-risk group in terms of health for their diverse roles in society. Without appropriate social health, women cannot effectively play their individual and social roles. The studies have shown that attending at urban green space could improve social health. In other words, urban green spaces inject social benefits to cities. The presence of women in urban green space is influenced by individual and environmental factors including educational level and income. Concerning the environmental factors, it could be said that the quality of urban green space is more important for women than men.The influential factors on quality of urban green space and increase of women presence could be classified in three dimensions of structural- spatial, aesthetic and perceptional- emotional. Therefore, the research objectives are the investigation of the manner of spatial distribution of social health of women in Mashhad city; the evaluation of spatial autocorrelation of social heath of women and urban green space and the determination of factors affecting women presence in urban green space in individual and environmental dimensions.

This is a mixed-method explanatory study in which quantitative method was used for evaluation of spatial communications and qualitative-quantitative method for identification of factors affecting women presence in urban green space.
In this study, just 16-64 years old women were considered since the spatial-social inequalities in health are maximized in this range. Keyes scale was used for evaluation of social health and 670 questionnaires were filled and retuned in Mashhad city. Urban green space is taken to meant the parks with an area over one hectare. Bivariate Moran index was used to determine the spatial relation of social health and urban green space and spatial analyses were performed using GIS and Geo Da software in Mashhad districts. After performing spatial self-correlation, High-Low cluster (area 7, districts 1 and 2) was realized with reverse spatial relation and Mirza Kuchak Khan Park was selected for interview and field study. 300-meter and 999-meter buffers were prepared from the intended park and for identification of effective factors, whether in individual or environmental dimension, the inhabitants of this area (up to 999 meter radius) were taken into account. For investigation of the relation between individual factors and presence in urban city space, ordinal regression test in SPSS was used and for identification of effective environmental factors, 17 semi-structured interviews were performed with the women living in the intended buffer through snowball technique and interviews were analyzed based on components of structural- spatial, aesthetics and perceptual- emotional dimensions.

The results indicated that women living in district 10 of area 3 (10-3), (8-3) and (9-2) have higher mean of social health and the mean social health of women in (8-2) and Samen district of area 1 is lower. Moran index was used to investigate the manner of spatial distribution of social health and it was obtained as 0.18, which indicates that social health distribution has been clustering. The results of bivariate Moran test showed that there is positive spatial relation between women social health and urban green space with coefficient of 0.23. If per capita urban green space increases, social health of women in Mashhad will increase. In this regard, five types of cluster in 8 municipality areas of Mashhad were constituted and the spatial relation was not meaningful in other areas. In district 7, areas 1 and 2, the inverse spatial relation was obtained and High-Low cluster was constructed. Therefore, the parks in these two areas were investigated and Mirza Kuchak Khan Park was selected as sample. Ordinal regression test was used to determine influential individual factors on presence in Mirza Kuchak Khan Park. The results indicated that from individual variables, lower level of education and higher income are meaningful in error level less than 0.05 and the relation is positive. In order to determine environmental factors, interviews with 17 women were performed based on snowball technique. In all analyses, it was tried to identify and present the least number of descriptive classes that, at the same time, had the highest compliance with diversity of opinions in interviews. The most frequently stated problems in structural-spatial dimension were lack of separate sport equipment for women in sport equipment components and lack of prayer room and unpleasant hygiene status of bathrooms in services components. In aesthetic dimension, the park condition was considered pleasant by women and in perceptual-emotional dimension among women security components, the presence of addicted people and Arabs were mentioned as the factors resulting in feeling of insecurity.

The research findings indicated positive spatial autocorrelation between social health and urban green space and suggested the possibility of increasing women presence in parks and consequently promoting their social health through improving parks' environmental condition. This study has applications for urban planners and managers since the quality of environment and the nature of developments are the main health factors. Moreover, the historical relation between urban planning and health dimensions has been emphasized. The researchers hope that the investigation of the relation between green space and social health could provide the ground for improving the quality of green spaces and therefore promoting social health of women in Mashhad. Moreover, the historical relation between urban planning and health dimensions has been emphasized. The researchers hope that the investigation of the relation between green space and social health could provide the ground for improving the quality of green spaces and therefore promoting social health of women in Mashhad.

As an emerging phenomenon, ISIL was able to influence the region countries and the world in a short period of time, and as a very destructive actor, was able to occupy a large part of the territory of Iraq and Syria and to form a government based on the Islamic Caliphate. The actions of this Salafi-Takfiri group, while threatening the security and territorial integrity of Iraq and Syria, are a direct threat to the security of the Middle Eastern countries, especially the resistance axis countries in the region. Since Iran is one of the Middle East countries and the leader of the resistance axis in the region, the existence of ISIS in Syria and Iraq, in addition to the effects and consequences on the internal structure and security of these countries, is undoubtedly an objective threat to Iran's national security and territorial integrity. Therefore, Iran in alliance with the governments of Iraq and Syria, as well as with the effective help of Hezbollah in Lebanon and Russia, sought to strike and destroy ISIS.

Given the theoretical nature of this study, it employs a qualitative-descriptive-analytic approach. In qualitative research design, data from historical, descriptive and empirical research are used. The data needed in this study are collected through library references, documents, and various internet websites and resources.

Iraq was an occupied country that did not have an army to provide security, and more importantly, the process of power transfer in this country was slow, and with the intervention of regional and international actors, there was no consensus on government formation and the lack of security in a war-torn country provided a justification for the presence of foreign forces in a country (Cloud & Shanker, 2007: 26). Edward Snowden, a former US National Security Agency contractor, said: "The US, British and Israeli intelligence agencies were instrumental in the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Syria (ISIS) group and in an operation called 'Bee's Nest' formed ISIS group.”(Khoramshad & ashna, 2018: 77). With the start of the Syrian crisis in the beginning of 2011 and the change in the nature of the protests from political and civil to terrorist and sectarian under the influence of media propaganda and psychological operations, several Salafi-Takfiri groups went to Syria to fight to Alawites. During the Syrian crisis, heavy and extensive psychological propaganda was carried out in order to induce the religious and sectarian nature of the Syrian war, and this propaganda and psychological operations caused a large number of Salafi of Sunnis to go to Syria to fight with the Alawites (Zarean, 2014: 27). The ISIS terrorist group was once present in Iraq and Syria and had occupied large parts of northern Syria and Iraq. This terrorist group is currently active in parts of Libya and Nigeria, Afghanistan and Southeast Asia. Many areas under ISIL control have now been liberated and possessed to the Iraqi and Syrian governments. The activities of the Takfiris do not endanger the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran; But Iran's security should not be sought within its borders. The front line of the fight against ISIS and its supporters is not limited to the borders of Iran, and today Iran, as the most powerful country in the region, has expanded its strategic depth to the southern borders of Lebanon with the Zionist regime. ISIL's view of the Shiites, shows that this group is targeting Iran as the core of the Shiites and believes that their group should move toward the core. Considering that the presence and activity of the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq and Syria became a threat to Iran's national security; therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran seeks to eliminate security threats caused by the crisis in its two necessary and unnecessary security circles, namely Iraq and Syria, and by adopting a defensive approach, it takes steps to achieve its goals and interests, especially its security interests and resistance members. In fact, Iran has played the most important and effective role in destroying ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Undoubtedly; this role will intensify the hatred of the Americans and its regional allies, especially Saudi Arabia and the Zionist regime, towards Iran now and in the post-ISIS era, and consequently will design new strategies to confront Iran, which is the leader of the resistance axis in the region. The martyrdom of Sardar Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Mohandes, the deputy commander of the Iraqi Hashad al-Shaabi forces, and their companions on January 3, 2020, near Baghdad International Airport by US drones on Trump's direct orders can be analyzed in this regard. Meanwhile, in response to these attacks, the Islamic Republic of Iran also fired a missile at the Ain al-Assad base in Iraq's Anbar province and a base in Erbil, where US forces were stationed, on January 8, 2020.

With anti-Shiite slogans and actions, the ISIS terrorist group is practically in line with the goals and interests of the actors opposed to the resistance axis and at the head of it, is the Islamic Republic of Iran, which wants to weaken the axis of resistance and reduce the regional influence of Iran. ISIL can be considered a threat to Iran's territorial integrity, because ISIL is thinking of creating a caliphate, and the establishment of a caliphate requires the integration of the countries of the region into one country. Therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran, by adopting military and diplomatic measures, defeated the goals of this terrorist group and announced the end of the self-proclaimed government of ISIL. The costs and consequences of the actions of the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq and Syria, which have also been very heavy, have disrupted the development process of these countries and added to the increasing complexity of the political crisis in Syria and Iraq.

Foreign policy and government performance are influenced by the geopolitical environment and within the framework of a set of spatial and temporal behaviors in the global geopolitical system.. Meanwhile, Iran surrounds the active geopolitical regions and sub-areas surrounded by numerous functions.One of the regions around Iran, which has an irreplaceable location in promoting the geopolitical location of the country, is the Persian Gulf region. The Islamic Republic of Iran, in accordance with the geopolitical requirements, must Model a foreign policy model in the region that is appropriate to its regional role.

this research has been analyzed in a descriptive - analytical method and It has been compiled using written sources including reports, books and articles and internet sites. In this paper, the geographic and political characteristics of the country and the Persian Gulf region are addressed to achieve foreign policy that is in line with the country's geopolitical position in the Gulf region.

The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite its high level of idealism in the early days And was repugnant to the countries of the region, but despite their lack of acceptance, they did not want to keep themselves isolated from the security and political issues and the economic times And sought to regain its pivotal role on the basis of the policy of negation of foreign powers, especially the United States, and unity against the arrogance and domination of the region. Hence, he tried to build a new political and security order in the area with the confidence of his neighbors. But the countries of the region, because they had structural weaknesses inside and had a colonial and affiliated nature, interpreted the Islamic Republic's policies in a different way, and contributed to their customization against Iran and its policies in the region. To understand this issue, the calendar of Iran's foreign relations with each of the countries in this region is briefly discussed. Then, by examining the geographical-political characteristics of Iran and the Persian Gulf region, we can gain a general understanding of the geopolitical situation of this region from its internal and external perspective in the surrounding space and the international environment. The Islamic Republic of Iran in its foreign policy in relation to the countries of the Persian Gulf faces geopolitical challenges and opportunities, which in this article is presented for each country according to its geopolitical requirements and conditions. These factors in the situation of Iran's relations with these countries in any period can be decisive in the situation of Iran's relations with these countries in the formation of power relations at any time. These geopolitical position-oriented factors, if taken into account in foreign policy and the current situation-oriented policy, can lead to peace in relations with these countries. elations and the leading geopolitical opportunities and bottlenecks with the Persian Gulf countries, it can be noted that after Resolution 598 and with the effective Hashemi Rafsanjani, the ice of relations melted somewhat during the Khatami era. There will be more openness, culminating in Ahmadinejad, but since the end of his second term due to regional developments such as popular uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East, contraction and political tensions. It took place between the countries on the southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Iran, the shadow of which still lingers in Hassan Rouhani's time. Of course, the trend in relations with Iran is not the same in all southern marginal countries with Iran. Among a number of countries, such as Qatar, Oman and Kuwait, it is less subject to the general rule. Abu Musa has territorial disputes with Iran and in some cases political disputes, but in the economic field of relations between the two countries, he has less recorded these signs. Geopolitical facts require that the countries bordering the Persian Gulf are Iran's inevitable neighbors, which have three important and prominent codes in foreign policy. These three codes, which are Arab identity, Sunni religion, and coordination and political and security affiliation with the United States, have played a very important role in diverging Iran's relations with the Persian Gulf countries, especially the southern region.

The results of the research indicate that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic in the region includes a range of relations from peaceful coexistence to war that is less dependent on the functional adaptation of geopolitical codes of Iran to regional codes, but rather more dependent on the factors of the state of the political axis of the day to the reality of the situation Geopolitical axis. Of course, this does not mean that the Islamic Republic of Iran was not aware of its geopolitical codes and realities and the units of the region and did not try to converge, but most of these countries were in the region because of Arab nationalism, ideological governments and The West and the United States have not accepted Iran's participation in regional relations and have defined their relations with Iran regardless of geopolitical realities.Thus, achieving a foreign policy based on a geopolitical position that explains the opportunities and bottlenecks of the governments of the region in relation to each other is a long way off. Thus, if the Islamic Republic of Iran wants peace and reconciliation with its southern neighbors and Iraq, it must put a geopolitical approach in relation to each country on its foreign policy agenda. Therefore, it is necessary for Iran to interact with the countries on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf with this approach. In addition, it should consider such a policy in relation to each of the southern marginalized countries according to the specific circumstances of each country and create a role in this regard by using appropriate foreign policy tools and timely action. In this regard, a suitable model for Iran's foreign policy in the south (Persian Gulf) will be the development and expansion of relations within the framework of geopolitical logic.

Food is one of the essential expressions of any culture and one of the elements of creativity in everyday life that is engaging for many tourists. This provides new opportunities for tourism destinations and at the same time creates new challenges, particularly in the areas of experience development, marketing and branding (OECD, 2012: 9). Customer demand is based on service performance, customer satisfaction, and purchase intention in food tourism. service quality is a kind of global judgement, or attitude that is related to superiority of service. It is also important to reach the customer’s expectation such as how effectively service is delivered according to the customer demand. If the service quality is good then the customer or tourist gets motivation to visit that places again and again. On the other hand poor service quality makes a customer dissatisfied. And then they switch their choices to that place where service quality is good and fast (Senthilnathan & Shreenivasan, 2014: 46). Culture impacts economics effectively such as people get interest to visit the ancient and new culture destinations. So they visit that place and then that place and food sectors such as restaurants, hotels could be able to get economic success (Yeoman, 2011: 33-35). There are some other lacks that affect the growth of the economic sector of food tourism. They are inadequate quality of local food, inconsistent supply of local food, global competition, and lack of availability of market outlets. All of these things are barriers in the economic sector. Inadequate quality of local food causes a disappointment to the customer. So the market should have good quality of product so that it could be able to stand with other competitors (Mwaijande & Francis, 2007: 35). the relationship between food and tourism has until recently been relatively overlooked by academics, policy-makers and communities alike. However, food is now recognized as one of the fastest growing aspects of tourism today (Steinmetz, 2010:72-73). Marketing points to a way to improve food tourism in Tabriz. If the marketing mix (product, price, distribution or Place and promotion) of each product is good and accessible to the customer, the product can meet customer and seller demand. If Tabriz's restaurants and hotels properly apply the marketing mix in their strategies, treat customers with respect and offer them quality food, they can be effective in developing the food tourism sector of the city. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of marketing role on food tourism development in Tabriz city, whether hotel and restaurant managers perform activities in this field and whether they consider tourist satisfaction.In this research, to investigate the role of marketing in food tourism from the viewpoint of restaurant managers, a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 Likert-point scale questionnaires was completed and completed by managers of 20 famous and hospitable restaurants in Tabriz who were selected in a full-scale manner. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM). The variables of the model of surveying the role of marketing from the viewpoints of restaurant managers were extracted from the conclusions of previous studies.

Rejecting the Positive and Significant Impact of Distribution Marketing Mix on Food Tourism Development Factors: Considering the Confidence Gain from Model Evaluation Results, the role of restaurant managers in evaluating food tourism is 0/913. There was no significant relationship between the mix of distribution marketing and food tourism development factors.Rejecting the Positive and Significant Effect of Price Marketing Mix on Food Tourism Development Factors: Considering the Confidence from the Evaluation Results of the Model Evaluating the Role of Marketing in Food Tourism from Restaurant Managers' Viewpoint is 0/300. There is no significant relationship between the mix of price marketing and food tourism development factors.Rejecting the Positive and Significant Effect of Product Marketing Mix on Food Tourism Development Factors: Considering the Confidence from the Results of Model Evaluation, Investigation of the Role of Marketing in Food Tourism by Restaurant Managers is 0/207. There is no significant relationship between product marketing mix variables and food tourism development factors.Failure to rule out the positive and significant effect of promotion marketing mix on food tourism development factors: Considering the confidence interval obtained from the results of model evaluation, the role of marketing managers in food tourism is 0/008. There is a significant relationship between the marketing mix of promotion marketing and food tourism development factors. Also, due to the positive coefficient of the variable obtained, the effect of the promotional marketing mix variable on the factors of food tourism development is positive. The path coefficient value is 0/534 indicating that by increasing one unit of promotion marketing mix, food tourism development factors will increase by 0/55 unit.So that, the results of the model investigation of the role of marketing in food tourism from the viewpoint of restaurant managers showed that in this model of marketing promotion mix with path coefficients of 0/534 had the most impact on food tourism development factors, respectively.

In this model, promotion marketing mix has the most impact on the factors of food tourism development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the results of this study are to some extent consistent with the results of the external research of Khanam et al., Food tourism marketing in Finland, and that the marketing of food tourism in the study area makes tourists aware of local cuisine. And it attracts more tourists and marketing is important in the development of food tourism. And according to internal research done by Liyaqati et al in an article entitled The Role and Influence of Marketing Mix Elements on Iranian Pomegranate Exports, Price Marketing Mix had the Most Impact on Save Pomegranate Exports, but in the present study the promotion marketing mix had the most impact on the development of food tourism.

The growing extent of worn-out urban fabric is one of the most important challenges facing developing countries. The problems in worn-out tissues are multidimensional, and the roots of these problems can be traced to the social, economic, cultural, and managerial dimensions of these tissues. The majority of special projects for the renovation and improvement of worn-out urban structures in Iran have not achieved their goals due to insufficient attention to the capacity and strengths of these weavers.Therefore, regeneration as the main and newest approach of urban restoration and protection based on accurate analysis of the situation of a target area, simultaneous adaptation of physical texture, social structure, economic foundation and environmental status of an area is followed. The need for neighborhood residents to participate in the implementation of projects and their cooperation to achieve the goals of the projects, has become one of the most important challenges in policy-making and urban management planning, so that instead of focusing only on planning, the physical location It is process-oriented, interaction-oriented, and step-by-step, and the view of planning and management from bottom to top, based on an emphasis on existing human resources, has become increasingly important. Therefore, the goal of prioritizing participatory intervention is to try as much as possible to consider the public participation in entering the worn-out context. Attention to worn-out and old tissues and the elimination of their instability has become a serious and central issue, as it has led the relevant organizations to try to organize and recreate these tissues.

the present study is applied in terms of practical purpose and based on descriptive-analytical research plan and in terms of nature, based on new methods of pa rticipatory planning, it is considered as an analysis that uses a combination of spatial and statistical analysis to provide an experimental model of The role of grassroots communities is in the process of recreation. The study area of the whole worn-out texture of Urmia, including historical texture, middle texture and worn marginal texture, is selected according to the extent of the study area in each texture of the priority areas for recreation using Topsis technique. In the priority areas of the residents of each user, by obtaining the degree of adaptability, dependence and efficiency of their property, they decide to recreate the property with the worst level of efficiency by obtaining a permit from the municipality. After people are involved in the process of recreating per capita, the required land use in priority areas is close to the standard per capita, so this model can achieve land recycling by considering the factors of recycling.

After running the model the green space per capita land use model in block 7 of the old texture from 0.34 to 0.47, the per capita educational use has increased from 0.46 to 1.53 and the per capita therapeutic use has increased from 0.13 to 0.364. The average per capita green space has increased from zero to 0.37, education from 1.6 to 1.865 and sports use from zero to 0.137. In the marginal context (Islamabad) per capita green space from zero to 0.452 educational from 0.52 to / 978 0, sports increased from zero to 0.0985 and treatment from 0.18 to 0.23 and the per capita commercial use decreased due to its high per capita supply for other uses. Therefore, by implementing the per capita model, the required land uses in the study areas have approached the standard per capita So far, countless methods have been used for citizen participation in recreating and organizing the worn-out fabric and managing the affairs of cities, but in practice, they have not had the necessary and comprehensive content and the process of participation in practice has not been institutionalized .if effective motivational factors are provided as well as a trusting atmosphere, most people and certain sections will be associated with the process of re-creation, in the end, there will be a few who are not willing to accompany and participate in the re-creation for any reason. In order to attract 100% participation of the people and the private sector, it is necessary to provide several fields efficiently and effectively.

The dynamic system of the city is constantly changing, and in the meantime, problems such as poverty, disorganization, and environmental pollution have changed the face of some cities and given a different color and smell from the past, which indicates the decline and wear and tear. He sits on them. However, in the absence of serious and rapid management policies and measures in the improvement and modernization of such tissues, not only will their problems not be solved, but the process of burnout in these tissues will always be accelerated. Therefore, one of the most important policies that can be proposed for such tissues is regeneration. From the issues raised, it can be concluded that for a successful regeneration of worn tissues, it is necessary to pay attention to all dimensions, because comprehensive solutions must be provided so that while solving a problem in one dimension, it does not create problems for other dimensions of tissue. In fact, it should be possible to provide multi-purpose solutions as much as possible, thereby strengthening the quality of life of Baft residents. Regarding the worn texture of Urmia, the characteristics of different dimensions of the texture were studied and the problems in it were largely intertwined and interrelated, which should be considered in providing responsive and practical solutions. Also to express this complexity and Entanglement The role of social capacities in recreating land use change has been used. The main result of this research is the implementation of using new methods in the realization of the regeneration process.

Considering the provision of artificial conditions of production, neutralizing the environmental factors, elevating the quality of products and making optimized use of limited water, soil, energy, fuel and agricultural input resources, greenhouse farming is specifically important in promotion of agricultural processes and evolution of rural economy. The important thing in the rural agriculture is sustainable livelihood of residents, because the income of farming directly affects the lives of rural families. The objective of this survey is to study the role of greenhouse farming on the sustainable livelihood of Daland Township in the city of Ramian. In the studied region, this type of farming already exists in small and traditional units; therefore, considering the agricultural capacities of the region, development and propagation of greenhouse farming can be followed more seriously, and enabling the villagers requires further efforts. Hence, this survey tries to find answers for these questions: is there any relationship between natural powers and development as well as propagation of greenhouse farming? Is there any relationship between development of greenhouse farming and improvement of economic and social factors of rural families? Is there any relationship between development of greenhouse farming and elevation of physical factors of rural families?

In terms of objective, this survey is applied and in terms of nature, it is descriptive-analytical. Statistical population of this survey is all 6188 families in Daland Township; and by the use of Cochrane’s formula, 365 householders were selected as the sample size to fill out the questionnaires. Mann-Whitney and Independent T tests were used to analyze data in SPSS software; and ArcGis software was used for preparing the maps. The statistical population of this study includes 6188 families settled in the rural regions of Daland Township. Out of this population, 365 householders were selected by the use of Cochrane’s formula as the sample size to fill out the questionnaires, and their replies were analyzed. Questionnaires were distributed in the studied villages by the use of simple random method. The householders were evaluated in two main groups i.e. villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming. Validity of questionnaires was approved by university professors and experts of rural planning. For measuring the reliability of questionnaires, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used which was achieved as 83%. Considering the research hypotheses, the research variables also were designed and analyzed as natural, economic, social and physical powers.

In order to achieve the objectives of hypothesis 1 in the survey (relationship between natural powers and development and propagation of greenhouse farming) and considering the type of present indexes in the natural factor, Mann Whitney test was used. Considering the quantity of Mann Whitney statistic and significance level of natural powers variable (independent variable) on the dependent variable (development and propagation of greenhouse farming), the research hypothesis is approved. In relation to the role of greenhouse farming development on the sustainable livelihood of rural families in Daland Township, there is a significant relationship between development of greenhouse farming and different economic and social aspects. According to non-parametrical Mann Whitney scale, comparison of the mean values of economic indexes between the two groups of villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming show that there is significant relationship in the items of income increase in the agriculture sector, satisfaction level with income increase in the agriculture sector, variety of products in different seasons, and satisfaction level with variety of products in different seasons. Also, there is no significant relationship between the items of increase in the efficiency of products and consistent production of them, and satisfaction level with efficiency increase of products. Comparing the effectiveness level of social factors between the two groups (villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming) by the use of non-parametric Mann Whitney scale showed significant difference between the items of participation level and interest in decision-making and executive activities in villages, investment safety on greenhouse farming in the villages, increase of correlation and social solidity between villagers, and preference of starting business in the villages rather than in the city in the field of greenhouse farming. There is a significant relationship between the two groups of villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming in the items of financial participation, physical participation and consultation participation. Evaluation and analysis of people’s participation in preparation and implementation of development plans showed that compared to villagers without greenhouse farming, villagers with greenhouse farming had higher levels of participation. In order to achieve the objectives of the third hypothesis of the survey (the relationship between greenhouse farming development and elevation of physical-skeletal factors of rural families), considering the type of indexes in the physical-skeletal factors, Mann Whitney scale has been used. Comparing the effectiveness level of physical-skeletal factors between two groups of villagers (with greenhouse farming and without greenhouse farming) by Mann Whitney non-parametric scale show significant difference between items of easy access to neighborhood villages and city, easy access to transportation vehicles, and satisfaction level with disposal of surface waters in the village.

The survey results show that there is 95% significant relationship between natural powers and development of greenhouse farming because of climate conditions, land fertility, etc. There is also significant relationship between development of greenhouse farming and improvement of economic factors (income increase, variety of products, etc.), social factors (participation of villagers, investment safety, etc.), and elevation of skeletal factors of villager families (easy access, easy transportation, etc.). The results show that by the use of statistical scales, up to 95% significant difference was observed between the studied indexes in the two groups of families with greenhouse farming and families without greenhouse farming. Therefore, the suggested solutions are providing financial and training supports, insuring greenhouses, implementation of hydroponic systems, and presenting new and reformed inputs.

Design of mountain eco-park based on landscape services(Case study: Shadab Mountain, Tarhan)IntroductionMountains are one of the most interesting features of the earth (Prigo, 315,2019; Fugin, 2016) which act as a source and bridge for species. As result, they are crucial for the survival and stability of many human societies (Prigo, 315,2019). Therefore, management of natural and environmental resources of mountains (Bonadona, 2017), should be considered cautious (Nepal et al., 314, 2005) without undermining sustainability (Darabi et al., 597,2019). Therefore, designing mountain eco-parks which all resources are interdependent (Gauss, 2006), and interaction and coordination between all activities can be a response to these challenges. Ecological design is one of the options to respond to these concerns while providing the ecosystem and landscape services. Landscape services are defined as goods and services provided by landscapes to meet human needs, directly or indirectly (Fabrizio, 368,2014; Galix, 273,2014). It seems that the benefits of landscape services that overlap with the characteristics of the Eco-park can provide a suitable basis for design of the eco-park by linking the design with the pattern and natural process (Galix, 273,2014). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to use landscape services as a basis of designing a mountain Eco-park.

A: Materials: The area of study is Grab mountain Eco-park which is located in Grab City. It is a part of Lorestan province in western Iran. This City is the center of Tarhan district of Kuhdasht and part of the Zagros Mountains. The area located 33.4739° N, 47.2374° E in term of geographical location (Fig. 1).Figure 1. Location of the area of studyB:

The research is done on base of following processes (Figure 2). Accordingly, this process consists of 6 steps. At first, landscape service indicators were selected according to the thematic literature and field study. Then, field surveys are done in 30 * 30 m parcels and basic maps were produced for each index in two categories: evaluation of quality of services and the context potential. After preparation of the potential and services maps, the indicators were weighted based on the AHP hierarchical evaluation process and overlaid separately by provision-production, regulation and socio-cultural services on the basis of following equation. They were re-overlayed and the final zoning was obtained.EVl=∑_(i-1)^n▒〖(wi×EVli)〗Then, after analyzing the limitations and facilities of the site in line with the design of the Eco-park, which ultimately leads to the design of the Eco-park in the framework of ecological design.ResultsBased on the first stage, potential and utility maps were produced. The outcomes are presented in the utility and potential maps. In continue, the maps were combined based on the research method, and finally, three zoning maps of provision-production, regulatory and socio-cultural services were obtained. The combination of three groups of landscape services together provides the final status of landscape services in the study area. The overlay is lead to the four main zones: weak zone, zone with the capability of provision-production services, zone with the capability of regulatory services and zone with the capability of socio-cultural services (Fig. 3).Figure 2. Final zoning of landscape servicesDiscussionThe important subject is:1- which sectors of target area is able to provide services and 2- what is the current state of service delivery. Therefore, the difference between the potential and the quality of the services in the area determines the intensity of the intervention.The result of the analysis identified four zones: 1) Weak zone: This zone is the weakest zone in terms of providing landscape services in all dimensions. Slope above 80% and being rocky are the main reasons for poor service delivery. Due to the high fragility of this area, any intervention in this area should be avoided.2) Zone with the capability of provision-production services: This zone consists of agricultural and barren lands. The zone for providing provision-production services is of relatively favorable condition and in relative proportion to the potential of the area. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent the development of existing disturbances as much as possible and reduce them.3) Zone with the ability of regulatory services: This zone located in the mountain slope that mainly includes a set of regulatory services. Providing appropriate solutions to reduce environmental challenges and disturbances in the area is essential.4) Zone with the capability of cultural-social services: This zone which facing north, has very poor vegetation. The behavioral pattern of the people indicates a higher probability of the presence of users in this area. This area has the ability to provide good services, but, the poor services are provided. Therefore, intervention in this area seems necessary.Figure 3. Master plan of designed areaBased on spatial analysis and the principles of ecological design, the strategic plan of Eco-park has been presented. The proposed plan follows the natural structure. Moreover, an effort has been made to be adapted as possible to the spatial conditions. The access structure is a function of the morphology and topography of the site. The design of the spaces is based on the capacity and potential of the zones. Efforts have been made to respect nature, to provide a reasonable and identifying link between the environment and humans within an Eco-park (Fig. 3).

Mountains are extremely vulnerable despite their ability to provide many services. Therefore, sustainability of mountain landscape requires recognizing the context and origin for vulnerability along with benefiting from. Therefore, after the studies carried out in the framework of landscape services, a basis has been provided for intervention in the form of Eco-park design. By zoning the disintegrated areas and focus on landscape integration, an Eco-park designed which will provide landscape services with emphasis on educational, recreational and environmental issues. Obviously, the work done covers only part of the whole, evaluating the feasibility, or evaluating and participatory design of such spaces and examining the limitations of the implementation are among the studies that can be done in the continuation of this work.

The lack of attention to the issue of social justice in urban development has led to the emergence of affluent areas in contrast with impoverished sections within the cities. This has led to the formation of inequality in urban spaces and subsequently an increase in the social issues such as poverty, crime, insecurity and low environmental quality. Therefore, it is necessary the Phenomenon of social justice in urban spaces to be brought to the attention of urban planners and urban managers. In this respect, this research attempts to investigate the quality of urban public space among the different streets of Rasht, Iran from a social justice perspective.

In this research, we are examining the quality of major streets in the city of Rasht (the largest city along the Caspian Sea shores in northern Iran), through classifying them in different clusters. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been employed for data analysis to find out the level of the quality of streets and their difference among various parts of the city. The main data employed in this study comes from field data including direct observation, preparation of checklist and completion of questionnaires from the residents as well as record data from different organizations. We have used TOPSIS model for data analysis and GIS software for spatial analysis and mapping. After assessing the quality of urban space in each street, the difference among them (in the form of street clusters) and the level of resident satisfaction from their neighbourhoods (clusters) were determined. At the end, suggestions have been made to promote social justice and quality of urban spaces in the city of Rasht.

Based on socio-economic situation of residential areas, first city of Rasht was divided into 11 relatively homogeneous clusters. Then the main streets in each cluster were selected based on their spatial, social and economic characteristics which included a total of 51 streets. To evaluate the spatial quality of streets we used 10 main criteria and 48 sub-criteria. The main criteria included: 1) quality of greenery, 2) interactions and social characteristics of space, 3) quality of furniture and environmental equipment, 4) quality of sidewalks, 5) accessibility to other parts of the city, 6) quality of activities on the margin of street, 7) identity and sense of belonging, 8) street safety, 9) quality of the building façade, 10) street signs and advertisements. Streets were evaluated based on the points they obtained in each criteria and in total in the evaluation process.Results of TOPSIS analysis showed that none of the classified clusters in Rasht has the highest urban space quality. Findings indicated that cluster 11, (Golsar district) which is a newly built and planned district in the north part of Rasht, has the closest proximity to the desired urban space. After Golsar, cluster 6 which encompasses the main part of central district of Rasht, has the highest quality of urban spaces. The central part of Rasht is considered the economic, social, historical and administrative heart of Rasht. The higher building quality, along with proper urban furniture and extensive social activities have made this section of the city very vibrant and attractive urban space. The mid town Cluster of 7 is the another high quality urban space with relatively newer neighborhoods contains many cultural, social and recreational spaces such as the biggest city park, sports complexes, educational uses. These features have made it an attractive place for many especially youth. Also because of the proximity to southern districts of the city, it provides services for them. As a result, the spatial qualities such as greenery, urban furniture, quality buildings and wider sidewalks have made this district a better urban space in Rasht.On the other hand, three districts (Clusters 1, 2 and 3) in the south part of the city mostly are occupied by low social class residents and contain the low quality streets and inappropriate urban infrastructure. These features have made them to have the lowest quality urban space in the city. Eastern districts which include clusters 4, 9 and 10 as well as clusters of 5 and 8 in the west part of the city which are relatively newly developed areas, have low to average quality of urban spaces in Rasht.In this research, we also assessed the residents' opinion about the overall quality of their districts and the city as a whole. We evaluated their opinion about the quality of their living streets with respect to four components of satisfaction, friendship with environmental, comfort and environmental aesthetic. Also residents’ views were assessed about their satisfaction about the whole city. Both assessments showed that Golsar district (cluster 11) has the highest quality in the city followed by central district (Cluster 6). On the other hand, the southern districts especially cluster 1, has the lowest quality of urban space which correlates with the Topsis results.

This study revealed that there is a significant difference in the level of urban space quality among the streets of Rasht. This difference was recognized both through field observation and residents point of view. The inequality in the quality of public spaces in Rasht has led to the formation of a kind of social polarization in different parts of the city, so that Golsar as the affluent nighbourhood in the north part of the city has the highest quality of public spaces. On the other hand, the impoverished districts in the southern part of the city have the lowest quality of public spaces. In order to alleviate the inequalities of urban spaces among the different parts of the city, it is necessary for the urban planners and urban managers to put in priority the southern districts in development plans and upgrade the quality of their public spaces through the allocation of adequate funds for the improvement of urban infrastructure and promoting the existing social spaces for residents.

In Mazandaran province, agricultural and livestock production has existed since ancient times and these activities play an important role in its economy. So that from the total area of Mazandaran province, 470 thousand hectares are agricultural lands (370 thousand hectares of irrigated and 170 thousand hectares of rainfed, which in addition to the second irrigated and rainfed cultivation is 650 thousand hectares). In this province, 400 km of modern irrigation network with a cultivated area of 80,000 hectares, 763 dams with an area of 17,000 hectares and a reserve volume of 379 million cubic meters, as well as 7,000 km of rivers flowing in Mazandaran province, water is required. Provide agricultural activities.It is obvious that water plays an essential role in all agricultural, horticultural and animal husbandry activities, and any water problems will have important consequences at the regional and national levels. Although now 70 types of agricultural products and 22 products with the first rank of production in the country, are cultivated in the province and this is one of the reasons why Mazandaran is generally considered as an area without water problems, but the problems and challenges Diversity is related to the water situation in Mazandaran province. Among them: 1- During the last ten years, the potential of surface water resources in the province has decreased from 4.5 billion cubic meters to 3.8 billion cubic meters. 2- In Mazandaran province, more than 90% of the water that is controlled annually is used in the agricultural sector, which, considering that Mazandaran is the agricultural hub of Iran, accounts for a large part of the waste. 3- Mazandaran is one of the provinces with high consumption of chemical fertilizers, especially phosphate, which in addition to soil pollution, leads to the entry of chemical pollutants into water resources.In Mazandaran province, the destruction of water resources includes two types: 1- Water pollution caused by the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into water resources 2- Irregular withdrawal and out of capacity of water resources. The present article examines the following questions using Schneiberg's treadmill theory:1- What effect does the growth of production and agriculture have on the water resources of Mazandaran?2- What effect do workers and residents of Mazandaran province have on Mazandaran's water resources?3- What is the effect of the government and government institutions on the water resources of Mazandaran?

In this research, documentary method has been used to investigate the role of each factor of production in the destruction of water resources.

The production of the treadmill theory places the primary responsibility for environmental degradation on the competitive nature of capitalism and the role of government in facilitating industrial growth. This view, put forward by Schnaiberg, attributes economic growth to environmental pollution. The main claim of this approach is that the growing level of investment and accumulation in modern capitalist economies is one of the main drivers of environmental disorders.According to Schnaiberg's theory, the three main axes of destruction of water resources in Mazandaran province include the following axes:1-Manufacturing companies, agro-industries, livestock and poultry feed production and sales factories, etc., with the aim of increasing profits, to increase economic growth and increase agricultural production by increasing investment and the use of new agricultural technologies and thus increasing the speed and intensity of exploitation of water resources, also use a variety of fertilizers and pesticides on the other hand, these productive capitalists are supported by the government and workers because of job creation opportunities for workers, as well as due to the payment of taxes and the provision of government funding, and the destruction they cause in water resources is ignored by the other two axes.2-The second axis is the group of workers, the local community and farmers, who on the other hand are affected by the bad conditions of water resources resulting from capitalist productive activities and on the other hand, they are affected by the bad economic conditions that affect the environmental demands and tendencies or their economic demands. This group sees the boom and increase in production as more job opportunities, and at the same time, they accept the greatest impact from the destruction of the province's water resources.3. The third axis is the government, which on the one hand is the intermediary between the two previous groups and must provide the economic conditions and grounds for job creation, and on the other hand is committed to protecting the environment and creating sustainable development. Which government fulfills its obligations depends on the economic, social and environmental conditions, and the economic and environmental pressures and demands of the other two groups will affect the government's actions and policies on water resources.

The three main axes of water resources destruction in Mazandaran province, including:1- Manufacturing companies, agro-industries, factories producing and selling livestock and poultry feed that use water resources inappropriately in order to increase profits.2- Workers and the local community, where increased production sees more job opportunities.3- The government that is affected by economic and environmental pressures and demands.

Behbahan County is located in the southeast of Khuzestan province and due to suitable climatic conditions and the existence of permanent rivers such as Maroon and Khairabad, Zohreh, as well as having arable and fertile soil, has provided favorable facilities for agricultural development (Statistics Center of Iran, 1397: 42). However, the entrepreneurial situation in the villages of the region is weak. Meanwhile, in the villages of Behbahan County, the number of unemployed people with higher education is very high and about 6370 people (Statistics Center of Iran, 1397: 42). As a result, the opportunities presented in this study in achieving sustainable entrepreneurship in order to create employment and sustainable income for residents and maintain the environment that is endangered due to the extraction of oil and gas products, can provide useful insights in the field.

The sample size was selected through Cochran's formula, 387 people and was identified using the classification sampling method with the assignment of the optimal share of each village and the people in each village were randomly selected. The dependent variable is the promotion of entrepreneurial opportunities in the region and the independent variable is the role of government in entrepreneurship development, which is measured by 10 items. Convergent validity of the latent variable of the study was also obtained through the mean of extraction variance (0.87) which showed internal consistency and appropriate convergent validity. In order to evaluate the validity of the items, first the variables were identified based on the background and in the next step, the items were adjusted according to the characteristics of the region, and finally the items were modified and finalized based on the opinions of experts and professors. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the research scales. The results showed that the calculated alpha value for 10 items of government role is 0.73, which is statistically acceptable. Also, in order to analyze the data, one-sample Chi-square tests were used to evaluate items, one-sample t-test was used to evaluate independent and dependent variables, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the average entrepreneurial opportunities. To understand and analyze the results of the questionnaire, the transcendental and translog production function, which is used for polynomial equations whose coefficients are also polynomial, has been used. Finally, through path analysis, which is a kind of statistical analysis of multiple regressions, and by examining the relationships between dependent variables and two or more independent variables, used to evaluate causal models, the extent and importance of causal relationships between variables is estimated.

Using the analysis of the questionnaires completed by the villagers of Behbahan County, the result of evaluating the amount of entrepreneurial opportunities in the region is examined according to the role of the government. The results of one-sample t-test are significant for all studied indicators at a level of confidence above 95% and considering that the observed mean difference is assumed to be positive (3.1), so statistically it can be said that the studied villagers are effective. These indicators have a positive opinion. Also, the level of significance and the distance from line one to one of the t-test statistic close to 2 of all indicators are statistically acceptable. Comparison of evaluation statistics shows the production functions of translog and transcendental. Also, according to the evaluation statistics of multiple determination coefficient and adjusted coefficient of determination, the transcendental model has a better evaluation than explaining the role of government in promoting entrepreneurial opportunities. The residual standard error, which is also one of the important statistics in evaluating production functions, is less in the transcendental model. Therefore, considering the adjusted coefficient of determination of the transcendental model, it can be said that the independent variables of the model are 91% effective in explaining entrepreneurial opportunities. The results of this path analysis approach show that among the items explaining the role of government in promoting entrepreneurship; Indigenous culture and education (68% of the total impact) has a much higher indirect share compared to other items. The new rural management, with a total impact of 67%, also has the largest number of exogenous routes and acts as an important station. This variable indirectly affects the various variables of necessary facilities with sufficient interest, government subsidies and product insurance with significant correlation coefficients. It is necessary to state that in general, culture and education of indigenous peoples, establishment of inputs and support networks, new rural management, necessary facilities with sufficient interest and government subsidies at the rate of effects of 68, 57, 67, 60 and 63, respectively. Percentages had the highest total effect. This means that the government can play its role in promoting entrepreneurial opportunities by playing its role through the mentioned items.

This study shows well the interactions of effective variables in entrepreneurship and the role of government in rural development. At present, the amount of government investment in entrepreneurship, government support measures for entrepreneurs, and the amount of government funding for entrepreneurship opportunities, as well as institutions providing funding from the government, are able to finance the acquisition of entrepreneurial businesses. are not. Therefore, the growth of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas depends on the design and application of new financing management methods such as government support measures for rural entrepreneurship. However, unfortunately, the role of the government in creating jobs and entrepreneurship in the villages of Behbahan is very small. Considering the potential opportunities of Behbahan villages in realizing sustainable entrepreneurship and in order to create employment and income for rural residents, using these opportunities and government support can have a beneficial impact on business creation. And have rural entrepreneurship for the sustainable development of rural areas. Unemployment is one of the main challenges in this region, while these villages have a lot of talent to earn money and create jobs.

In a world where development is one of the main goals in societies, addressing metropolitan issues is one of the main bases for the production and distribution of wealth and added value. Competition is the most important tool for attracting advantages and opportunities correctly. In this study, first a brief review of the history of research and then theories and perspectives on the competitiveness of metropolises, and its "key components" and then its role in regional development of Iran and also the relationship between the components of metropolitan competitiveness on regional development. Been paid. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this issue, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. The research method is survey; The realization of the above goal and accurate knowledge of the dimensions of the problem, in the study group, is the study and analysis of the views of experts. Regional development is the result of the role and impact of competitiveness of the metropolis (Tehran). This research is of applied type and in terms of research method, descriptive and survey class in which the type of questionnaire is researcher type. The statistical population of the research consists of 70 professors and faculty members who use the research data using SPSS and Lisrel software were measured. Accordingly, in the exploratory analysis of the first stage (the question of the role of the metropolis in regional development), the results show that all the required assumptions related to the use of factor analysis have been met. The Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test is an indicator of sample adequacy. Determined the degree of belonging of variables to each other (causal factor) and as a result, their suitability for factor analysis and also determined the suitability of each variable alone. Considering that its value is equal to 0.79. Assessing the reliability of the extractive factors of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development, it is determined that the reliability of the components and the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development is acceptable. Exploratory analysis of the second stage (metropolis role questionnaire in regional development) in which in this stage, all 3 components of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development are examined based on the Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test, and considering that Its value is equal to 0.72, so the judgment about it is reported to be good. Considering the amount of chi-square and the significance level of Bartlett sphericity test (P <0.01 and X2 = 62.15), it is concluded that there is a correlation between the factors. And it is observed that all components have an acceptable correlation with the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. In a world where development is one of the main goals in societies, addressing metropolitan issues is one of the main bases for the production and distribution of wealth and added value. Competition is the most important tool for attracting advantages and opportunities correctly. In this study, first a brief review of the history of research and then theories and perspectives on the competitiveness of metropolises, and its "key components" and then its role in regional development of Iran and also the relationship between the components of metropolitan competitiveness on regional development. Been paid. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this issue, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. The research method is survey; The realization of the above goal and accurate knowledge of the dimensions of the problem, in the study group, is the study and analysis of the views of experts. Regional development is the result of the role and impact of competitiveness of the metropolis (Tehran). This research is of applied type and in terms of research method, descriptive and survey class in which the type of questionnaire is researcher type. The statistical population of the research consists of 70 professors and faculty members who use the research data using SPSS and Lisrel software were measured. Accordingly, in the exploratory analysis of the first stage (the question of the role of the metropolis in regional development), the results show that all the required assumptions related to the use of factor analysis have been met. The Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test is an indicator of sample adequacy. Determined the degree of belonging of variables to each other (causal factor) and as a result, their suitability for factor analysis and also determined the suitability of each variable alone. Considering that its value is equal to 0.79. Assessing the reliability of the extractive factors of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development, it is determined that the reliability of the components and the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development is acceptable. Exploratory analysis of the second stage (metropolis role questionnaire in regional development) in which in this stage, all 3 components of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development are examined based on the Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test, and considering that Its value is equal to 0.72, so the judgment about it is reported to be good. Considering the amount of chi-square and the significance level of Bartlett sphericity test (P <0.01 and X2 = 62.15), it is concluded that there is a correlation between the factors. And it is observed that all components have an acceptable correlation with the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. In a world where development is one of the main goals in societies, addressing metropolitan issues is one of the main bases for the production and distribution of wealth and added value. Competition is the most important tool for attracting advantages and opportunities correctly. In this study, first a brief review of the history of research and then theories and perspectives on the competitiveness of metropolises, and its "key components"

Many experts believe that in order to achieve rural development, it is necessary to pay attention to various fields and factors that interact with each other (Ratan, 1997: 6). A system is anything that derives its form and coherence from the current interactions of its components. According to the main subject of geographical studies, namely the human-environmental system, to discover this nature, it is necessary for the researcher to know the environment and human well, to determine the relationship between the two or the role of each in this system (Ajaghloo Ajaghloo, 2016). A review of research conducted in rural development programs shows a lack of attention to the environmental dimension of rural development in the laws of all programs (Fatah Elahi, Vamiri Police Station, 1396, attention to the development of structures and physical manifestations and disregard for goals Functionality, human beings and rural people (Rahimi and Tavassoli, 2012), and the effect of contextual variables of policy-making environment on the nature and structural variables (Omidi, 2012) are the characteristics and policies adopted in rural development. Lack of a comprehensive model for sustainable rural development leads to a reduction in the effectiveness of rural development programs and in addition to the negative population growth rate in these areas has led to migration and issues such as urban slums and declining population active in the strategic sector of agriculture and production. Will have. Therefore, in order to reduce discrimination and economic and social inequalities in rural areas and national-regional and local development, provide a coherent model consisting of interaction and interrelationships between the environment and inside the system, paying attention to the structures and functions of the space system with spatial interfaces and Systematically guided non-space is mandatory. Village, rural development and development planning are all systemic concepts. Therefore, recognizing them and any action to create the desired change in them requires a proper attitude. The central premise of the present study is that the systemic approach with respect to the structural-functional approach is a suitable model for recognizing and developing and sustainable development of rural areas and subsequently creating the desired change in it.

The present article is fundamental research in nature and applied research in purpose. Systemic approach provides a methodological framework for research and study on the construction and operation of a system; And allows geographers to construct a new form of geographical comprehensiveness as a methodological tool.

In general, with a review of the projects in rural spatial development and the systemic approach proposed in the present study, the following issues were raised in rural planning. Rural development goals require social justice, facilitating agricultural development along with the expansion of trade and urban industries, and therefore more attention is paid to the economic development of small and medium-sized cities as a link between urban and rural economy can be comprehensive development and balanced distribution. Accelerate interests (Randinley, 1118: 1918). Therefore, paying attention to strengthening the interconnection and interaction between cities and villages is one of the requirements of rural development, which by adopting integrated policies of balanced urban and rural growth and development, as well as economic and social strengthening of small towns to serve the surrounding villages. it's related to. - Paying attention to the system of program production as a functional component that is important based on the form and scope of relationships and how to meet local and regional needs and stimulate motivational factors. Rural planning to achieve the goals of spatial-physical and economic-social organization of rural settlements requires attention to structural-functional approaches in rural areas.Emphasizing the need for a systemic approach using a structural-functional approach and its relationship to spatial planning, the basic discussion is to provide a definition of the position, roles and interrelationships between system components. 1- Rural functions-structures and internal-external links in the field of rural planning and development can be studied in two axes of strategic policies and indicators of rural spatial organization at the village level with economic, social and physical subsystems. It is related to service functions and service distribution. 2- Paying attention to the factors of spatial-functional vacuum of rural services at the land level in the field of rural planning and development can be traced with service range indices and population threshold, and with regional results The village is related. Organizing existing diversity in terms of regional resources, regional needs and capabilities, division of labor between urban and rural sectors are systematically guided through institutional and managerial structures. 3- Popular institutionalization is one of the internal factors and inputs of the system that includes the support of indigenous knowledge. Institutional approach of participation in order to encourage the motivations of the system that stimulates its internal and external functioning by building structural and operational capacity along with changing the planning system to a region leads to comprehensive and balanced improvement of different parts of the village and local institutional development , Provides national and regional.

Realization of rural development is made possible by a complete set of coherent patterns of capital distribution in the village, organizations, institutions that are accompanied by a series of appropriate external links. A systemic approach in spatial planning that is a related set of various structures and functions with the aim of reducing discrimination and economic and social inequalities in rural areas and national-regional and local development and recognizing the spatial vacuum - mandatory rural service functions Is. A system in spatial planning with a structural-functional approach with a comprehensive understanding of the space organization, provides the basis for local, national and regional institutional development.

Since the twentieth century, the right to housing for society has been recognized in most developed countries as one of the rights of citizens and has gradually become the responsibility of the governments of those societies. However, in developing countries, despite the emphasis on the importance of housing as a basic need and a fundamental right, a significant percentage of urban households are unable to provide it. Thus, having housing is becoming more and more complicated and household conditions are becoming more critical (Short, 2007: 199). Therefore, in order to determine the importance of housing in development and management programs and resource allocation, it is necessary to establish a close relationship with housing goals and policies and general and general goals and policies of social and economic development in urban programs.

The present research is qualitative in terms of research, comparative and nature and in terms of purpose, it is developmental and in terms of methodology, it is a content analysis and of qualitative type. In the case-by-case comparison method, several items that can be in the form of macro, medium, and micro units are compared. These cases may have different identities in terms of their scope and variables. Usually, as the number of cases increases, which form large units such as civilizations, their volume and number decrease, but the number of related and hidden variables in these unit’s increases. Because large and large units are prone to cover multiple variables, and vice versa, by limiting the range of units, although their number increases, these cases or units cover fewer variables. Given that the ultimate goal of this research is to compare the structure of housing policy studies with Iran, identify deficiencies, shortcomings and strengths in housing policy and finally provide suggestions for improving the desired structure. To achieve this goal, the structure of Iran's low-income urban housing policy has been compared with four countries: China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. The selection of these countries is based on the issue of low-income urban housing policy structure, which has had successful experience in this field. On the other hand, the selection of these countries by accessing information and statistics from the World Housing site has also been documents, books and articles. It then compares the detailed information of these countries based on the criteria of "macro-policies for collecting and extracting their main idea and comparing them with each other". Therefore, according to the types of comparative methods that have been briefly discussed in the theoretical foundations, a large-scale (large) method has been used for the research.

A review of the experiences of Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States in the field of housing and low-income urban housing policy at various national, regional, and local levels shows that the success of the programs at the three levels of It has been achieved through the creation of a local, regional institution and the transfer of power from macro-national decisions to regional and local levels. In the United Kingdom, the government system, by policy-making in programs, examines the role of housing monitoring at various levels; And by giving authority to central and local states in legal programs and housing development policies, their role is considered strategic. In this country, the creation of an intermediate level government (or institution) as a strategic institution with HSMO housing policy and urban planning programs. In China, the implementation of three housing programs (affordable and comfortable housing, the Future Housing Fund and cheap housing rental) showed that China has implemented political will, organizational reform, and organizational capacity at all levels of affordable housing on a large scale. It was made clear that China needs to integrate institutions from central government to local government to meet the housing needs of low- and middle-income families, and housing programs are an integral part of national and local economic policies. Another policy in China is to privatize public housing. This is done by transferring to tenants (. free, or selling and nominal cost). Therefore, housing privatization is a good way to provide affordable housing in some countries, including China. In Australia, much of the planning and decision-making process for urban housing and low-income housing is the responsibility of local governments, and central governments oversee local government affairs by setting macro-policies. In the United States; The state and local planning perspective, with an emphasis on private sector participation and encouragement, is essential as a necessary tool to meet the real needs of the people and not based on the will of the central government. The independence of central and local governments in various sectors, decision-making and decision-making, guarantees accurate problem-solving and the realization of plans and programs. Despite fundamental differences in national, regional, and local planning methods, it is possible for regions to compete for housing development, and from these approaches, the concept of policy-making becomes clear. While the macro-planning structure of Iran practically does not allow the transfer of authority. Power is transferred to the provincial branches of the central government, and this power takes place at a time when, due to the selection of government representatives as hierarchical by the central government directly, the officials of the relevant institutions practically protect the interests of government officials. It leads to regional and local interests

The results of this study address the housing policy structure at three levels: national, regional, and local, and how the three issues are addressed with China, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. He compared their similarities and differences in terms of the four dimensions of institutional and local participation in housing policy, the role of government in the structure of housing policy, the attitude of the housing planning system, the relationship between national, regional and local programs. And it examines the structure of the housing planning system. Another result of this study was to seek to understand and explain how it is possible to achieve the development of low-income urban housing.

The neighborhood as a residential system, both spontaneously and systematically, has long been a major component of cities. The neighborhood has internal and external dynamics and mechanisms. Whenever the neighborhood space system is in balance, the spatial structure of cities moves towards spatial balance and homogeneity. With this attitude, the present article seeks to identify the state of balance and equilibrium of neighborhoods in the spatial structure of Ahvaz metropolis. Since the metropolis of Ahvaz is associated with rapid urbanization and uncontrolled horizontal development; Therefore, it is necessary to guide and control the development of neighborhoods in the framework of normative development and systematic growth. The units of analysis in this study include 139 neighborhoods in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Required data include demographic data, services, land use maps and urban road network, which are provided in the form of documentary-library and survey.

This research is explanatory. The data were quantitative and qualitative and were collected by library-documentary and survey method. The source of data, works and scientific sources are basic and primary in urban geography, urban planning and urban neighborhoods as well as statistical data of the population and housing census of 2016 and information related to land use map for the year 1399 in Ahvaz. The last land use map in the metropolis of Ahvaz was available for 1390, which was updated in 1399 with a field survey. To analyze the data, the spatial autocorrelation model including general and local walls, residential building density, population density and per capita determination method were used. The concept of spatial autocorrelation is that the values of the studied attributes are self-correlated and their correlation can be attributed to the spatial-spatial order of the phenomena.

The results of this study show that the pattern of distribution of different land uses in the Ahvaz metropolis has been formed with spatial requirements such as maximum profit and maximum access. The concentration of "service neighborhoods" in the central part of the city reflects these economic and spatial principles. Since the central part of the city has a high population threshold, various transportation facilities and has maximum spatial interconnection; The neighborhoods in this section have attracted various types of services and infrastructure facilities over time and have played an important and effective role in the spatial structure of Ahvaz. Also, in this city, the neighborhood is often used as a collection of residential complexes, neighborhood units, public and private houses, and conventional houses built by the people, which have been formed at different times. According to the above, the general pattern of the spatial structure of the metropolis of Ahvaz according to the functions and spatial structure of the neighborhoods, tends to the center and the development of the central parts of the city. Ahvaz neighborhoods have found their own role and function based on spatial factors, components and processes such as access system, distance from activity centers, spatial centrality and spatial interaction. Thus, the forces of the space system over time have affected the process of "population invasion and sequencing" and as a result, neighborhoods with higher services and facilities are concentrated in places of the city that have easier access to the central part of the city and services. Urban highways have benefited. Meanwhile, economic opportunities and political decisions have fueled various social and economic stratifications in the city of Ahvaz, which has resulted in the formation of different neighborhoods in the city of Ahvaz. The study of the neighborhoods of Ahvaz shows that these neighborhoods, in addition to the spatial and non-spatial requirements and necessities affecting their emergence, have a special spatial structure that forms the foundation of that neighborhood.

As a final result of the article, it can be said that the spatial structure of Ahvaz city is unbalanced and unbalanced and the pattern of living in it tends to the central neighborhoods, increasing facilities and services in the central parts and people's desire from the periphery to the central neighborhoods of the city. Is. This issue is mainly understood under the influence of two important factors: one is the pattern of unbalanced distribution of business uses in the city of Ahvaz and the other is the existence of neighborhoods, many of which with the horizontal development of the city without providing infrastructure and facilities. Necessarily, they have been built as organizational houses with the management of relevant institutions and organizations, as well as the housing of low-income (marginal) social groups; So that the neighborhoods in the central part of Ahvaz metropolis have a decisive role in the spatial structure of the city; Because these neighborhoods, while providing various services to their residents, also provide various services and facilities to other neighborhoods in the city, which has played an effective role in the emergence of spatial imbalances in the city structure. Theoretically, the result of the present article indicates the fact that the normative concepts of "service-ten" and "empowering" neighborhoods have the necessary theoretical capacity to justify the formation of an unbalanced structure in the city of Ahvaz. Because according to the criteria of the mentioned neighborhoods, the diversity of neighborhoods in the city of Ahvaz is such that it has produced the current unbalanced structure. Therefore, it seems that giving direction to the development model of the spatial structure of Ahvaz city based on the characteristics of "service-ten" and "empowering" neighborhoods can help to improve the spatial structure of the city; Because over time, this can moderate the tendency to the center and increase the uncontrolled density in the neighborhoods of the central part and extend the functions of the neighborhood to other neighborhoods and neighborhoods of the city of Ahvaz.

In third world and developing countries, of which Iran is one of them, whenever we talk about development and progress, we mainly pay attention to human characteristics and factors, population dispersion and also the rural texture of such abundant countries. These societies, which face many problems due to backwardness and under development, try in various ways to reduce the disorders caused by under development by implementing various development programs and to take steps to improve the living conditions of the people. In recent decades, there have been major problems in the process of modernization and structural transformation in developing societies, resistance to the acceptance of new ideas, innovations, and any new ideas and designs, especially in rural areas, especially in rural areas. They know their cultural and traditional beliefs. In principle, different societies and cultures differ in terms of individual and personality characteristics and areas of acceptance of development programs. One of the most important and central theories in the school of modernization is the theory of the peasant subculture Rogers. Scholars in this field believe that all traditional beliefs must be discarded in order for development to emerge. In the discussion of "rural subculture", Rogers believes that the main obstacles to modernization and development stem from the way of life and culture of the villagers, and elements such as motivations, values and views in the form of peasant subculture. It hinders innovation and acceptance of change in rural communities, and negative and deterrent factors of economic development have been assumed. Looking at the early theories of development, we see that most theorists (Rogers, McClelland, Hagen, Engels, etc.) believe that development is a phenomenon of anti-traditions, beliefs, localism and anti-familyism. Etc. Because it contradicts many tribal ethnic beliefs and traditions, but now, despite development in rural areas, we are witnessing the presence of traditional beliefs and values, and in a sense we can say that development has made traditions more flourishing. Is. The present study aimed to investigate the elements of peasant subculture theory that Rogers considered as obstacles to development. The theory has been tested in Glin village of Sanandaj city in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the social context of the study community, in order to determine whether the elements of the peasant subculture as Rogers has considered in the community The check is valid.

In this study, the researcher used qualitative approach techniques to test the Rogers peasant subculture theory for understanding and understanding the peasant view of the village of Galin. In this research, two purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling have been used. In the present study, data were collected through techniques such as in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and focused group discussion. Therefore, in the present study, 344 heads of households in Galin village constitute the statistical population of the study. In the research process, sampling of individuals and interpretation of interviews continued gradually and step by step from heads of households to the stage of theoretical saturation, and this process was interviewed with 35 heads of households and for the gradual process of data collection by the time the theoretical saturation was reached, seven groups of five were formed to conduct focused group discussions, and the researcher would begin the discussion by raising the issues under consideration. The researcher recorded the data on paper during group discussions and interviews, and at the end of each day, the process of interpretation and sampling was done gradually, and the data collection continued until the stage of theoretical saturation.

In the present study, which is based on the elements of the peasant subculture. These elements are: lack of innovation, family orientation, lack of mutual trust in personal relationships, dependence on government, destiny, low level of aspirations and desires, inability to ignore immediate interests to achieve future benefits, limited time perspective, Localism and lack of empathy. According to the research findings, the elements of the peasant subculture in the mentioned society do not correspond to what Rogers and other theorists in this field have proposed. So that only in the component of mutual distrust in personal relationships, the findings show people's dissatisfaction with the current situation due to lack of trust between them. Whereas in the past, despite the underdevelopment of the village, the level of trust among people has been high. In this study, from the heart of the subculture that has been considered as an obstacle to development for years, the idea has been raised that subcultures are not necessarily an obstacle to development. Based on these subcultures, it is possible to create a development that creates a sense of participation and responsibility, and contributes to the development and destiny of the people, and determines their participation in development programs.

The present study aims to analyze the elements of peasant subculture theory that Rogers considered as obstacles to development, has been tested in Galin village of Sanandaj city. In this way, a comprehensive understanding of the social context of the study community is obtained, in order to determine whether the elements of the peasant subculture apply to the study community in the way that Rogers has considered. Therefore, in the end, it can be concluded that such existing issues are one of the requirements of rural planning for the cultural development of villages. Because the diversity of different ethnicities and cultures requires its own programs. If the components of rural subculture are reconstructed and rethought by conducting correct studies in accordance with modern needs and current conditions of society, they can act as a stimulus in the process of rural development and participation. And as long as we can hope for the development of the studied society, the endogenous approach to development will be the basis of change and create cultural and social contexts.

 Given that cities are climatically different; Special environmental planning is felt to manage them. Therefore, the study of the impact of political decisions on the geographical space of cities has a fundamental impact on their development and sustainability. Therefore, the relationship between politics and space in the city is one of the important topics studied by geographers of the present age. To examine these relationships, it is important to understand the conditions of natural geography. Cities are divided into three categories in terms of climate, desert cities, mountainous cities and coastal cities that have their own economic, social and environmental characteristics. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to analyze space policies in desert cities. The question that arises here is what effect do the natural geographical conditions of desert and arid cities, especially the climate, have on the type and method of policies and policies of city managers? The results show that "the type and method of spatial policies in desert and desert cities are different from other cities due to natural geographical conditions. Therefore, desert cities have special conditions and talents, and although they have some limitations compared to other cities; "But Dada's climatic conditions play a fundamental role in formulating and implementing various policies in these cities in order to achieve development and sustainability."

This research is of applied type and the method of data collection in this documentary and library research and the method of information analysis is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative methodology. In this regard, in order to achieve a correct and clear result in this research based on rational inference, an attempt has been made to explain the role of climate in urban policies.

It should be noted that spatial policies are greatly influenced by the role of natural (sustainable) environmental factors. The process of integration and unification has been economic, political and social backwardness under the long-term actions of natural space in general and components such as climate, ruggedness, size and shape of cities in particular. The function of these factors is both positive and constructive and negative and destructive, but in general in desert cities, their destructive role is more on the body of the city.From the development point of view, having different natural capabilities and also benefiting from God-given facilities and talents and how to use them show the status of urban communities in each region. Determining the levels of ownership and development of urban areas and examining the strengths and weaknesses of the conditions of each area in the economic, cultural and political fields, coordinates the optimal allocation of resources and facilities for development.

Rapid developments in today's world have made it impossible to achieve development plans without constant revision. In addition, the facilities, capabilities, and priorities of urban society are constantly changing. Therefore, with the increase in the number of cities, understanding the natural and human geography of the city and determining the extent of scarcity and imbalance at different levels becomes an inevitable necessity. In this regard, attention to climate and urban typology, due to their role in meeting the needs of urban communities and the soul and psyche of citizens, is of great importance in the spatial policy of the city and in order to develop it. Therefore, knowledge of the climate is essential for planning and managing these spaces. In general, a set of cultural, economic, political-managerial and environmental factors are involved in the formulation and implementation of space policies in desert cities. In the socio-cultural sector, the high rate of population growth is important both naturally and in the form of migration to these cities. In fact, these cities, due to their high potential for industrialization and the establishment of various industries, have been attractive to the population. . Also, the geographical and environmental characteristics of these cities mean that they are located in the plains and have a long distance with the surrounding mountains or natural dead ends due to the availability of a lot of land for construction on the one hand and not enough water for agriculture and therefore barren Lands around cities On the other hand, cities have expanded on all sides and have suffered spatial dispersion. It seems that the new projects that are being implemented in these cities have not paid attention to this issue. Drought is one of the main challenges in these areas, which can turn into a crisis if not addressed. The results show that desert and desert cities have potentials in addition to limitations and the type and method of political decisions of those in power in desert and desert cities should be special and different from other cities according to geographical conditions. Therefore, desert cities need special space policies. Since any space can have rankings in the face of various factors (natural-human), therefore, desert and desert cities, due to their special climatic conditions, also have conditions in the political, economic, cultural and environmental fields. They are special. Of course, it can not be said that desert cities only suffer from limitations and shortcomings, but also the potential of desert cities in various fields such as tourism, medicinal plants and construction of industrial factories, construction products, etc. with proper management and planning of city officials and Capital can become real. However, from a geographical point of view, due to the interrelationship between space and politics, collecting areas for business and development development in desert cities is more difficult than coastal and mountainous cities and requires organized and purposeful politico-spatial management. Therefore, the effects of climate on political, economic and cultural issues and on the formation of socio-political structures and contexts of human groups in urban areas can be examined in the context of urban space policies. To take.

One of the world’s geographical regions which has been exposed to the geopolitics tensions was southern Asian region which has more than 2 billion population. In this geopolitical region, the presence and the impact of China and India which are trying to develop their impression all the time and the special notice of America has caused that the domain of regional and world competitions find new dimensions. The importance and the domain of these competitions in the geographical region of southern Asia is so huge that this region has been able to be a place for getting the strategic Excellency in Asian continent, and probably a focal for changing the balance of world power in the 21 century. This issue has caused that the study of the structure of geopolitical competition between China and India and the role of America in the Southern Asia region is an interesting issue for academicals studies. In this research, the goal is to investigate this tip with the way of descriptive analytical research which the nature of geopolitical competition between China and India in this geographical region is created on what basis; and what the process of America’s intervention has influenced on the power equations. The result of the research indicates that the most important influential factor on the geopolitical competition of China and India is the development of the economy’s role in the world’s changes. In a way that the competition between themselves has been transformed from security domain to the economic domain. In this process, the United States with the notice of the profits unity with India is trying to restrain the impact of China in peripheral regions, being an obstacle to achieve China’s economical and communicational plans in the countries like Pakistan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. This issue has cause the increase of China’s penetration costs and on the other hand has caused the increase of competition power of India which seems in a short time neither of China and India countries aren’t able to acquire absolute geopolitical and geo-economics excellence towards each other. One of the world’s geographical regions which has been exposed to the geopolitics tensions was southern Asian region which has more than 2 billion population. In this geopolitical region, the presence and the impact of China and India which are trying to develop their impression all the time and the special notice of America has caused that the domain of regional and world competitions find new dimensions. The importance and the domain of these competitions in the geographical region of southern Asia is so huge that this region has been able to be a place for getting the strategic Excellency in Asian continent, and probably a focal for changing the balance of world power in the 21 century. This issue has caused that the study of the structure of geopolitical competition between China and India and the role of America in the Southern Asia region is an interesting issue for academicals studies. In this research, the goal is to investigate this tip with the way of descriptive analytical research which the nature of geopolitical competition between China and India in this geographical region is created on what basis; and what the process of America’s intervention has influenced on the power equations. The result of the research indicates that the most important influential factor on the geopolitical competition of China and India is the development of the economy’s role in the world’s changes. In a way that the competition between themselves has been transformed from security domain to the economic domain. In this process, the United States with the notice of the profits unity with India is trying to restrain the impact of China in peripheral regions, being an obstacle to achieve China’s economical and communicational plans in the countries like Pakistan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. This issue has cause the increase of China’s penetration costs and on the other hand has caused the increase of competition power of India which seems in a short time neither of China and India countries aren’t able to acquire absolute geopolitical and geo-economics excellence towards each other. One of the world’s geographical regions which has been exposed to the geopolitics tensions was southern Asian region which has more than 2 billion population. In this geopolitical region, the presence and the impact of China and India which are trying to develop their impression all the time and the special notice of America has caused that the domain of regional and world competitions find new dimensions. The importance and the domain of these competitions in the geographical region of southern Asia is so huge that this region has been able to be a place for getting the strategic Excellency in Asian continent, and probably a focal for changing the balance of world power in the 21 century. This issue has caused that the study of the structure of geopolitical competition between China and India and the role of America in the Southern Asia region is an interesting issue for academicals studies. In this research, the goal is to investigate this tip with the way of descriptive analytical research which the nature of geopolitical competition between China and India in this geographical region is created on what basis; and what the process of America’s intervention has influenced on the power equations. The result of the research indicates that the most important influential factor on the geopolitical competition of China and India is the development of the economy’s role in the world’s changes. In a way that the competition between themselves has been transformed from security domain to the economic domain. In this process, the United States with the notice of the profits unity with India is trying to restrain the impact of China in peripheral regions, being an obstacle to achieve China’s economical and communicational plans in the countries like Pakistan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.

According to the principles and concepts of economic geography, the limitation rule is one of the most important and significant rules in economic geography, thus, sometimes the physical environment provides restrictions on the habitat of living organisms and sometimes provides a favorable environment for various human activities, such as breeding, raising animals and producing of the various goods and crops. These restrictions include natural and man-made crises such as floods, earthquakes, fires, droughts, hurricanes, infectious diseases, war, sanctions, and so on. Throughout the history of human societies, diseases have affected the individual and social life of human beings in various ways. The economic dimension of human life is no exception to this effect, and when it comes to a Pandemic, the scale of the crisis will be enormous and even on a global scale. Today, the world is witnessing an unprecedented expansion of the COVID 19 pandemic, which its expansion and impact have been unprecedented in the history of the world. Due to the increase in the rate of human movement in recent years, the spread rate and consequently its Prevalence power is doubled. The disease first started in a dense urban area. With the movement of the urban population to rural areas, the disease is also transmitted to less density of rural areas. In terms of the speed of transmission of the disease from one person to another, dense urban centers are the most suitable place for the rapid spread of the disease; Therefore, cities became the focus of the disease; Moreover, although it is often said that in this global pandemic we are all in the same boat and the danger threatens everyone, the fact is that we are not all in the same situation on this boat; In other words, some are in a safe place and others are in the vulnerable and damaged part of the boat, some have rescue equipment and others are useless of these facilities and equipment to varying degrees. Therefore, unbalanced pandemic spread can be seen in cities as well. In urban slums, the disease takes more victims and, as a result, denser places become hotspots of the disease. However, villages are more vulnerable to this pandemic than cities in several ways. Therefore, this article tries to answer the following questions: 1. How do human phenomena; Like the COVID19 pandemic, affect the rural economy? 2. What strategies have the world's rural economies taken to address this challenge? This research is going to investigate the impact of the corona pandemic on the rural economy, this applied research, based on the descriptive method. All rural areas in the world are our research population and two Countries one from developed countries –Canada- and another from the developing world – India- have been chosen as the research sample. To fully understand the subject and gain the necessary theoretical insight, the Document based or library method is used with a focus on tools such as books and publications, the Internet, and articles. The collected data were described and analyzed based on available documents. The results indicate that the costs imposed by the corona epidemic on the production system, as well as the reduction in production and supply domestically and externally. This effect even can be exaggerated in rural areas because mostly they are the focal point for producing the food and they are the start point of the supply chain. So this situation could lead to higher inflation and lower economic growth in these areas. Indeed, the Pandemic by interruption of the supply chain, demand, and liquidity, can cause a deep impact on enterprises and on the supply of labor, consumption of goods and services. Especially by it reduce the income of consumers and producers of agricultural products, and consequently, it is causing a negative impact on tourism and its related revenues such as handicrafts and services The Results The finding and results of this study show that the COVID19 pandemic affects all components of the rural economy including production, distribution, and consumption; also it affects agriculture, services, industry as well as the labor force. Because COVID19, mainly targets the respiratory system and usually farmers are among the high-risk population they are highly vulnerable and the lack of health facilities makes the rural condition even worse. It was assumed that because of the human need for food, the outbreak of pandemic will not affect the agricultural sector and its productions, but due to the closure of restaurants and most of the food caterings this sector also hit badly and because the agricultural products are perishable and cannot be stored for a long term, the agriculture sector and its labor force also affected negatively. In general, the weakness of and lack of access to health centers and facilities in rural areas, more poverty of rural people, demographic characteristics, and the reliance on the livelihood economy and small businesses that can make it more vulnerable in terms of its size are among the reasons that make the rural area as a critical area in facing with this Pandemic. Therefore, guaranteeing the purchase of products, allocating support package, tax exemptions, adjusting energy rates, facilitating the bank's regulations, allocating low-interest loans to farmers, deferring tax payments, is among the kinds of support that governments can provide for their rural population. Providing the market also is the most important facilities that they are needed, because without a market for their production they cannot survive. In fact, the COVID19 has an impact on the supply chain, demand and cash exchange, on enterprises and on the supply of labor, consumption of goods and services, and especially by reducing the income of consumers and producers of agricultural products in the short and long term on the economy. Thus, it seems that although the COVID19 Pandemic may disappear from the world in the not-so-definite future, its economic effects may last for many years or even decades.