پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Social entrepreneurship is applying innovative processes for creating social values. By social entrepreneurship, sport organizations with an innovative approach can contribute to identifying and solving complicated social problems. The purpose of this research was studying influential factors on social entrepreneurship of active sport boards and clubs in Markazi province.

The statistical population included managers and experts of sports and youth offices, chairmen and vice chairmen of the sports board and also the sports club's managers which all selected as statistical sample (N=226). For gathering data, questionnaire based on literature review especially Weerawardena & Mort (2006) and Rezaei (2012) was used. The data were analyzed by structural equations model in SPSS V.21 and LISEREL V.8.8.

The results showed that innovativeness, accomplish entrepreneurship initiatives, risk taking, developing entrepreneurial strategies, identifying and using opportunities, developing entrepreneurship programs and proactiveness were affected on social entrepreneurship of sport boards and clubs in Markazi province.

Developing entrepreneurial strategies, identifying and using opportunities, proactiveness, risk taking, developing entrepreneurship programs, innovativeness and accomplish entrepreneurship initiatives respectively were affected on social entrepreneurship of sport boards and clubs in Markazi province. It is recommended that these factors, consider for improving social entrepreneurship of sport organizations in Makazi province.

The regions in which sport and athletic activities is a part of their culture can surely take various economic, social and cultural advantage of domestic and international tourists. The purpose of this research is developments’ model of traditional sports ecotourism in Khazar beach district.

Sample size consist of sport tourists, sport experts of sport committees and tourism-cultural heritage managers of Northern provinces (n=263). To collect data, research regulated sport ecotourism questionnaire and shonk (2006) sport satisfaction and future intention questionnaire based upon the Likert’s 5-item scale used. To data analysis, SPSS and AMOS test to designing of structural equation model was used.

Results of structural equation model showed that, natural attractions of sea and beach sport activities (β=0.83) and natural sport attraction of Jungle and environment (β=0.78) had most effect on tourist’s satisfaction. Also beach football and beach volleyball, jacking and climbing, traditional wrestling, ski and snowboard, motor racing rally were more important effective elements of natural sport ecotourism’s sub-scales. The findings of research show that based on sports experts, cultural- heritage managers and tourist’s perspective, there were high potential in Northern Province to sport-ecotourism development.

Based on present study, with proper combination of local-rural and traditional sport festivals with unique geographical conditions in northern beach district, provide a powerful potential and logical field to sport tourism development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate The effect of Success Confirmation Feedback, Error Correction Feedback, and both on the Soccer Kick Accuracy under Open and Closed Conditions.

For these purpose 45 students 10 to 14 years participated in the study. after the pre-test participant, randomly divided into 3 groups: Success Confirmation Feedback, Error Correction Feedback, and both. In acquisition phase, all groups performed 30 trials and after each trial, they received relevant feedback. the post-test was performed after the last session of acquisition, and retention and transfer tests also were performed after 24 hours.

the results of repeated measures showed that under Open and Closed Conditions the Error Correction Feedback group ,from pre-test to post-test, retention and transfer phase was a significant improvement in their performance (p

Preparation is the time following the receipt ofa warning signal during which the motor system is activated prior to action and prepares the individual for performance. We investigate the impact of the effect of various foreperiods (0/5, 1/5, 2/5 and 3/5 seconds) also the handedness ofthe athletes upon the time of simple and choice auditory reaction time.

The current research followed a semi-empirical methodology andwas carried out using a self-made software. The statistical population was comprised of the female students of Shahid Chamran University, of which 40 was selected through purposive sampling and classified intwo groups of right-handed and left-handed. Each individual was randomly tested for simple and selective reaction with randomly chosen pre-periods.

The findings demonstrated that short (0/5 seconds) and long (3/5 seconds) foreperiods will result in the increase of reaction time, and that left-handed individuals are associated with shorter reaction times compared to their right-handed counterparts.

In left-handed, the dominance ofthe right hemisphere which contains higher numbers of neurons might have lower reaction times compared to the right-handed individuals. Additionally, we recommend that pre-periods with too short or too long durations be avoided when preparing the individuals fordifferent motor skills.

Today, like branding of different products, branding for athletes have increased and been important. accordingly, this study has aimed to design and clarify the image model of personal brand of athletes in Iranian society.

This study has been carried out by descriptive –survey method. The society included 110 professors, members of faculty and students of high education who have specialized in athletic marketing. Sampling method has been systematic. Data Researcher-made questionnaire which was designed on the basis of Iranian athletes was used. Data were analyzed by Smart-PLS and SPPS 23 software.

Findings from the study showed that communication factors, social responsibility, being pattern, attraction, magnanimity behavior, dependability, life style, prepared body, competitive style and international position have the most effect in the image of personal brand of athlete, respectively.

Results showed that in developing the internal product marketing and supporting the internal products, selecting the private brand of athlete can play important role in their ratification. But, it is necessary to attend the prominent worth of human especially athletes taking responsibility to presenting ethical and behavioral values and magnanimity and athletic principles to the society.

The reduction of public participation in many sports fields due to various issues, including economic, political and social pressures, has led sport development to become a planned and up-and-down process to enhance the sustainability of sports participation by influencing the quality and variety of programs offered to all people in the community with every level of sport. Since the removal of barriers to sport development is one of the main steps and the beginning of its realization, the purpose of the present study is to identify the obstacles that exist in the path of the sport industry development process of the country.

The method of research is qualitative and based on theme analysis. For collecting data, snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 knowledgeable elites. Data was performed based on the six stages of theme analysis with the approach presented by Clarke and Braun (2006).

According to the results, the barriers to sport development in 42 sub themes and 8 main themes were extracted and explained: cultural, economic, political barriers, systemic-human, management, infrastructure, technological and media barriers.

The careful consideration given to the obstacles suggests that some of these obstacles, such as cultural, economic and political barriers, are barriers to the land. Therefore, in removing obstacles to the development of the country's sport, there should be a closer look at the barriers that underlie the barriers and feed other obstacles.

Competitive advantage is something a brand that makes your customers look better than your competitors. The competitive advantage in the tourism and sport industry is very important. Sports tourism is an emerging and common area of sports and tourism. Although identifying and analyzing competitive advantages is one of the main tasks of the business of the field of sports tourism industry, so far, the framework and appropriate tools for its evaluation have not been provided. The purpose of this research is to design a competitive advantage model in the sport tourism industry in the north of the country.

The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes experts and specialists of sports tourism in the north of the country. The statistical sample was selected and consulted with sufficient numbers (246 people) for the purpose of model testing in atargeted and available method .The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which is based on a library study and guided semi-exploratory interviews. The content validity of the tool was evaluated by 11experts, its reliability was calculated by using Cronbach's alpha (0.92), and the validity of the construct was evaluated confirmed by using the fitting indexes of the model and used by Smart Pls for analysis of the Data.

All factors are identified and comprised in four main perspectives including resources, capabilities, strategies and competitive advantagesof framing.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 12 sessions plyometric training on happiness levels of active girls.

The statistical population of this study included all female students of physical education at Mazandaran University that out of 34 volunteers to perform the training based on the entry conditions, 15 person (age: 21±2.33 years) were randomly selected for the experimental group and 15 person (age: 21/4±2.62 years) for the control group. After 2 weeks introduction course and education executive techniques, training programs subjects was include progressive plyometric training that performed 3 days in week. The first each session was conducted 15 min stretching movements and slow run in order to warm-up. Then the main program include plyometric training for 60 minutes and at the end 5 minutes were allocated to cool-down. Information on happiness levels was obtained before and after the training by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) containing 29 items. Dependent and independent T-test were used with SPSS version 19 for analyzing data

The results of the dependent T test showed that there was a significant difference on happiness levels of active girls after 4 weeks of polymeric training in the experimental group (p=0.015). Also independent T test results showed There was a significant increase in happiness in the training group compared to the control group (p=0.001).

According to the obtained results and the effect of physical exercises and exercises such as plyometric exercises on girls' happiness, it is suggested that plyometric exercises be used as a way to increase the happy and fun mood of people.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of experiential event marketing in consumption behavior of students attending intra-school Olympiad.

Our statistical population included school girls and boys attending intra-school Olympiad. Regarding correlational studies, we (randomly) selected 250 samples. The results of validity review showed that the reliability of these two questionnaires were 0.88 and 0.86, respectively.Descriptive and inferential tests (T, Pearson correlation, regression and confirmatory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data.

The results suggested that correlational, perceptual, functional, sensual experience and cognitive components gain the most important priority among the components of experiential event marketing. Moreover, 53% of changes in students’ consumption behavior relate to experiential event marketing variable (P < 0.05). Experiential event marketing can have a positive and significant influence on students’ consumption behavior. The magnitude of this impact equal path coefficient, i.e. 0.89.

According to the results of this study, paying attention to tangible and experiential sense-triggering events such as playing exciting sports music, diverse coloring, energizing drinks and sports standard facilities can influence students’ five-senses and also, the senses experienced can be memorable. Moreover, they motivate the students and bring activity, cheerfulness and loyalty to them. Consequently, these senses can make the students rejoin the events in the future.

The aim of this study was developing model of Conversion of marketing capabilities to function in football clubs of Iran Premier League.

this research is an Exploratory research with Qualitative nature that used of the grounded theory method. Statistical population was all of the football clubs managers and sport management faculty members that selected by Theoretical and Snowball sampling. To collect data, used of Depth interviews by open-ended questions. collected data from 18 interviews coded and analyzed by grounded theory method.

Primary codes was 792 that after summarizing codes, they decrease 184 codes and Were converted with 27 Axial Codes. This codes were classified to 4 groups of marketing capabilities include football capabilities, infrastructure capabilities, strategic capabilities and operational capabilities; and 3 groups of Conversion Factors include Environmental, organizational and structural Conversion Factors. then, At the end, Research Conceptual Model were designed according to literature and expert ideas.

The proposed model can be used as an tool for identification of football marketing capabilities and Conversion Factors of this capabilities to function, that logical and systematic manner to do marketing, and gaining income and financial independence Club, and solve problems.

The reason of using the abnormal muscular functions by people with Down syndrome (DS) and the effect of exercise are unclear. So the purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle functions of people with DS and the effect of nine sessions throwing exercises on these patterns.

The present study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up method. In this regard, people with DS were randomly divided into two groups of exercise(n=17) and control(n=10) and performed the overhand throwing in three phases of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The numbers of overhand throwing training sessions were nine for experimental group. In all three phases, data related to the kinetics chain and electromyography data to calculate the co activation index between biceps and triceps brachii muscles were recorded.

The results of one-way ANOVA did not show any significant difference between the two groups in advantage from the kinetic chain in any of the test phases, but the results of intra-group comparisons showed that in the experimental group efficiency from use of the kinetic chain was improved in the post-test and follow-up. Also the co-activation index between the biceps and triceps brachii muscles in the experimental group compared to the control group decreased significantly in the post-test (F=10.013, P=0.004), but returned to the pre-test level in the follow-up (P>0.05).

Despite the positive effects of training on muscle functions in people with DS, it seems that some of these effects are due to the temporary neuromuscular adaptations.

Obesity and overweight resulting from modern lifestyle cause physical, motor and even cognitive-cognitive problems. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four week walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes on body composition, muscle strength, proprioception and balance in overweight male.

In this experimental study, 30 students overweight male in a randomly design were allocated in three equal groups: walking training on a treadmill with opened eyes (EO), and walking training on a treadmill with closed eyes (EC) and control. Then, the subjects participated in a four week training protocol (three sessions per week). All subjects participated for 20 minutes in the walking exercise on a treadmill with a desired speed and, slope 10 percent. Indicators assessments (proprioception, balance, weight, muscle mass, fat percentage and lower body strength.) were performed 24 hours pre and post intervention. Covariance test were used to determine the changes in stages. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18. The significance level was considered at less than 0.05.

A significant increase in proprioception and balance were observed after walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes. Also, four week walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes significantly reduced weight and fat percentage and significantly increased muscle strength of lower body.

Based on the present results, it can be concluded that the walking training on a treadmill through improving of proprioception and lower body muscle strength would be increased body balance in overweight individuals.

Contextual interference and motor imagery are variables that affect motor learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of type of interference and practice on motor memory consolidation in the elderly in order to investigate the cognitive processes of motor imagery and contextual interference.

The statistical population of the present study was elderly 80-60 year old men and women in Qazvin city. Participants completed questionnaires of individual profile, Edinburgh handicapping, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality, motor imagery/version 3. According to the criteria for entering the research, 80 elderly people who did not experience the pass and dribble were selected as a statistical sample. The research included pre-test, acquisition, and retention test. The subjects were randomly assigned into 8 groups (Blocked physical, Randomized physical, Self-regulated physical, Yoked with Self-regulated physical, Blocked physical combined with motor imagery, Randomized physical combined with motor imagery, Self-regulated physical combined with motor imagery, Yoked physical combined with motor imagery). All participants were generally trained correctly in the pass and dribble basketball, then in the pre-test, they performed 10 attempts with the arrangement (2A2B). At the acquisition, the subjects of each group, according to their Scheduled practice (a total of 8 blocks of 10 attempts), practiced pass and dribble basketball skills. Retention test was performed 24 hours after the last acquisition block training session.

The results of covariance analysis with repeated measure showed that the self-regulated physical combined with motor imagery group in the acquisition and retention test had the best performance and the physical training group was weaker than other groups. The performance of the combination group with random arrangement was better than the combination group with blocked arrangement.

The purpose of this study was investigation of effective factors on Spectators’ satisfaction Using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) Approach.

The population of this study included all Spectators of the first sport for all Olympiad in Kermanshah province. Out of which 385 person were chosen by convenience sampling. The questionnaire that was designed by investigator used for data collection.This questionnaire included of 8 factors and 53 questions.

The research results showed of 8 factors affecting on the customers’ satisfaction, 1 factors among males were in the possible overkill (reduce) area, 2 factors among males and 2 factors among females were in the lower priority area, 2 factors among males and 2 factors among females were in the concentrate here area and 3 factor among males and 4 factors among females were in the keep up the good work.

The factors that have been in the lower priority area are not threatening for the system operation and don’t require immediate correction. The factors that have been in the concentrate here area, requires immediate reform and in this respect have high priority. Finally, the factors that have been in the keep up the good work area not only are important for the customers but also satisfied with their performance.