نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال سی و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 134، بهار 1401)

More than 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicine (Herbal extracts or their active ingredients) for their health needs for their health needs. In addition, more than 50% of all modern clinical drugs are of natural origin. Herbs may have the ability to treat bacterial resistance to many types of antibiotics. One of the benefits of using the herbs is their multiple effects. In particular, many plants have a high ability to fight bacterial and fungal pathogens. Given the number of chemical compounds in plants, it is not possible to consider a single mechanism for their antibacterial effects, but they have multiple purposes in the cell. Also, the antimicrobial mechanisms are very different depending on the composition of the plant. Since the antibacterial effect of medicinal plants depends significantly on the phytochemical properties of the family and subfamily, it is not surprising that differences in the antibacterial effect of samples taken from the same plant from two different regions are observed. In traditional Iranian medicine, the use of herbs in the treatment of burns, skin disorders, infectious diseases, sepsis and inflammation is common. Because there are no standard criteria for evaluating plant antimicrobial activity, the results vary widely from author to author. Standardizing extraction methods and in vitro tests to search for new antimicrobial drugs from plants will be very useful so that the results are more systematic and their interpretation is simpler and more accurate.

The development of the pharmaceutical industry of any country shows the capability of that country in the field of health and well-being of the people of that society. Given the developments in this industry in interaction with the achievements of biotechnology and the importance of biomedicines in the treatment of certain diseases in societies, the study of the commercialization process has an important role in faster delivery of drugs to the market. The purpose of this study is to design a model for the process of commercialization of technology, focusing on the pharmaceutical industry and biological products. The research method is qualitative and meta-combined, which has been used as a library method to collect data. The study population includes all articles related to the research topic. In order to conduct research after designing research questions, a systematic search has been conducted based on related keywords - commercialization models, pharmaceutical industry - from Scopus, Civilica, SID, IRANDOC, ISC, Emerald, IEEE, Science Direct databases. By reviewing commercialization articles and models, 9 dimensions have been identified as dimensions of the technology commercialization process, focusing on the pharmaceutical and biological products industries. Based on these dimensions, the final integrated model has been presented and validated. This article identifies the dimensions of the technology commercialization process, focusing on the pharmaceutical and biological products industry; it can be a good model for use in the country's pharmaceutical industry.

The genetic purity of sheep breeds is declining due to uncontrolled crossbreeding, so it is essential to preserve biodiversity in native breeds as a national asset. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic and phylogenetic diversity of the mitochondrial HVR I region between the three Taleshi, Makui and Shal breeds. For this purpose, HVR I sequences of these three breeds were downloaded from NCBI database. Nucleotide diversity for Taleshi, Shawl and Makui breeds calculated 0.0416, 0.04552 and 0.04422, respectively, and haplotype diversity in all three breeds was estimated to be 1.00. In addition, the results of molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that the diversity within populations was about %100 and in fact the total diversity was included and the diversity between populations was %0. These results indicated high genetic variation in three sheep breeds. Negative Tajima''s D for Taleshi breed indicated that the this population is expanding after going through a recent bottleneck and selection sweep is in progress, while positive Tajima''s D for shawl and Makui breeds demonstrated that these two populations are balancing selection. The NJ phylogenetic test results indicated that all three breeds of sheep were classified into haplotype D. From the classification of these breeds with the Caucasian and Turkish breeds in one branch, it can be concluded that these three breeds are the ancient breeds of sheep and more efforts should be made to preserve these national assets.

The spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that guides pre-mRNA splicing in eukaryotic cells. In this research, pituitary transcriptome profile of commercial breeder turkey of BUT breed was studied during the laying and broodiness phases. A total of 334 differentially expressed genes during egg-laying phases and brooding phases were identified. There were 229 upregulated and 104 downregulated at egg-laying phases compared with brooding phases. In the present study results of both GO and KEGG analysis suggested that the genes in the spliceosome complex are critical in the transition from the egg-laying to brooding phase turkeys. In addition, in the calcium ion transport in the biological process, splicing activates and creates various isoforms of the calcium/calmodulin alpha, which plays an important role in the neurotransmitter and hormonal systems of turkeys. In this study it was revealed that SNRPD1, SNRPF and SNRPA1/U2A in spliceosome complex were essential for folliculogenesis and fertility. HSPA8 wassignificantly down-regulated at laying turkeys compared with broodiness turkeys was involved in autophagy and follicular regression in broody turkey.

Peste des Petits Ruminunts (PPR) is an acute and contagious viral disease with rapid infection and transmission in sheep and goats. Vaccination of livestock is the best solution to prevent the spread and control of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response derived from vaccination with six formulations of inactivated PPR vaccine in goats and sheep using a completely randomized design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The attenuated PPR virus was amplified in a highly manipulated suspension lymphoid cell having a high passage potential, and then inactivated using two inactivators (4 mM bromoethylene imine [BEI] or 3% hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]). Thereafter each inactivated virus was formulated using three different helpers (aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and a 50% mixture of each of these two adjuvants). Iimmunogenicity and safety of the formulated candidate vaccines were evaluated by respective two doses of 0.1 and 1 (10-fold doses) ml of the vaccines administrated into 38 sheep and 28 goats. Each dose was subcutaneously administrated on 0 and 21 days of the experiment and post vaccination sera antibody titer against PPR virus was measured on days 0, 14, 21, 35, 42 and 60. The results showed that the mean antibody titer against PPR virus was not influenced neither by inactivator nor adjuvant up to 21- and 60-days post vaccination (P> 0.05). Also, no significant interaction was observed between different inactivators and adjuvants (P> 0.05). The appropriate antibody titers observed in different experimental groups indicated a good immunization of the formulated vaccines; however, their efficacy remained to be investigated using challenge test. Also, due to the lack of carcinogenicity, cheapness and environmental compatibility reported for H2O2, it is nominated as an inactivator in production inactivated PPR vaccine.

Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) with the causative agent of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs), due to incurring mortality in broiler farms, is considered a significant disease in the poultry industry. The present study was undertaken to detect and molecularly classify FAdV associated with outbreaks of IBH in broiler farms in Iran. Over 3 years, twenty-two outbreaks of IBH, in farms with ages between 7 to 42 days, were recorded in Mazandaran, Fars, and Tehran provinces. In each case, after taking history and recording gross lesions, virological and histopathological samples were obtained from the liver of the affected birds. The virological investigation was carried out by a real-time PCR targeting the 52k gene of FAdV and microscopic investigation of liver tissue was performed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Histopathological investigation of liver tissue showed necrotizing hepatitis with the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies attributed to FAdV infection. The molecular assay combined with sequencing analysis of the 52k gene revealed the involvement of 19 FAdV-D and 3 FAdV-E in IBH outbreaks. The present study is indicative of a prominent involvement of FAdV-D and -E in IBH outbreaks. Due to the vastness of the country's poultry industry, the epidemiological findings of the present study in the mentioned provinces could be advantageous for the control and prevention of this disease in the country.

Infectious Larangotracheitis (ILT) is an important economic disease of the respiratory tract in chickens. The highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1). This study aimed to investigate the effects of Newcastle disease vaccine on the laryngotracheitis vaccine. Therefore a total number of 125 twenty-seven days old LSL commercial pullet randomly divided into five groups and kept in the separate rooms at standard temperature. Then according to a special program, they were vaccinated with Newcastle disease and infectious laryngotracheitis vaccines. Three weeks after vaccination, the serums were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for Newcastle disease and ELISA for infectious laryngotracheitis. The results of this study showed that the titer of infectious laryngotracheitis (1990 ± 631) in a group (G4) that received the Newcastle disease vaccine first and the infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine three days later was more significant than other groups (P > 0.05). Newcastle titer (5.1 ± 1.45) was non significantly lower in this group than in other groups. Also, Newcastle disease titer was non significantly higher in the group (G2) that first received the ILT vaccine (P > 0.05). The results of this study showed a positive effect of Newcastle disease vaccine if used before the laryngotracheitis vaccine. The results of this study showed that it is better not to use these two vaccines together and to get a higher titer, it is better to use a Newcastle vaccine before the laryngotracheitis vaccine. It is recommended that to study other live vaccines and their interactions.

Newcastle disease, as one of the most important diseases of the poultry industry, has many economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Newcastle disease virus in respiratory syndromes of broiler flocks in Khuzestan and Isfahan provinces. For this purpose, tissue samples (trachea, lung, and cecal tonsils) were taken from ten dead birds of 20 broiler farms with respiratory symptoms in different regions of these two provinces. Samples were inoculated into 9 to 11 days old embryonated chicken eggs. The RT-PCR was performed to detect Newcastle disease virus on allantoic fluid. Out of 20 studied flocks, the virus was isolated and identified in nine flocks. The 330 base pair nucleotide sequence in the F gene virus cleavage site was examined in 9 isolates. The results of RT-PCR test showed that Newcastle disease virus was isolated from respiratory syndromes in 50% of broiler flocks in Khuzestan province and 40% of broiler flocks in Isfahan province. Of the 9 isolates, 3 were in genotype II and 6 were in genotype VIId of class II Newcastle disease virus, and isolates of both genotypes were present in both provinces. The variety of VIId isolates found in Khuzestan province was more than Isfahan province. Isolates belonging to genotype II in this study were similar to Pakistani, Chinese and Nigerian strains, and other isolates were similar to previous Iranian strains.

Brucellosis is one of the important zoonotic diseases, that causes fever in human and abortion in animals. Prevention of Brucellosis in humans is based on the vaccination of animals. Vaccination is the best way to prevent brucellosis in livestock. Rev.1 vaccine is one of the most effective vaccines to prevent and control brucellosis in sheep and goat. Since one of the most important topics in biological products  make ensure the quality of the product at all stages, including during storage and consumption.Also,according to the field conditions and the vaccine injection process,evaluation of Rev.1 vaccine stability after solubilization lyophilized vaccine is necessary. the present study was conducted to evaluation stability of Rev.1 vaccine after solublizathion. To do this, samples were collected randomly from three consecutive batches of Rev.1 vaccine. Serial dilution were prepared with physiological saline, and the live mass of the Rev.1 vaccine was obtained. After that dissolved vaccine was kept in different temperature conditions  at 4°C, 25°C and 37°C, Afterword four, eight, 12, 18 and 24 hours after solublizing the vaccine, the live mass of the  Rev.1 vaccine was analyzed. The results showed that Rev.1 vaccine after being solublized was congurous with OIE 2019 criteria when maintained 24 hours at 4°C, 18 hours at 25° C and 12 hours at 37° C. Therefore It is recommended to use the vaccine after solublizing procsee as soon as possible to prevent the reduction in the titer of Rev.1 vaccine and loose of time.

Escherichia coli is an important member of the natural gut flora of humans, warm-blooded animals and birds. Often, infections caused by Escherichia coli occur opportunistically, and the main and most common infections are uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and pathogenic Escherichia coli in birds (APEC). In the present study, 30 extra-intestinal Escherichia coli samples were collected from 30 ostriches suspected of having septicemia and 30 plates containing Escherichia coli from patients with urinary tract infections. The isolates were studied for 8 common virulence genes (astA, iss, irp2, papC, iucD, tsh, vat, cva A / B cvi cvaC, as well as 6 antibiotic resistance genes (tetA, blaTEM, sul1, aadA1, aaC. (3) -IV, OnRA) were examined. The results of this study on the prevalence and frequency of virulence factors indicated that the highest frequency in APEC strains was related to papC genes (16/66%) and iss (20%). In UPEC strains, it was related to irp2 (53.33%) and cva A/B cvi cvaC(40%) genes. Also, in the study of antibiotic resistance in APEC isolates, the highest frequency was related to aac (3) -IV gene (30%) and the highest resistance was to the aadA1 gene (8.4%). Despite the genetic differences in some virulence factors between the two groups of bacteria in the present study, our results showed that major genetic similarities Bacterial isolates from humans and ostriches, and further studies on the importance of the prevalence of these viruses and resistance genes in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of bacteria in the human and ostrich populations.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, isolate of mastitis-causing bacteria and characterize antimicrobial resistance pattern at selected dairy farms around Gorgan, Golestan province. Among 60 lactating cows, 16 (26.6%) cows were positive bovine for subclinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test. Bacterial culture and Agar disc diffusion was used for isolation and antibiotic susceptibility test. The most prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (36 cases, 45% (and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (18 cases, 22.5 %,( followed by Eschershia coli (14 cases, 17.5%), Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruoginosa and Streptococci (4 each, 5%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 92.5% and 82.5% of total isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. In addition, the E. coli isolates showed 92.8% sensitivity to neomycin. However, the highest resistance was observed against penicillin (90%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (87.5%) and erythromycin (82.5%). Based on the results, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin may be considered the drugs of choice for mastitis treatment whereas penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin were found to be poor in their efficacy to the isolates. In this study, 62.5% of the isolates (50 isolates) were multiple-drug resistance. Based on the results, it seems that gentamicin and ciprofloxacin are more appropriate drugs for the treatment of mastitis. However, to minimize the risk of resistant bacteria, it is necessary to perform antibiogram testing prior to antibiotic prescription and evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern periodically in each geographical area.

Sarcocystis infection is one of the most common zoonotic protozoon diseases caused by different Sarcocystis spp. Due to the importance of this infection in public health, the infection rate of Sarcocystis infectionand its species in slaughtered sheep and cattle of abattoir of Saqez, was investigated. Total of 280 slaughtered sheep and cattle were selected randomly, and their esophagus, diaphragm, heart, tongue, masseter, and intercostal muscles were separated. To find cysts, the samples were examined by two methods direct observation for macroscopic cysts and finding microscopics cysts by digestion and impression smear (DOB smear) methods. Of the 140 inspected cows, 37 (26.42%) and 27 (19.28%) carcasses were contaminated with bradyzoite of parasite, respectively, by impression smear and peptic digestion method. In 140 slaughtered sheep samples, there was 11 (7.85%) macroscopic cyst in samples but microscopic cysts were positive in 32(22.58) and 23(16.42) of sheep respectively, by impression smear and peptic digestion method. In morphologic survey, 9 (81.81%) cases were infected with Sarcocystis gigantea and 2 (18.18%) cases was infected with S. medusiformis. The results showed infections in males were more than females in both sheep and cattle(P<0.05). There was a significant different in various ages of studied cattle and sheep(P<0.05).The infection rate was higher in sheep older than 3 years old and in cows older than 2 years old. This study showed the heavy sarcocystis infection in meat of cattle and sheep of this region,so, Due to importance of this parasite in public health, it is suggested to avoid eating raw and undercooked meat and conduct preventive measures such as closer inspection of carcasses and local or total removal of slaughtered in abattoir.

Haemoproteus. spp., infactly is a protozoan parasite. Over than 140 species of that have been known that generally it is reported among wild birds and other birds categories. Its species vector is Hippoboscidae fly and colicoidae mosquito. In birds who involved in weakness of immune system, Haemoproteus. spp. may result in Hemolytic anemia, anorexia and death.  The aim of this study, Molecular study on Haemoproteus. spp. parasite in wildlife Partridge of Mazandaran province and identifying new species of parasite. First, 12 Pieces of wild partridges were sampled with trapping in nature. Then smears of colored bloods by giemsa studied to identify macro- and micro-gametes of Haemoproteus spp. in birds red blood cells, then positive samples, were studied in order to perform PCR method, on cytochrome b like gene. Morphology study in this research demonstrate 5 positive of 12 samples. Infection of Haemoproteus spp. in Positive samples were confirmed by study with PCR method and investigating sample nucleotide sequence using “BLAST” software. Comparing sample nucleotide sequence with nucleotide sequence of other species of Haemoproteus spp. parasite showed that similarity between sample nucleotide sequences with mentioned nucleotide sequences is low. Data analysis showed that identified species of Haemoproteous parasite in this study is a new species called “Haemoproteus. partridage”.

Recent advancements in drug delivery system through development of nanomedicine has significantly improved the delivery of the medicine to the target tissue, consequently reduced the required therapeutic dose, toxicity and side effects. The aim of this study was test antifungal susceptibility of trimethylchitosan nanoparticles in combination with amphotericin B (NPs-AmB) through broth micro-dilution method described in CLSA-A3 guidelines on resistant (R) and susceptible (S) Candida albicans isolates and the cell viability and proliferation assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 90 % of NPs-AmB and AmB determined to be 0.25 and 0.75 µg/mL, and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were 0.5 and 1 µg/mL for S-isolate. MIC 90 for R-isolate were 8 and 32 µg/mL and MFC were 32 and 64 µg/mL respectively demonstrating a significant improvement in antifungal activity (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of some heavy metals in the milk produced by dairy farms in Qazvin province. For this study, milk samples of 35 industrial dairy herds under the auspices of the Livestock Breeders Union of Qazvin province in different cities including Abyek, Qazvin, Takestan, Buin Zahra and Alborz were collected by direct reference in two consecutive days. Immediately after sampling, the samples were sent to a specialized laboratory for measuring levels of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury. Then, the obtained data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the concentrations of lead, cadmium and chromium in the produced milk were 1.43± 3.77, 0.70± 2.24 and 1.07±1.27 μg / kg respectively.  There was no significant difference in the concentration of these elements among different cities. The concentrations of nickel and mercury in the produced milk were 0.63± 0.30 and 0.39± 0.37 μg / kg respectively. In terms of nickel and mercury concentrations, the difference between different cities of the province was significant and in Abyek was higher than others (P=0.02 and p=0.02 respectively). In conclusion, concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury) in milk produced in dairy farms was less than the standard levels, thus milk produced in Qazvin province can be considered as a healthy product from heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury) for human consumption.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hesperetin on brain tissue damage as a distant organ following skeletal muscle Ischemia–reperfusion in rats. 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six, including: sham, reperfusion ischemia, Hesperetin (intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg / kg), dimethyl sulfoxide group (1.5 mg / kg) and treatment were studied. To induce skeletal muscle ischemia, the femoral artery was occluded for two hours and then blood flow was established for 24 hours. Finally, blood samples were taken to evaluate MDA and MPO enzymes, and then rats were euthanized according to ethical principles. Brain tissue was sent to the laboratory for histopathological examination by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry of HSP70 in 10% formalin. Serum levels of MDA and MPO enzymes in the ischemia group were significantly increased compared to the treatment group (P <0.05). In histopathological evaluations, severe injury with cerebral edema, congestion, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and destruction of brain tissue was observed in the ischemic group, but significantly improved in the treatment group (P <0.05).  In immunohistochemical study, intracytoplasmic expression of HSP70 was reported only in the significant ischemia group and in the other groups no significant expression was reported in brain tissue. The results of this study suggest that hesperetin significantly reduces tissue damage in the brain as a distant organ following ischemia-reperfusion of skeletal muscle.

Early pregnancy detection is a strategic way to reduce farm costs. Nutritional and health costs resulting from the maintenance of non-pregnant animals will not be imposed on the farmer, by timely detection of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of early detection of estrus and pregnancy in Sannan goats by measuring of estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations in milk. In this experiment, 22 Sannan goats with 2-3 years old, with an average calving of 1.75 and an average weight of 47.5 ± 3.45Kg were selected and kept under equal conditions. First, estrus was synchronized in goats with vaginal sponge and PMSG and prostaglandin hormones (sponge for 12 days and injection of hormones on the final day). Milk samples were taken on days 0 and 1 of the estrous cycle (for estradiol test and estrus diagnosis) and on days 19, 21, 23 and 25 after mating (for progesterone measurement and pregnancy diagnosis). The average concentration of estradiol in milk was 15.01 pg/ml on day 0 and 2.76 pg/ml on day 1 of estrus. Based on sources, animals whose milk progesterone was more than 7.5 ng/ml were assumed to be pregnant, which was evaluated 50 days later by ultrasonography. Results show that Milk progesterone can be a way to diagnose goat pregnancy from the 19th day after mating with 86% accuracy. In summary, measuring milk estradiol and progesterone can be a way to timely estrus detection and to early diagnosis of pregnancy.

Knowledge of the anatomy of the cervix is crucial to increase the effectiveness of artificial insemination through the cervix. The aim was to identify the morphology and morphometry of the cervix in Shall and Afshari sheep. 200 samples were examined based on the appearance and then the type of arrangement of the folds and the grading of the cervix. Then, a silicone mold was prepared and the height, distance between the folds, the distance from the outer opening of the cervix to the first fold were measured. The type of cervical shape was significantly different between the two races (P <0.001) In Afshari breed papilla type with 32% and in shall breed duckbill with 38% had the highest frequency in the shape of the outer cervix. Frequency (percentage) of cervical degree in Afshari race is grade 1 (17%), 2 (47%) 3 (38%) and in shall breed is grade 1 (21%), 2 (47%) 3 (32%). None of the variables of ovarian phase, age group (lamb/adult), race and interaction of these factors had any effect on the number of folds. Cervical diameter and distance to the first crease and age in ovarian phase was effective on cervical length, diameter, crease height, cervical distance and also affected cervical diameter, cervical distance to the first crease and the distance between creases (P <0.05). By knowing the exact structure of the cervix of Shall and Afshari ewes, it may be possible to take an effective step in performing successful artificial insemination through the cervix.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral calcium supplementation in the postpartum period on milk production and composition, animal health  and reproduvtive performance. For this purpose, forty-two Holstein lactating cows were selected and divided into two groups: control (twenty-one cows, without any calcium bolus) and treatment group (twenty-one cows,43 g oral bolus immediately after calving). The results showed milk yield and composition (fat and protein), and milk somatic cell count were not affected by oral calcium bolus. The incidence of impending diseases in this group of cows such as metritis, mating and abomasum reversal in the experimental group was lower than animals that did not consume calcium bolus (odds ratio (OR) = 0.13). It is also worth noting that in the case of reproductive indices, the mean of open days in the treatment group decreased compared to the control treatment but was not statistically significant. There was no difference in body condition score at the time of insemination in the control and treatment groups (P <0.05) and the mean number of inseminations per pregnancy in the treatment group was not significant compared to the control treatment (P <0.05). In general, with proper nutrition management during the close up with diet DCAD controling, it is possible to pass the transfer cows without consuming calcium bolus, and also to avoid increasing costs.

The use of medicinal plants has long been important in human, animal and poultry health and in recent years to improve the functioning of the immune system and gastrointestinal tract have received more attention. This experiment was performed to investigate the effect different levels of black seed on growth indices, blood parameters and morphology of broiler jejunum. This experiment was performed with 250 308 Ross chickens in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replications. Blood samples were taken to determine blood parameters at42 days of age. Blood samples were taken on days 21 and 28 to evaluate the immune system after injection of 0.5% of sheep red blood cells at seven and 14 days. Addition of 0.5% of black seed significantly improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Decreased cholesterol and triglyceride, increased HDL and bilirubin were observed with the addition of black seed. There was no significant difference in total immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G at 21 and 28 days. Consumption of different levels of black seed, jejunum morphological variables including villi length, villi width, crypt depth, villi area, villi density and area of adsorption area increased significantly. The results of this experiment showed that the addition of black seed up to one percent improves the growth performance of broilers.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic sources of minerals zinc and selenium on yield, egg quality and selenium and zinc concentration in eggs in older laying hens. In this experiment, 210 Leghorn laying hens-line strains (w-36) at the age of 83 weeks were used based on a completely randomized design. Treatments included seven treatments with three replications and 10 chickens in each replication. Treatments included two inorganic sources of zinc and selenium including zinc oxide and sodium selenite and two organic sources of zinc methionine and selenomethionine and control treatment. Production yield, egg quality and selenium concentration on eggs were evaluated for six weeks. The results showed that organic and inorganic sources of zinc and selenium in the diet of laying hens did not have a significant effect on production performance and internal quality of eggs. Addition of zinc and selenium supplements from organic sources improved egg shell quality compared to the control group. Organic and inorganic sources of selenium and zinc increased selenium and zinc stores in eggs at 85 and 87 weeks (P <0.05) .There was no significant difference between organic and inorganic sources for egg enrichment with selenium and zinc. Increased selenium and zinc storage was observed up to 88 weeks old laying hens. Addition of zinc and selenium supplements from organic sources improved egg shell quality.

Newcastle disease is one of the most important diseases affecting various species of birds. Different live and killed vaccines are used to control the disease that has different tropisms and severity. One of the uses of this vaccine is its use during the breeding period of poultry. To investigate the effectiveness of titer increase and the possibility of proliferation of vaccine in the presence of high antibodies against Newcastle, in this study, five vaccines B1, Vitapest, I2, Lasota, Clone Lasota in 25 weeks’ old laying hens (in each group, 50 chickens) and were compared by drinking vaccination in five separate salons of the same age. Blood was taken from marked chickens before and three weeks after vaccination. Five days after vaccination, pharyngeal swabs were taken from the chickens to confirm the vaccine's proliferation. The HI test and the Real-Time PCR test was performed on sera and swabs, respectively. The HI titers did not significantly differ after three weeks. But in Lasota and I2 groups, it was able to increase the titer. Also, the distribution of titers was reduced only in the Lasota group. The proliferation test results showed that the Vitapest and B1 vaccine viruses were not detected in any samples. They cannot proliferate at this antibody level. The results showed that Lasota is a good offer for use in flocks with high antibodies against Newcastle. It is suggested that additional research be performed on cellular, mucosal, and challenge studies in this field.

Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test is a universal method in veterinary laboratories that has low sensitivity and high specificity in determining the level of antibody. This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability of HI test and to determine the suitable antigen for HI test. Two experiments were conducted in this study. In the first, 60 serum samples were divided into four groups, including negative, low, medium, and high titer serums for Newcastle virus. Also, to evaluate the repeatability of the HI test results, eight pairs of repeating serums were placed from all four serum groups. The sera were sent to 11 different veterinary laboratories, and asked to determine the Newcastle HI titers by standard protocols. In second experiment, 41 sera were used to determine the appropriate antigen using five antigens (Clone Lasota, Lasota, B1, commercial and laboratory antigen) for the HI test. the first experiment showed that most laboratories could identify high titers, but there is a significant difference in determining zero, low, and medium titers. Also, based on results obtained from each of laboratories, it was found that the reproducibility of HI results within a laboratory is low.  In the second experiment, the best antigen was determined in terms of the same answers for use in the HI antigen test of Lasota Clone vaccine. This study is the first study on the quality control of the HI in Iran. The results showed that the quality of test is not satisfactory, and the IVO and research centers should standardize this test.

Bacterial zoonotic diseases are one of the most important health problems in human societies which in this category, food-borne diseases are special importance. Contaminated Foods with animal origin such as eggs can one of the most important sources of disease transmission to human. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the contamination of eggs with gram-positive bacterial species of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative of Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter aerogenes in Ardabil city. A total of 240 eggs (80 native eggs, 80 bulk eggs and 80 labeled industrial eggs) were collected randomly from retail stores in different parts of Ardabil a period of six months during 2019 and 2020 and transferred to the laboratory under sterile conditions. Shell and contents of the eggs were examined for bacterial contamination by standard culture methods, Gram Staining and Oxidase and Catalase tests. Out of 240 samples examined, 14 samples (5.83% ) bacterial contamination were identified. The highest contamination was observed in native eggs (57.14%), bulk eggs (35.72%) and labeled eggs (7.14%), respectively. Bacterial contamination in the shell of native, bulk and labeled eggs were 7.50%, 5.00% and 1.25%, respectively, and in the contents of native and bulk eggs were 2.50% and 1.50%, respectively. No bacteria were isolated from the contents of labeled eggs. There was no contamination by Proteus spp and Enterobacter spp among the samples examined, however, 33.3% of the samples were contaminated by Staphylococcus spp and 2.50% of the samples by Bacillus spp. The results of this study indicate the presence of contamination of Staphylococcus spp and Bacillus spp in eggs especially native eggs in Ardabil region which can lead to bacterial zoonotic diseases in human if eggs are consumed unhygienically.

Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle. Administration of synthetic antibiotics for treatment of mastitis leads to drug-resistance bacteria or fungi. Hence, the use of natural alternatives such as antimicrobial peptides and plant extracts has been considered as alternatives to common antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Thanatin peptide and Chinaberry extract against fungal factors of bovine mastitis such as Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans and Mucor spp in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined based on broth micro-dilution method by 96-well plate with four replications using Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) extract and thanatin peptide on three mastitis-causing fungi. The results showed that the thanatin was effective on growth inhibition of all three fungi. Thanatin was more effective against Candida albicans and parapsilosis. Chinaberry extract with MIC of 6250 µg / ml and MFC of 12500 µg / ml had the greatest effect on Candida parapsilosis. Applied Chinaberry extract had no effect on Mucor spp fungi while thanatin showed an antifungal activity against this species. This study proved that Chinaberry extract and Thanatin peptide could show suitable antifungal activity against factors for mastitis includes Candida parasilosis, Candida albicans and Mucor spp in vitro although the antifungal activity of this peptide should be investigated in clinical trials in the future.