مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 11 (پیاپی 213، بهمن 1400)

In the last decade, diamond nanoparticles (DI-NPs) have gained considerable attention in both industries such as medicine and academia. Numerous studies have used various nanoparticles, including diamond nanoparticles, as drug carriers, but the direct effect of diamond nanoparticles on different cell lines, including breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and lymphocyte, is obscure. Therefore, in this study, we investigated and compared the effect of diamond nanoparticles on the cells of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human lymphocyte. Some authors have pointed to the destructive effect of DI-NPs on red blood cells. These studies revealed that the characteristics of blood cells, including red blood cells change during the incubation of whole human blood samples with the suspension of DI-NPs in vitro. Blood cell aggregation and their ability to deform are among the most considerable changes that these cells experience. The mechanisms responsible for this effect may be based on the interaction of Nanodiamonds with red blood cells directly or with plasma proteins such as albumin, the major molecular component of blood plasma, indirectly. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on the protein structure of albumin. However, a detailed study has not been performed to investigate the binding mechanisms and the exact interaction of DI-NPs with albumin protein, as well as to compare the effect of DI-NPs on healthy cells and cancer cells. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the interaction of albumin protein with DI-NPs using spectroscopic methods and comparing the effect of DI-NPs on the viability of lymphocytes and cancer cells.

Cells were cultured in a 96-well culture plate and treated with different concentrations of DI-NPs (0, 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 µg / ml) for 24 hours. Then, 10 µL of MTT solution were added to the cells. After four hours of holding in a 37 ° incubator, the reaction was stopped by adding DMSO solution, and finally, the adsorption rate was measured by an ELISA plate reader at 570 nm. Lactate dehydrogenase test: Cells were treated in a 24-well culture plate with specific concentrations of DI-NPs for 24 hours. The activity of the LDH enzyme in the supernatant and cell lysed was measured using the Pars Azmoun LDH diagnostic kit. Cells were cultured in a 96-well culture plate and treated with DI-NPs for 24 hours. Next, cells were precipitated and washed with PBS solution; after that 100 μl of cell solution with 1 μl of Acridine Orange-Ethidium Bromide dye, the mixture was kept at laboratory temperature for 5 minutes. In the final step, 10 µL of cell suspension were placed on a slide and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence measurements were recorded on a fluorescence spectrophotometer. To do so, 2 μM protein solution concentration and different concentrations of DI-NPs (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml) were used. The excitation wavelength was set at 270 nm and the emission rate was measured in the range of 300-400 nm. Three sets of fluorescence measurements were recorded at 310, 298, and 315 ° K for different concentrations of DI-NPs. To record the Spectra, a spectropolarimeter was used, and in the ultraviolet region ranging from 190 nm to 260 nm measurements were performed. 2 micromolar protein solution concentration and different concentrations of nanoparticles (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml) were utilized. It is also worth mentioning, the experiments were done in the presence and absence of nanoparticles. Measurements were recorded after at least 2 minutes of incubation required for the interaction between DI-NPs and albumin protein.

After exposure of lymphocytes and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) to DI-NPs, a decrease in cell survival was observed in breast cancer cells (MCF-7), however, no significant reduction was observed in the viability of lymphocyte cells. When Nanoparticle cytotoxicity started at a concentration of 20 μg / ml, cell viability decreased by 25-21% (p<0.05) compared to the control group; accordingly, cytotoxicity on breast cancer cells increased with increasing nanoparticle concentration. At a concentration of 50 and 100 μg/ml, the survival rate of cancer cells decreased 53.2% - 49.3% (p<0.01) and 68.4% - 64.3% (p<0.001), respectively compared to the control group. Therefore, MTT test results confirmed a concentration-dependent decrease in cancer cell viability. The results also showed that the leakage of LDH enzyme from breast cancer cells (MCF-7) is concentration-dependent. For instance, at the concentrations of 20, 50 and 100 μg / ml the leakage rate of LDH enzyme increased 145.82 ± 10.56 % (p<0.05), 160.76 ± 12.34 % (p<0.01), and 170.46 ± 11.43 % (p<0.001) respectively compared to the control group. the highest rate of lactate dehydrogenase leakage and cell damage was observed at a concentration of 100 μg/ml (Figure 2). The outcomes of the Akredin Orange / Ethidium Bromide test demonstrated that DI-NPs lead to compaction and fragmentation of cellular DNA and induce apoptosis in cancer cells (MCF-7), while no significant effect was spotted on healthy cells.The fluorescence spectroscopy’s results showed a shift towards shorter wavelengths and a decrease in the maximum emission intensity due to the increase in nanoparticle concentration, indicating an increase in protein surface hydrophobicity and displacement of aromatic amino acids to albumin protein level due to increased nanoparticle concentration. The fluorescence spectrum of albumin protein at 298, 310, 315° K declined with increasing concentration of DI-NPs. Therefore, it can be inferred that the DI-NPs led to quenching and suppression of albumin protein. The binding mechanism between albumin protein and DI-NPs is presented using the Stern-Volmer diagram in Figure - 5. As shown in Table 1, while the temperature increases, the Stern Volmer constant decreases. The inverse relationship between temperatureand Stern-Volmer constant implies a static bond between DI-NPs and albumin protein. Therefore, it can be concluded that DI-NPs are complexed with albumin protein and the type of quenching mechanism of albumin nanoparticles with albumin protein is static quenching. The CD spectrum of a protein shows information about the secondary structure of the protein. Figure 6 illustrates that the albumin protein has a peak at 208 and 222 nm, indicating the Alpha-Helix structure of the albumin protein. With the increasing concentration of DI-NPs, the structure of albumin protein changes to the random coil structure. Consequently, DI-NPs change the structure of albumin protein from alpha-helix to random coil. Although the melting point of albumin protein is 61°C (see Figure - 7), this temperature changed to 58°C in the presence of diamond nanoparticles, which indicates a decrease in albumin protein stability.

In this study, breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) and lymphocyte cell lines were used to evaluate the toxicity of diamond nanoparticles. The results showed that nanoparticles lead to increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase in breast cancer cells (MCF-7); while, no enzyme leakage was observed in lymphocyte cells. The results of the apoptosis test confirmed the induction of cell apoptosis in cancer cells, whereas the induction of apoptosis in lymphocyte cells produced no effect. Additionally, the structure of albumin protein in the presence of DI-NPs was investigated by a series of techniques. UV-vis spectroscopy shows an obvious change in the secondary structure of albumin protein after binding to diamond nanoparticles. UV-vis and CD spectroscopy reveal that the structural properties of albumin protein are not preserved in the collection of DI-NPs with albumin protein. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows that the amino acid tryptophan in albumin protein is placed in a more hydrophobic environment in a set of DI-NPs with albumin protein, indicating that protein expansion is likely to occur. The results confirm that DI-NPs can greatly alter the structural properties of albumin protein in the collection of DI-NPs with albumin protein. Therefore, the use of DI-NPs in medical applications needs further study.

Mental health is one of the factors that can be effective in the dynamism and development of a society and have a great impact. Physical education and exercise are considered as effective tools to respond to psychological needs that people can use it in their spare time to satisfy their needs and express their inner desires (2). People's participation in sports leads to improved physical condition, mental health and optimal entertainment (4, 5). Identifying the motivating factors for participating in sports is very important. One of the reasons for participating in sports activities goes back to the word self-concept. In fact, it is every person's feeling about himself that will play an important role in a person's mental health. This feeling is called self-concept (6). Self-concept means the perception or perception that everyone has of themselves. How people perceive themselves is largely shaped by their past experiences (successes and failures) and what others think about them. The reason for the importance of self-concept is that, firstly, everyone's perception of themselves affects their behavior and actions (7). In fact, people with clear, well-defined, harmonious, and almost stable self-concept have better mental health.Also, Self-efficacy is one of the variables that point to the close relationship between exercise and personality traits (9). Self-efficacy refers to a person's perceived ability to adapt to a particular situation. Bandura defines self-efficacy as a person's belief in his or her ability to perform various tasks and their circumstances. Self-efficacy is one of the most important and effective concepts in Bandura cognitive-social theory affecting mental health and is one of the topics considered by psychologists that a person's behavior is influenced by the environment and internal characteristics. In this regard, training self-efficacy is also called the beliefs or judgments of the individual about his abilities to perform regular physical activity (10). In today's advanced societies, where material well-being has increased, psychological problems are one of the human intellectual concerns. To the extent that it has led relevant organizations and institutions to conduct extensive studies in this regard (12,13). In a study of adolescent girls, Dishman et al. Examined the mediating role of physical self-concept and self-esteem in the relationship between participation in exercise and physical activity with depressive symptoms (14). Lindell et al. (2020) expressed the positive relationship between self-concept of registration and physical activity even during the coronation period, which was positive (6). Onetti (2019) also examined the relationship between self-concept and sport among first- and second-year high school students, which has even had a positive relationship between themselves and their subscales (17). Also, Bustos et al. (2019) conducted their research among athletes and their sense of satisfaction and positive self-concept increased with increasing body mass (11). Attention to psychological characteristics, especially self-concept and mental health is one of the important and practical issues (20), especially among human resources and its staff, employees who have a guiding role in the core of the student community. Physical activity and training self-efficacy provide a feeling of satisfaction, happiness, vitality and physical and mental health (21) and employees in this regard need a spirit rich in positive energy and vitality and health. However, the communication model of self-concept and sports self-efficacy on health the mentality of the staff and directors of physical education in medical universities is unknown Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the communication model of self-concept and Exercise self-efficacy on mental health of physical education staff in Iranian universities of medical sciences of Tehran.

The research method is descriptive-correlational, applied and present. 365 employees and managers of physical education of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. For data collection, field study and questionnaire were used. Measurement tools included Marsh et al.'s Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire, General Mental Health, and Bandura (1997) Sports Self-Efficacy Scale. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that self-concept has an indirect effect on mental health through self-efficacy and self-efficacy has a direct effect on mental health.

The results showed that self-concept has an indirect effect on mental health through self-efficacy and self-efficacy has a direct effect on mental health. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (6, 11, 17). At present, the staff of medical sciences and physical education directors of physical education universities, in addition to being exposed to the stressors of the social, economic, cultural, and family environment, like all individuals, as a member of the large organization of the University of Medical Sciences, with stress. They face many jobs. Strengthening the feeling of love, security and self-esteem, a positive self-concept is effective in both their prosperity and the guidance of students. If people have high mental health and quality of life, it means they have the ability to cope with their job needs, so it is important. Their role is essential. High-income self-employed people enter competitive situations with seriousness and confidence. A person's degree of athletic self-efficacy determines whether a person avoids or approaches great tasks. The higher the athletic self-efficacy, the lower the emotional arousal. Sports self-efficacy has affected mental health and various types of human performance in various fields and human beings with high self-efficacy are successful in life and various experiences with it (10). In many studies, increasing sports self-efficacy leads to reduced anxiety, stress, effects Negative, negative reactions and stresses that lead to positive states. People with higher athletic self-efficacy are not necessarily more successful but healthier because they tend to exercise and engage in regular activities and healthy behaviors (9, 27). They are able to control weight, nutritious diets as well as stress management and that physical self-concept can be indirectly considered as one of the factors affecting mental health by affecting sports self-efficacy. According to the results of the present study, the effect of self-concept on sports self-efficacy and sports self-efficacy on the mental health of all managers, physical education staff of medical universities and therefore according to research, one of the factors that can improve physical self-concept and self-efficacy is physical activity. The World Health Organization (WHO) has made the current stressful situation very special, as the increase in mental illness and the decline in mental health are significant (28) and staff and managers need special attention and even maintenance. Considering that the present study has been conducted among the samples of employees and managers of physical education of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, it cannot be generalized to all employees and managers of physical education of medical universities in the country. In this respect, it is associated with limitations. According to the above, it is suggested that the subject of this study be implemented in the staff and directors of physical education of medical universities in other cities and provinces. According to the results, it is suggested that managers and officials use the necessary planning to use the features arising from self-concept and sports self-efficacy in order to improve the mental health of sports managers and employees and to promote physical activities (sports) and select athletic staff.

Self-concept is one of the most important factors for success in people's lives. If a person knows his abilities and talents and has a positive perception of his abilities and believes that he can achieve something with it, he has talent. This increases efficiency and effectiveness and achieves goals. The value of a person is the most definite factor in the process of mental development. If a person feels positive about himself, he is healthier and perceives life more positively as natural. Self-concept includes the real and ideal self. Research has shown that his weakness. Conception can play an important role in the development of emotional and psychological disorders. Emotional and behavioral disorders of children are closely related to psychological problems of parents, especially mothers. No matter how severe their mental problems are, the incidence of this type of disorders in their children increases or low mental health of mothers and their stress, anxiety and depression is a family factor. It affects the incidence of emotional and behavioral disorders in children. In fact, certain characteristics of family relationships, especially parental deviations and inconsistencies, strict and unpredictable disciplinary methods, and lack of emotional support from parents can increase the risk of children with these disorders. In a study conducted by some authors in 230 people in Tehran as a sample, it was found that there is a significant negative correlation between conduct disorder and self-concept. Self-concept as a human personality trait is a unique quality. According to Aristotle and Plato, thinkers and philosophers of other ages have commented on the idea of self. Self-concept is instructive, and it is of great importance to both the individual and those who are involved in his upbringing in childhood, and no one is not born with a self-concept, but a self-concept is gradually emerging and at the same time has a dynamic, structured process. the other author examines the relationship between overall self-concept, life events and happiness among 92 high school students. The results of this study showed that life events significantly affect positive and negative emotions, life satisfaction. Also, the impact of daily events was more than the main events of life. Happiness increases with age, education, artistic activity, sports, religion, physical and mental health, and social, family, optimism about the future, and attitudes toward happiness. A study conducted on self-concept and family communication model showed that these two have a significant relationship with each other and self-concept is based on family communication model, dialogue and harmony in high school students. The child's self-concept has a great impact. In such families, approval, love, caressing, encouragement, trust, and a sense of security are seen, and children receive less social problems due to receiving love, security from their parents, and more empowerment, and this process creates a positive self-concept in the child. Findings showed that there is a relationship between parents' relationship with children and emotional-behavioral problems and there is a relationship between self-concept and family communication pattern. The present study also seeks to answer these questions: Does family performance have a significant relationship with behavioral disorders? Do behavioral disorders have a significant relationship with self-concept in adolescents? The aim of this study was to predict and evaluate family through self-concept on behavioral disorders of adolescent girls and boys aged 12 to 15 years in Tehran.

The research was a descriptive survey. The sampling method was cluster sampling and available. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent girls and boys aged 12 to 15 years in Tehran who were studying in the first year of high school. The questionnaire was completed by 629 people (309 boys and 320 girls) online. The research tools are: family assessment questionnaires, behavioral disorders, self-concept. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Structural equation modeling of relationships between variables was analyzed using spss.26 and Amos.24 software.

The indirect effect of family assessment by self-concept, empathy and happiness on behavioral disorders was 0.08 and the total effect was 0.15. Among the dimensions of family functioning, there was no significant relationship between roles with attention problems, social aggression and anxiety-isolation (P <0.05) .There was no significant relationship between emotional association with attention problems and social aggression (P <0.05). However, positive and significant relationships were seen between other variables (P <0.05) and the indirect effect of family functioning on behavioral disorders with mediating the role of self-concept is also significant (P <0.05, IE = 0.03). Family performance can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing self-concept.

Based on the results of the study, family performance has a direct and significant effect on adolescent behavioral disorders. Because higher scores on family functioning mean a more unfavorable situation, behavioral disorders in adolescents appear to decrease as family performance improves, and vice versa. The indirect effect of family functioning on behavioral disorders is significant and family functioning can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing self-concept.

Nanotechnology is one of the newest, most important and most efficient sciences in the world. It is an interdisciplinary technology that has caused significant changes and developments in the sciences by solving problems and shortcomings. Nanoscience and nanotechnology is the production of nanometer-sized material that has recently attracted the attention of many researchers in the fields of medicine, agriculture and industry. The great importance and application of this technology has attracted much attention. Nanoparticles are particles about 1 to 100 nm the properties of these materials depend on their nanometer size. Nano materials have unique properties including lightweight and small nanoparticles, High surface-to-mass ratio, using in small quantities, saving consumables, being multifunctional and safe for the environment. Chitosan is a linear amino polysaccharide that has been taken into consideration for its properties such as non-toxicity, antibacterial properties, adhesion properties, unique structure, multidimensional properties and high performance. Physical and chemical methods are mostly used to produce nanoparticles. Although these methods may be successful and well-known, they are generally expensive, time-consuming, and dangerous to the environment and humans. Therefore, alternative methods such as microorganisms, fungi, plants, plant extracts and plant biomass should be used instead, which have less environmental hazards. Among the methods of synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, green synthesis using plant extracts is more beneficial than other methods. Many plant biomolecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, alcohols, vitamins and proteins can play a role in the formation and stabilization of nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to develop a green method using the extract of the aerial parts of the Russian knapweed to prepare and produce chitosan nanoparticles.

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized in a process by the extract of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) which containing phenolic compounds. In order to preparation the materials needed for the experiment, the aerial parts of the Russian knapweed in the pre-flowering stage were collected from a land in Ardabil with severe contamination. The collected plant was transferred to the weed laboratory and dried at 60 °C for 72 h in the oven. The dried samples were powdered by a grinding (mill) machine. The aqueous extract was prepared by maceration method. 100, 150 and 200 grams of Russian knapweed powder in to erlenmeyer flask spilled and then added a certain amount of twice distilled water until the final volume reaches of 1000 ml. Then they were placed on the shaker at 25 °C for 24 hours. The obtained extracts were smoothed using Whatman filter paper. At the final stage, the extracts were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes and supernatant were extracted as pure extract and were kept at 4 °C for testing.Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using ionic gelation method. In the present study, commercial chitosan with medium molecular weight was used. At first, 3 g of chitosan was dissolved in 300 ml of distilled water and placed on a magnetic stirrer at 550 rpm to dissolve completely and evenly at room temperature (with one magnet). To adjust the pH =5, some acetic acid was added. Then a certain amount of Russian knapweed extract was added to it. In the next step, 0.5 g of sodium polyphosphate (TPP) in 50 ml of distilled water was completely dissolved and added drop by drop to the chitosan solution, that was stirring on a magnetic stirrer, and the stirring process continued for 60 minutes. This was repeated for all 3 concentrations of Russian knapweed extract separately. After the reaction time, the final solution was centrifuged for 5 min and after smoothing, the top solution of sediments deposited in the oven was dried for 24 h at 60 °C.

Basic techniques for investigation and determination of nanoparticle properties including: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests. The samples obtained by these tests were analyzed. Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the vibrational frequencies of chemical compounds. Thermal weight measurement analysis method, which is based on weight changes during sample heating, was performed to investigate the difference in thermal stability of the samples in the temperature range of 0-700°C. X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples was performed using Cu-Ka radiation. Surface morphology and particle distribution were also obtained using scanning electron microscopy with accelerator voltage k 15. In Spectrophotometric analysis, the presence of a peak in the range of 700 nm indicates the biological synthesis of these nanoparticles with extract of Russian knapweed. FTIR spectroscopy showed the biomolecules present in the extract and involved in the synthesis, which confirms the process of green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles. In the FTIR spectrum obtained from chitosan nanoparticles with aqueous extract of Russian knapweed and pure extract of Russian knapweed, the presence of factor groups confirming the existence and presence of effective antioxidant compounds such as phenols and flavonoids in the plant extract is used. Based on this, the participation and involvement of phenolic compounds in the Russian knapweed in the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles is quite clearly observed and understood. The size and morphology of biologically synthesized nanoparticles were determined by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the shape of the nanoparticles produced is approximately spherical with an average size of about 33 to 76 nanometers. One of the main reasons for the difference in the shape and size of the synthesized nanoparticles is the different concentrations of the plant extract used. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis also showed the nanocrystals synthesized by the extract of Russian knapweed.

According to the results, it can be said that the polyphenolic compounds in the Russian knapweed extract were acted reducing agents, and also as a complexing agent synthesize chitosan nanoparticles and make them sustainable. The process of ion reduction and synthesis of nanoparticles are done by primary and secondary metabolites such as antioxidants, flavonoids, flavonoids, isoflavones, anticyanidins, isothiocyanates, carotenoids and polyphenols present in the extract. According to the obtained results, plant extracts have a good compatibility with the environment, so that they can be used for rapid production of chitosan nanoparticles, which is a simple, green and efficient method for the synthesis of nanoparticles at room temperature. It is a reducing and inhibiting agent without the use of any chemicals.

Attention to the psychological effects of individual and group behaviors and decisions as a concern should always be considered (1). Concerns about paying attention to decisions and identifying related psychological effects have led various researchers to evaluate the psychological effects of decisions and prepared organizational, group and individual programs (3).In this regard, one of the important aspects in today's organizations is the strategic document (5). Today, most organizations need to develop a strategic document to increase capabilities, long-term growth and survival and reduce the risk of their operations. These programs are directly related to the policies, goals, missions, size, dynamism, degree of complexity and structure of the organization. Therefore, the strategic document is determined by looking at those factors (6).The uncertainty of the psychological dimensions of the strategic document for the development of sports has caused that not enough information is available today about the functions and psychological dimensions of these programs. On the other hand, the ambiguity regarding the psychological effects of the strategic document of sports development has caused that today practical procedures regarding the improvement of the psychological effects of the strategic document have not been formed. Given the importance of the Social Security Organization and the need to expand sports in this organization, the psychological effects of the strategic document for the development of sports in the Social Security Organization should be identified. This issue has caused the present study to be conducted with the aim of analyzing the psychological effects of the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization. Therefore, the main question of the present study is what are the psychological effects of the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization?

The present research is an applied and survey study that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of this study consisted of employees of the Social Security Organization. Cluster and random sampling method was used to select the sample. Based on this, at first, 31 units of the Social Security Organization in the center of each province were extracted and 6 clusters were randomly selected from the northern, eastern, western, southern and central areas. The units of Mashhad, Rasht, Zahedan, Tehran, Sanandaj and Isfahan Social Security Organization were selected clusters. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire with 28 questions based on library studies and Delphi method was prepared electronically and distributed among the sample for 2 months, and finally 59 questionnaires were provided to the researcher. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the research data.

The results of the present study showed that all psychological variables will have a significant effect due to the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization. In other words, according to the research samples, it can be expected that the strategic document for sports development of the Social Security Organization has psychological effects including sports motivation, sports orientation, sports participation culture, perfectionism, social adjustment, sports identity and citizenship behavior (Table 1). On the other hand, it was found that the culture of sports participation with an average of 4.25 has the highest average among other psychological effects. In other words, it can be stated that the strategic document for the development of sports of the Social Security Organization will have the greatest impact on the culture of sports participation and will improve the culture of sports participation of the audience of this document (Figure 1).

The results showed that all psychological variables will have a significant effect due to the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization. Rapid progress and development in today's world and rapid environmental changes have made it necessary to be aware of developments. Although a strategic document has been formed to create goals in this competitive environment, but the ambiguities about the psychological effects of these documents have caused serious risks today. It seems that the Strategic Document for Sports Development of the Social Security Organization, due to its comprehensiveness and practicality, has been able to play an important role in various fields including sports motivation, sports orientation, culture of sports participation, perfectionism, social adjustment, sports identity and citizenship behavior. And play a practical role. On the other hand, it seems that the use of experts in compiling this document has caused this document to take into account the environmental realities of the Social Security Organization in order to determine logical goals and programs. This capacity has been able to have a good impact on the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization in various psychological fields including sports motivation, sports orientation, culture of sports participation, perfectionism, social adjustment, sports identity and citizenship behavior.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of divorced relationships has nearly tripled in the past 40 years, with one million American children experiencing family breakdown each year following the divorce of their parents (7). Meanwhile, the frequency of divorce in Iran is high compared to some industrialized countries in the West and even some third world societies and Muslims such as Algeria (8). Which doubles the need to pay attention to this issue.Consequences of divorce include women's exposure to various pressures and psychological problems, lack of motivation, impatience and depression, and children's exposure to various mental and behavioral problems, including severe anxiety, isolation, aggression and academic failure (9). The effects and harms of separation are increasing with divorce, and most of all, they threaten the mental health of people in society. Divorce and the breakdown of life lead to a disturbance of the psychological-emotional balance of family members, and because the stress itself is so severe, mental disorders are especially likely to occur, especially for women (10).Due to the importance of psychological characteristics in individual and social life on the one hand and the negative impact of divorce on these characteristics on the other hand has led researchers to constantly seek to find a way to reduce the negative effects of divorce and methods They have also used various. Therefore, reviewing research conducted in and outside the country, no research was found to investigate the effect of emotion-oriented education on psychological characteristics and self-esteem in divorced couples.

For the purpose of conducting research and quasi-experimental present, among the couples seeking divorce in Malayer in 1398, 30 couples were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into experimental (15 couples) and control (15 couples) groups. Cooper-Smith self-esteem test and General Health Questionnaire (GHO) were used to collect data in the pre-test stage. After completing the questionnaires, the subjects in the experimental group underwent emotion therapy intervention for 12 one-hour sessions (Table 1). At the end of the sessions, both groups completed the questionnaires again. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapirovilk test were used to examine the natural distribution of data and independent t-test was used to analyze the data.

Based on descriptive statistics, it was found that the mean age of the experimental group was 35.86. 4.42 and the control group was 32.60 7 7.03. The results showed that emotional therapy increased self-esteem and decreased the overall score of mental health under the subscales of social dysfunction, anxiety and depression. Also, the score under the subscale of physical symptoms had a significant improvement (Table 2).

The results of the present study showed that emotional intervention has a significant effect on self-esteem and psychological characteristics of people at risk of divorce. As self-esteem increased after the intervention period, mental health, social dysfunction, anxiety, depression and physical shoulders also improved significantly. Explaining this finding, it can be said that this treatment may try to change a person's beliefs and attitudes by challenging the individual's thoughts and reducing cognitive errors. By influencing social support, it can increase their adaptation to their problems. It is also possible for people to reduce their negative emotions by using emotions correctly, being aware of and accepting emotions, and expressing emotions, especially positive emotions in life situations, which in turn will improve their emotional adjustment in terms of social adjustment (19).Since emotion-based intervention emphasizes logical thinking and the correct expression of psychological and emotional reactions, and in this type of intervention, awareness of emotions and feelings and skills of understanding emotion and choosing a situation are taught. Will have a significant effect on psychological characteristics (24).

One of the things that has to do with the psychological atmosphere is the environment. So that environmental conditions can attract people in social groups, which is very important from a social perspective. Undoubtedly, improving the social situation through environmental capacities can create desirable effects in all areas (3). One of the most important environments in the present age is the environment of sports. Creating suitable environmental conditions in sports can improve the performance and quality of sports and bring good conditions for communities (4). Paying attention to sports and identifying its positive effects in society has been able to determine the social and cultural capabilities of sports more than before (5). But some marketing activities play an important and key role in improving sports. Ambush marketing is one of the marketing activities that has always been implemented in sports.Evaluating the functions of ambush retrieval on some behaviors and attitudes of individuals has always been questionable. The uncertainty of the effects of ambush marketing in some environments has caused the problems caused by ambush marketing in some environments, including sports, to remain unclear today (12). Due to the functions and concepts related to ambush marketing, its effects on the environment, including in sports, are identified as an ambiguous issue. The uncertainty of the effect of ambush marketing on the psychological atmosphere of sporting events has led to the fact that today an operational solution for ambush marketing management to reduce the existing psychological damage caused by this type of marketing is quite obvious. On the other hand, the ambiguity about the effects of ambush marketing on the psychological atmosphere of sports events has caused the concern of managing and controlling ambush marketing as an important and key aspect. So the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether ambush marketing risk management affects a healthy mental climate? Does the research model fit well?

The present study was an applied study that was conducted in a survey and field. To conduct this research, 160 people were selected from the managers, officials and supervisors of sports caravans by available-random sampling method as a research sample. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire including 21 questions and two components of ambush marketing management (17 questions and 8 sections including factors related to spectators, marketing, technical-managerial, cultural, event and sports related, sponsor, legal and media) He was mentally healthy (4 questions) and was scored based on the Likert 5 value spectrum. It was distributed and collected among the sample. Finally, in order to analyze the data, the method of structural equations using SPSS and PLS software was used.

The results showed that more than 81% of the sample were men and less than 19% were women and more than 63% were married. And more than 81% of the sample were people with a university degree. Also, according to the level of t-relationships, it was found that ambush marketing risk management has an effect of 0.812 on a healthy mental atmosphere (Table 1). On the other hand, it was found that the research model has a good fit in all indicators (Table 2).

The results showed that ambush marketing risk management improves the creation of a healthy mental atmosphere in sporting events. In other words, investing in improving the management status of ambush marketing risks causes the necessary platform to improve a healthy mental atmosphere in sports events. In interpreting this issue, it should be noted that ambush marketing risk management by involving values and ethics in sporting events can pave the way for the development of ethical activities in this regard. On the other hand, ambush marketing risk management by improving the situation of various aspects including factors related to spectators, marketing, technical-managerial, cultural, event and sports related, sponsor, legal and media causes the process of improving environmental health. Accelerate at sporting events. In other words, ambush marketing risk management can improve the mental and psychological conditions of sporting events by improving environmental health. This shows that ambush marketing has undesirable functions in the mental and psychological spheres, which will have adverse effects on sporting events and their audiences.

Today, the effects of terrorist activities are so severe that they can be passed from generation to generation and involve many groups and individuals (3). Tendency to terrorism as an important and key indicator plays a key role in the presence of individuals in these groups (3). Tendency to terrorism refers to the attitudes, mentality and behaviors of individuals regarding terrorist activities and the degree of interest of individuals to be attracted to terrorist groups as well as activities in this field (5).Various issues are involved in the formation of the tendency towards terrorism, including individual, psychological, social and cultural issues (2). Psychological aspects as a key factor can overshadow the behaviors and attitudes of individuals in the field of terrorism. Mental health has been considered as one of the key activities in international policies. In a way, advancing mental health goals as a general concern has caused governments to spend a lot of money to improve it (7). Improving indicators related to mental health has been considered as one of the key indicators in the evaluations of countries and extensive efforts have been made in this regard (8).Understanding mental health functions in the field of tourism can help improve planning in this area. However, the lack of sufficient evidence to examine the role of mental health in the tendency to terrorism has led to a lack of appropriate policy to reduce the tendency to terrorism. This issue, while creating a research vacuum in this field, has caused fundamental ambiguities to be formed. On the other hand, the lack of research on the role of mental health on the tendency to terrorism has led to the lack of key solutions in this regard. With this in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the role of mental health on the tendency to terrorism, tried to answer the question whether mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism?

To conduct the present descriptive and applied research that was conducted in the field. Among the experts and professors aware of the research topic, 34 people were selected as a research sample. After obtaining the necessary permits, a researcher-made questionnaire with 14 questions and dimensions of mental health (8 questions) and the tendency to terrorism (6 questions) were distributed among them. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed. Finally, 24 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation method and SPSS software version 20 and PLS version 3.

The results showed that mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism. It was also found that mental health will reduce the tendency to terrorism among individuals. Finally, the research model had a good fit.

The results of the present study showed that mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism. It was also found that mental health will reduce the tendency to terrorism among individuals. Therefore, efforts to improve mental health can provide a basis for reducing the tendency to terrorism. Borman and Savon (2018) identified that today psychological aspects can play an important and key role in the formation of war and terrorist activities. It seems that mental health can create a sense of altruism among people by influencing people's attitudes and behaviors, and this issue provides a basis for reducing the tendency to terrorism (3).Although war and terrorism cause psychological problems, but improving mental health can reduce the amount of terrorist activities and also overshadow the psychological effects left by it. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that general courses to improve Mental health was created in the community and by creating public evaluation plans, sufficient knowledge of the mental health of individuals and different groups of the community was taken in order to create appropriate programs.Perhaps the findings of the present study can be explained on the basis of Merton's theory of social pressure. Merton sees the continuing rift between patterns of cultural goals and institutionalized norms or ways as destabilizing society, which is in fact "anomie." (18).

Horner's syndrome is a rare disease with three clinical signs of ptosis, miosis and unilateral anhydrosis of the face and neck. In this syndrome, Hodgkin's lymphoma should be considered as one of the first life-threatening symptoms. Horner's syndrome, or oculosympathetic paralysis, is a rare disease first reported by Mr. Horner (1883-1886) with three clinical signs including unilateral ptosis, miosis, and Unilateral and unilateral anhidrosis of the face and neck were described, all due to involvement of the oculosympathetic pathway (1). Horner syndrome results from an interruption of the oculosympathetic pathway. This condition does not usually cause vision problems or other significant symptoms, but is important as a warning sign that the oculosympathetic pathway has been interrupted, potentially with serious and even life-threatening processes. The oculosympathetic pathway has a long and circuitous course, beginning in the brain and traveling down the spinal cord to exit in the chest, then up the neck and into the orbit. The sympathetic nervous supply is responsible for the dilation of the pupil (mydriasis). When disrupted, parasympathetic supply is uninhibited, and constriction of the pupil (miosis) ensues. The reaction of the pupils to light and accommodation is normal as those systems do not depend on sympathetic nerve supply. Therefore, this syndrome with unimpressive clinical findings and insignificant symptoms may be a sign of serious pathology in the head, chest, or neck. Patients with Horner syndrome present with a slightly droopy upper lid and a smaller pupil on the affected side; less commonly, there is a deficiency of sweating over the brow or face on the affected side (2). Horner syndrome is almost always diagnosed clinically, though pharmacological testing can be used to confirm the diagnosis. Imaging modalities such as PET, CT and MRI are important components of work‐up for patients presenting with acquired Horner syndrome (3). Factors that cause this disease include trauma, brain tumors, migraines, cluster headaches, hyperthyroidism, and lung cancer(4). Because Horner syndrome sometimes occurs as the first sign of a life-threatening condition, a thorough post-diagnosis systemic examination is necessary to follow up on patients for signs and symptoms (5). This is a clonal malignancy (dependent on asexual reproduction) of the lymphatic system with different clinical manifestations that can be treated in the early and advanced stages (6). Horner's syndrome is an unusual initial manifestation of Hodgkin's disease, and, in this case, it was due to oculosympathetic damage from mediastinal compression (7, 8). The aim of this study was to report and introduce a patient referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah with a diagnosis of Horner's syndrome and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The patient is a 30-year-old man with left ptosis about 50 days before seeing an ophthalmologist. The patient also complains of sweating on the right side of the body and lack of sweating on the left side of the upper torso and face. No previous history of specific illness or family history of the symptoms were reported. In ocular examinations, the corrected vision of both eyes is equal to 10/10, normal eye movements, mild ptosis in the range of 2 mm in the left eye, meiosis of the left eye and the development of Anisocoria (an ocular complication in which the pupil of one eye from Size differs from other pupils.) Was reported more clearly in low light. According to the mentioned symptoms, Horner syndrome was presented to the patient. A complete and appropriate examination is sufficient for the initial diagnosis of this syndrome, but in order to confirm the diagnosis and determine the location of the injury, naphazoline drops were used. In this way, this drop was poured in both eyes of the patient and after a few minutes, the ptosis disappeared and the amount of anisocoria decreased. At present, after starting treatment, in addition to improving anisocoria, the amount of ptosis has decreased and the patient is satisfied with continuing treatment. On systemic examination, several large lymph nodes on the left side of the neck were touched in the area of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM). Ultrasound of this area also showed a lymphadenopathy measuring 15 x 25 mm deep in the SCM muscle in the subclavian space (Subclavian triangle) and a lymph node measuring 10 x 15 mm in the upper region of the supraclavicular space with involvement of the upper mediastinum. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and spinal cord was also reported to be normal. An X-ray of the chest showed umbilical cord lymphadenopathy. Finally, after biopsy of Hodgkin's lymph node, the diagnosis of cervical lymph node was made.

In the present report, after examining the patient, Horner syndrome was clinically confirmed and after Hodgkin's lymph node biopsy, the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. Involvement was also seen in the SCM muscle area and the upper mediastinum. In line with the results of the present study in a study by Simon et al. Conducted in 1985 on a 22-year-old woman with Horner syndrome, a mass in the mediastinum was observed on a patient's chest X-ray and evaluated. Further leads to the diagnosis of Hodgkin. This study suggests that Horner's syndrome is an unusual early manifestation of Hodgkin's disease caused by damage to the oculosympathetic pathway due to pressure on the mediastinum(9). A 1980 study by Maloney et al. On 450 patients with Horner's syndrome reported less than 3 percent of Hodgkin's lymphoma(7). Another study by Giles et al. In 1958 on 216 patients with Horner syndrome identified three cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma(6). Also, a 1940 study by Goldman et al., Conducted on 212 patients with Hodgkin's disease, reported no cases of Horner's syndrome(10). Kaplan also stated in his 1980 study that no cases of the syndrome were observed in patients with Hodgkin's disease(11). However, in the present report, MRI of the patient's brain and spinal cord was normal and no complication was observed. However, Williams et al., In their 1959 study of the complications of leukemia and lymphoma, found that neurological complications occur in 15% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma(12). Jackson et al., Who studied Hodgkin's disease in 1945, also noted complications such as brain and spinal cord injuries, polyneuropathy, mononorrhea, and myopathy(13).According to the results of this study, with the confirmation of Hodgkin's lymphoma in the patient, it is necessary that in addition to the entire oculosympathetic pathway, the patient be examined for neoplasms, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, due to its high potential. Also, due to the involvement of the upper mediastinum, it can be stated that Horner's syndrome is an unusual initial manifestation of Hodgkin's disease, which is caused by damage to the oculosympathetic pathway due to pressure on the mediastinum. In general, according to the results of the present study and similar studies among the early life-threatening symptoms, although Hodgkin's disease has been reported as uncommon, but due to the high potential for its treatment, it should be Patients with this syndrome should be considered. Also, with the publication of the present study, we can point to the sensitivity among ophthalmologists in identifying certain cases of malignancies associated with Horner's syndrome, which can lead to their early detection and better prognosis. Unfortunately, the lack of similar Iranian and foreign studies and the unavailability of the full text of some other articles for comparison prevented a comprehensive decision on the results.

One of the most important tests for the detection of antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm in autoimmune vasculitis diseases is the Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)  test. The ANCA test is the first order in the initial diagnosis and screening of patients with suspected autoimmune diseases, including small-vessel vasculitis, as well as the follow-up of patients' treatment, which uses indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect the presence of antibodies against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. In addition to vasculitis, the evaluation of this antibody is used in other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). To prepare IFA slides for diagnostic purposes, neutrophils extracted from human peripheral blood are used as substrates. The IFA is a common and acceptable method in medical diagnostic laboratories for the detection of these autoantibodies. The first experience in the development of this technique back to the work of Koons and Kaplan, although today, this method has been widely developed in the field of laboratory diagnosis as well as research in basic medical sciences. A distinct advantage of the immunofluorescence assay is its applicability to fresh tissue and fixed cells. This method is based on the specific antigen binding to specific antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dyes and fluorescent light emission. There is two common types of immunofluorescence assay include direct and indirect immunofluorescence used for detection autoantibodies. In the direct immunofluorescence method, specific antibodies are conjugated to fluorescent dyes, and by binding to their specific antigen, the green fluorescent light is recognized under a fluorescent microscope. Although this procedure is faster, it is less often applied in medical diagnostic labs. In the IFA method, a specific antibody against the target antigen (called the primary antibody) binds to the target antigen recognized by a secondary antibody that is against the fixed region of the primary antibody and conjugated with fluorescent dyes, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In the indirect immunofluorescence assay, due to the binding of several secondary antibodies to the primary antibody, the generated fluorescence signals will be amplified, which in turn increases the fluorescence intensity and sensitivity. The aim of this study was to design and prepare slides for antibodies detection against antigens in cytoplasm neutrophils by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Furthermore, the next step by optimizing fluorescent patterns to detect different types of antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm by indirect immunofluorescence method. Since 1980, the search for antibodies against the neutrophil cytoplasm has been recognized as one of the most effective diagnostic tools for diseases associated with small to medium-sized vasculitis. ANCA in the diagnosis and follow-up of the treatment of vasculitic diseases including granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly known as Churg – Strauss syndrome, is used. Most laboratories around the world use IFA for screening and early detection of ANCA.After the ANCA test is positive, the target antigens of the antibodies are evaluated by the ELISA method. The two most common targets of autoantibodies are myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase-3 (PR-3) in patients with vasculitis.However, a clinical association of these vasculitis diseases with other antigens such as elastase, lactoferrin, azurocidin, lysozyme, H-Lamp-2, and other lesser-known antigens has also been observed.Antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm have also been reported in other small vessel vasculitis diseases such as microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Initially, the non-commercial ELISA method was used to diagnose PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA, but inconsistent results between laboratories showed the global need for standardization of this test . In 1998, fifteen laboratory centers around the world evaluated and standardized the standard method for measuring antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA) and its specific antigens, including PR3 and MPO, by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA in patients with idiopathic systemic vasculitis. . The result of this standardization increased the detection value of ANCA by immunofluorescence and ELISA methods.One of the most important pillars of the commercialization of a product is the supply of raw materials with appropriate and sustainable quality. The first step in producing ANCA slides is the isolation of high purity and standard quality peripheral blood neutrophil cells. Peripheral blood neutrophils are short-lived, highly sensitive cells that cannot be stored for long periods of time, and it is recommended that these cells be isolated from whole blood immediately after blood sampling. To date, several methods have been proposed to isolate neutrophils from peripheral blood. In this study, it was shown that using the dextran method and subsequent separation by centrifugal gradient method with filament is one of the cost-effective methods with high purity to provide the ANCA test substrate.

Using the Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and dextran solution, neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals (without a history of any disease, especially autoimmune diseases in themselves and first-degree relatives). The purity and efficiency of the isolated cells were evaluated by Wright Giemsa staining, the neobar slide, and an automatic counting machine. Isolated neutrophils were fixed on slides using an ethanol fixative. At this stage, by selecting the best protocol, in terms of time and type of neutrophil fixation stage, they were fixed on the slide. In the next step, using positive and negative samples that have already been determined by ANCA with valid commercial kits (IVD certified), the slides containing fixed cells were fluorescent stained and compared with control samples.

The number and purity of neutrophils isolated were evaluated by a Sysmex automatic cell counter. Depending on the peripheral blood neutrophils, the mean(±standard deviation) of the number of isolated neutrophils was 6000(±950) cells per microliter. According to white blood cell differential count, the mean purity of isolated neutrophils was 94.1%. Also, by trypan blue staining, the percentage of viable cells was determined to be more than 85% before fixation. The results of ANCA indirect fluorescent staining on the prepared slides were completely consistent with the results of control samples. 

The results of this study showed that the method used can be applied for the commercialization and production of ANCA slides. In this regard, in addition to optimizing the steps of separation and fixing the neutrophils, it is necessary to evaluate and optimize the stability of the prepared slides during storage and production in order to produce in large numbers.